=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2463/paper2
|storemode=property
|title=Digital Monitoring of Lake Baikal and its Coastal Area
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2463/paper2.pdf
|volume=Vol-2463
|authors=Igor V. Bychkov,Gennadii M. Ruzhnikov,Alexey E. Hmelnov,Roman F. Fedorov,Taras I. Madzhara,Anastasia K. Popova
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/itams/BychkovRHFMP19
}}
==Digital Monitoring of Lake Baikal and its Coastal Area==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2463/paper2.pdf
Digital Monitoring of Lake Baikal and its Coastal Area
Igor V. Bychkov1, Gennadii M. Ruzhnikov1,2, Alexey E. Khmelnov1,3, Roman K.
Fedorov1,2, Taras I. Madzhara1, Anastasia K. Popova1,2
1
Matrosov Institute for System Dynamics and Control Theory, Siberian Branch of Russian
Academy of Sciences, Lermontov st. 134, Irkutsk, Russia
2
Irkutsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lermontov st.
134, Irkutsk, Russia
3
Institute of Mathematics, Economics and Informatics, Irkutsk State University, Gagarin Blvd.
20, Irkutsk, Russia
rugnikov@icc.ru
Abstract. The directions of the formation of a digital environmental monitoring
system for Lake Baikal and its coastal territory are considered. An approach to
its digitalization is proposed, based on the use of a service-oriented paradigm,
infrastructure approach, and Web technologies. The collection of large volumes
of digital data (Big Data) of environmental monitoring in a single data pro-
cessing center will allow combining the speed of receiving, on-line transmission
with information processing services about the current state of Lake Baikal,
which will improve the quality of decisions.
Keywords: Digital Monitoring, Service-Oriented Paradigm, Information and
Telecommunication Platform, Web-Technologies.
1 Introduction
The aggravation of the environmental problems of Lake Baikal and the Baikal Natural
Territory (BNT) is associated with forest fires, damage by bacterial diseases and in-
sects, technological damage, the introduction of alien flora and the impoverishment of
biodiversity, etc. The distribution zones of filamentous algae increase, the mass ex-
tinction of Baikal sponges is recorded, the structure and taxonomic composition of
macrozoobenthos is changing, and the mass development of benthic cyanobacteria is
observed. These problems justify the need for a transition to a new technological
structure - the creation of an interagency scheme, methods and technologies for digital
monitoring of the ecosystem of Lake Baikal and BNT.
2 Existing monitoring of Lake Baikal
State environmental monitoring is understood as a complex system of regular obser-
vations in space and time over the state of the environment and its changes under the
influence of natural and anthropogenic factors [4]. To ensure unification, the monitor-
___________________________________
Copyright © 2019 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Com-
mons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
ing of strictly regulated observations is carried out according to the approved list of
environmental parameters, as well as according to the specified requirements for the
used means, measurement methods, sampling frequency and research methods. The
environmental monitoring system includes the collection of data on the actual state of
environmental pollution, careful processing, analysis of these data, followed by the
identification of the dynamics of the state and the development of recommendations
for the development of the economy of the region on the basis of scientifically based
environmental forecasts [1-3, 10].
The state monitoring of lake Baikal ecosystem is carried out by the authorized
Federal Executive authorities: the Ministry of natural resources and ecology of the
Russian Federation, the Ministry of agriculture of the Russian Federation, the Federal
service for Hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring, the Federal service for
state registration, cadastre and cartography, the Federal forestry Agency, the Federal
Agency for subsoil use, the Federal Agency for water resources and the Federal
Agency for fisheries, as well as the Executive authorities of the Republic of Buryatia,
TRANS-Baikal territory and the Irkutsk region according to their competence in the
order established by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of August
9, 2013 N 681 "About the state ecological monitoring and the state Fund of data of
the state ecological monitoring". Interdisciplinary research, expeditions and partial
monitoring of lake Baikal ecosystem and its coastal area are also carried out by RAS
institutes and universities of the Ministry of education and science [6, 9].
The analysis of the existing state of the monitoring components of Lake Baikal and
the BNT (implementing organization, observation points, composition of observation
indicators, frequency of collection, hardware and software systems, data transmission
systems, etc.) allowed us to conclude:
- Monitoring of water resources (Fig. 1) includes the collection of basic parameters
- hydrochemical and hydrological characteristics, the state of the coast and bottom,
water consumption, and the use of water protection zones. These data are collected by
the regional departments of Roshydromet - Irkutsk UGMS, Trans-Baikal UGMS and
Buryat TsGMS. FBUZ "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Irkutsk Region"
checks chemical and biological pollution in intakes, wells and recreational areas sev-
eral times a year. Municipal Unitary Enterprise Vodokanal estimates the cleanliness
of surface water taken, the Federal State Institution Vostsibregionvodkhoz monitors
hydrochemical and hydrophysical indicators during the navigation period using the
ship complex, and the Yenisei Basin Water Managemen measures the volume of wa-
ter during water consumption and effluent discharge.
Fig. 1. Scheme of existing water monitoring, Lake Baikal.
There are only two automatic water monitoring posts in the southern part of the lake
(in the city of Baikalsk and Listvyanka), measuring 7 hydrochemical indicators of
water (temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia nitrogen, redox poten-
tial, electrical conductivity). The remaining observations on the lake and nearest riv-
ers are carried out using manual sampling once a month or less. The ship complex
operates only during the summer navigation period.
- Monitoring of atmospheric air (Fig. 2) was implemented more technologically -
Roshydromet has 23 automatic stations for atmospheric control, some of the indica-
tors are measured continuously, but most stations are not located directly on Lake
Baikal, but in large cities (Irkutsk, Angarsk, Chita, Ulan-Ude). The departments of
Rospotrebnadzor and Rosprirodnadzor measure pollution less frequently - from 1
time per week to 1 time per month, depending on the indicator.
Fig. 2. Scheme of existing air monitoring.
- Monitoring of aquatic biological objects allows monitoring the number, quality,
distribution of aquatic biological resources, their habitat, and fishing. Now water
quality - plankton, the presence of pathogens of intestinal infections, viruses - is esti-
mated 3-6 times a year from May to October at several stationary points.
Fig. 3. Scheme of existing aquatic biological object monitoring.
- Rosreestr is responsible for state land monitoring together with the Ministry of
Agriculture, Rosnedra is responsible for the state of the subsoil, Rosrybolovstvo mon-
itors aquatic biological objects, and Rosleskhoz monitors forest pathology. Regular
observations did not cover the coastal shallow zone of Lake Baikal, experiencing the
greatest anthropogenic load. This is especially true of the Barguzinsky and Chivyrkui-
sky gulf, the area of the Small Sea, where in the summer the flow of tourists increases
significantly.
- In the framework of the Unified State Fund for Environmental Data, Roshydrom-
et collects information on pollution of Lake Baikal from third-party organizations -
reports on environmental assessments, hydrometeorological work performed, and
engineering surveys. Data is transmitted in different formats, in part - only on paper.
Thus, we can conclude:
• Each of the organizations that study the ecosystem of Lake Baikal and BNT, adher-
ing to its monitoring scheme, generates and uses large amounts of spatial and the-
matic data, which are usually localized and not coordinated among themselves, in
parametric, chronological and other aspects. It complicates the analysis, making
complex assessments, forecasting, and managerial decisions based on available de-
partmental data.
• Only fragmented data on the status and pollution of Lake Baikal and BNT are
available for public access.
• There is no single system with operational monitoring information that allows you
to enter, store and exchange data on the state of the ecological system of the lake in
real time.
• There is no single system for identifying spatial objects as universal communica-
tion elements for departmental spatial and thematic databases.
• The assessment of the systemic sufficiency of the choice of “informative indica-
tors” for monitoring the ecosystem of Lake Baikal was not carried out.
• Full-fledged state monitoring of hydrochemical, hydrophysical and biological pa-
rameters in real time over the entire water area of the lake is not carried out, and
only seasonal observations are present.
It follows that the existing departmental systems for monitoring the ecosystem of
Lake Baikal and BNT do not allow to respond promptly to changes of a natural and
anthropogenic nature, to identify components of local or global genesis in them. This
justifies the need for a transition to integrated digital monitoring [6, 8], the feature of
which is the integration character, continuity (24/7/365 mode) and the distribution of
observations, large volumes of different-format spatio-temporal data on the state of
the lake from sensors and measuring instruments.
The modern stage of digital monitoring of the ecosystem of Lake Baikal should be
based on the automated collection of spatio-temporal data from various sensors to
obtain accurate and timely information.
Work of creating a system for digital monitoring of the ecosystem of Lake Baikal
and BNT have to be focused on three areas:
• Modernization of existing seasonal monitoring schemes with a modern hardware-
instrument and technological component (stations), which allows recording hydro-
physical, hydrochemical, gas, video-landscape parameters of the aquatic environ-
ment and atmosphere in quasi-continuous mode, with the transmission of infor-
mation to the data center. For this, it is necessary to install stations in places with
high anthropogenic pressure on coastal landscapes. Stations recording the parame-
ters of the deep lake Baikal should be installed along its axial part. Numerous vari-
ations of automatic stations and sensors are currently available. To create a distrib-
uted network, it is planned to use uninhabited underwater and surface vehicles,
both autonomous and remote-controlled, automatic ship systems, robotic systems
for low-altitude remote sensing based on modern UAVs, together with autonomous
long-term bottom measuring stations, which are permanently installed in Lake
Baikal. Remote sensing of the Earth by space systems will also be used.
• Modernization of methods, technologies for monitoring the biodiversity of Lake
Baikal and BNT by introducing modern molecular genetic, mathematical methods
and a “non-contact” research approach.
• Creation of an information and telecommunication platform for digital monitoring
of the ecosystem of Lake Baikal and BNT, ensuring coordination of interagency
(Roshydromet, Ministry of Natural Resources, Rosleskhoz, Rosvodresursov,
Rosrybolovstvo RAS, Ministry of Education and Science) and interregional (Re-
public of Buryatia, Trans-Baikal Territory and Irkutsk Region) interactions. On the
basis of Data center should be carried out storage and processing of spatial and
temporal thematic data of digital environmental monitoring, with the possibility of
direct information access. Collecting distributed interdisciplinary data (Big Data)
in the Data center will significantly improve the quality of forecast models for the
development of the Baikal ecosystem.
3 Information and telecommunication platform for digital
monitoring of the ecosystem of Lake Baikal and BNT
The key components of the information and telecommunication platform of digital
monitoring of the ecosystem of lake Baikal and BNT are: infrastructure of the Shared
Equipment Centers of IDSTU SB RAS " Integrated information and computing net-
work of Irkutsk Research and Educational Complex (IICN)" and "Irkutsk supercom-
puter center SB RAS (ISC)", as well as "Information and analytical environment"
(IAE), which will ensure the collection, transmission, search, storage, and parallel
processing of large amounts of data, the ability to access online data, catalogs, ser-
vices and information and analytical systems, possibility of carrying out on the basis
of the received data of an assessment, modeling and the forecast of ecological and
climatic changes of Baikal and adjacent territories with application of means of su-
percomputer modeling and cloud computing.
For Lake Baikal monitoring, a distributed service-oriented information-analytical
environment (IAE) of the geoportal type is being developed, which includes subsys-
tems for collecting, transmitting, storing, searching and processing large volumes of
different formatted spatio-temporal data and knowledge [5, 11].
The research methodology is based on the complex application of service-oriented
paradigm and modern technologies of distributed data processing, the use of declara-
tive specifications and intellectualization using methods and technologies of deep
learning. At the same time, declarative specifications provide compactness, expres-
siveness and subject orientation, including the possibility of interpretation by trans-
formational and other procedures. In turn, the use of a service-oriented approach al-
lows for a full accounting of distributed information resources in combination with
ease of testing scalability and the ability to reuse the created services [5].
For the organization of integrated monitoring of ecological systems of Lake Baikal,
thematic environmental monitoring services are integrated with the help of logical
structures to solve data processing problems, control the flow of execution, etc. A
variety of collections of services of thematic environmental monitoring will allow to
transfer data between them, coordinate data formats, run asynchronous computing
processes
Users
Geographic infor- Domain-specific pack-
Web browser
mation software ages, systems and ser-
vices, models
Web server
Application server Metadata catalog
The GIS server
Server of databases
Database of subject- Storage of spatial, thematic
oriented monitoring of data oz. Baikal
oz. Baikal and BNT Vector model
(Spatial and thematic databases )
Digital description of
BPO:
- ID;
Spatial databases of - coord. data;
The raster model:
oz. Baikal - name,
- digital orthophoto im-
- vector model - address description;
age, - earth remote sensing
- the raster model - description of links.
data
- thematic map
System and data-
base fondamentale System and data-
The nodes of a distributed digi-
remote sensing data base fondamentale
tal monitoring - GLONASS/GPS,
(Sovzond,…) - storage systems
- Rosreestr
- system of migration and execution of
services
- data processing server
- system of integration of measure-
ment results
Mobile monitoring data col- Stationary monitoring data
lection systems collection systems
- sensor data - sensor data
- storage system - storage system
- preprocessing services - preprocessing services
Fig. 4. Structure of IAS.
The IAE should store all types of environmental monitoring data with a given de-
gree of reliability: time series with measurements of various sensors, expedition mate-
rials, space images, vector maps, etc. (Fig. 4). All of these data, which are spatially
and temporally bound, can have a number of additional attributes specific to a particu-
lar type of information.
Geoportal service-oriented information and analytical environment for integrated
digital monitoring of Lake Baikal should provide:
1. online access to distributed sensors;
2. access to archival data of sensors;
3. high speed data processing;
4. access to high-performance computing resources and data storage resources of the
centers of collective use;
5. scaling of computing resources and resources for storage and processing of data
from shared centers, taking into account the growth in the number of tasks and
volumes of monitoring data;
6. ability to use various methods and technologies of distributed data processing.
As a hardware-software platform that provides continuous operation of the IAS,
the scheme is used (Fig. 4) construction of data centers, which are based on the fol-
lowing fundamental principles:
1. Full redundancy of engineering infrastructure and hardware complex;
2. Efficient use of equipment by organizing pools of computing resources;
3. Virtualization of resources and applications;
4. Backup and restore systems.
Fig. 5. The data center infrastructure
Creating a data center at the initial stage includes:
• reconstruction of engineering infrastructure – uninterruptible power supply and
cooling systems;
• modernization of network infrastructure;
• deployment of servers, storage and processing systems based on HPE hardware
with hybrid MS Hyper-V / VMWare vSphere virtualization platforms.
• scale compute infrastructure.
The existing and successfully functioning Shared Equipment Centers (IICN, ISC)
will be used as a launch site for the deployment of data centers, which will increase
the availability of high-performance computing resources for processing digital moni-
toring data, including the use of supercomputer modeling.
4 Conclusions
The directions of the formation of a digital environmental monitoring system for Lake
Baikal and its coastal territory are considered. This will allow to move to a qualita-
tively new level of interdisciplinary scientific research, as well as provide operational
analysis and decision-making on the problems of the lake and its natural territory.
5 Acknowledgments
The research is conducted with partial financial support of RFBR (projects: 18-07-
00758-a, 17-57-44006-Mong-a, 17-47-380007-r), integration program of SB RAS
(project 77), program of Presidium of RAS (project 2 and 23), the program “Infor-
mation and telecommunication platform for digital monitoring of Lake Baikal, based
on end-to-end technologies” and Shared Equipment Centers of ISDCT SB RAS.
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