The article deals with the problem of multi-criteria decision-making problems, which are characterized by a large number of options and alternatives. It is proposed to use visual filtering of graphic images describing the corresponding alternatives as one of the stages in decision-making in such tasks. The approaches and requirements for the construction of graphic images of alternatives are considered. Describes the steps and algorithms for constructing visual images of alternatives, based on the radial and pie charts, and include the normalization procedure. It describes software that implements the proposed algorithms, as well as providing interactive interaction with an expert for visual filtering of multi-criteria alternatives. Additionally, the capabilities of the developed software are described, which include filtering alternatives based on threshold values, as well as the possibility of conducting a series of experiments in order to obtain the union or intersection of filtered sets of alternatives. A synthetic test for filtering 201 alternatives is described, each of which is described by 15 criteria. As a result of a series of experiments, this choice set was reduced by about 28 times. A description is also given of an experiment on visual filtering of real alternatives that describe estimates of the accuracy of calculating inviscid flow around a cone using several OpenFoam solvers. Each solver is characterized by 288 criteria, and according to the results of visual filtering, the advantage in the accuracy of the calculations of two solvers over the others is clearly established.
At present, managers and other professionals in various fields of activity are faced with the need to make decisions, taking into account many factors. Often these decisions are made intuitively and are based mainly on the experience and knowledge of the decision maker (DM). However, this is not the only way to make decisions. In modern science, a wide variety of decision making methods based on special approaches and algorithms are widely used [1]. At the same time, the solution of multi-criteria decision making problems by means of these methods can be not very effective when there are dozens and hundreds of alternatives, and they all have more than a dozen criteria. These situations are quite common when, for example, the source of alternatives is multisensory systems, or when initially many alternatives are formed by means of specialized systems in the course of multiple simulation [2, 3].
Therefore, in such cases, first the initial choice set is filtered, and then decision making methods are used already on a filtered selection of alternatives. Traditionally, statistical methods are used for filtering. Taking into account the fact that during decision making DM activates his mental activity, the same factor can be used to solve the problem of filtering alternatives. To do this, DM’s mental activity can be addressed to a comparative analysis of alternative visual images. But it is necessary to develop effective algorithms for visual filtering of alternatives, so that the main DM’s efforts should be focused exactly on intelligent visual selection, and not on accompanying actions or calculations.
In multi-criteria decision making problems, the criteria determining alternatives can be set both as quantitative and qualitative characteristics. In order to work with various criteria, first it is necessary to reduce them to numeric variables. A wide range of different algorithms and methods are used for these purposes [1]. These methods and algorithms allow to convert the initial values of the criteria into numerical values in the form of the corresponding functions fi(k), where 1 ≤ ≤ , K is the number of criteria. Function fi(k) is usually nonlinear and may contain additional conditions for different intervals of k initial values of i-criterion. The dimension (i.e. range of possible values) of fi(k) function for i different criteria may vary significantly. For this reason, for further work with alternative visual images having these criteria, it is necessary to normalize fi(k) functions. One of the traditional approaches in this case is normalization by interval [0; 1] based on the maximum and minimum possible values of the function. 1. ′( ) = ( )− , , if the maximum criterion value , − , corresponds to the best option; 2. ′( ) = , − ( ), if the minimum criterion value , − , corresponds to the best option.
Values fi,min and fi,max are defined in the given choice set = { }, 1 ≤ ≤ , = { ( , )}, where N is a number of alternatives either from valid (anticipated) values, or according to the formulas: , , = min ( ( , )), = max ( ( , )).
Various methods are currently used to visualize many alternatives [4]: polyline criteria values (Fig. 1), bar diagrams (Fig. 2), radar diagrams ([5], Fig. 3), pie charts (Fig. 4) and others.
Fig. 1. Alternatives visualization in the form of polyline criteria values.
Fig. 2. Alternatives visualization in the form of bar diagrams. criteria (about 3-7) is not big. However, such visualization methods are not suitable when you have to analyze dozens and hundreds of alternatives, each of which can have more than 10 criteria, because the chart becomes too overloaded and complex to analyze. A large number of alternatives can be visualized, for example, by using a set of pie charts, each representing a different alternative (Fig. 4). However, effective filtering of alternatives requires a more holistic perception of their visual image. Pie charts do not sufficiently provide such a perception with a large number of criteria due to color diversity. Taking into account the peculiarities considered we formulate the main criteria of constructing an algorithm for visualizing alternatives in multi-criteria decision making problems in order to filter them. 1.
Each alternative should be represented as a single image. 2. Since there may be too many alternatives, it is necessary to provide a mechanism for focusing on a small sample of them and the possibility of changing this focus. 3. To highlight equivalent criteria with a different color is inappropriate, because the color can adversely affect DM’s 4. Color effect is useful when visualizing alternatives for criteria values close to optimal in order to further focus DM’s alternative. attention on them. subset.
Based on these criteria, we develop an appropriate algorithm. Within this algorithm, two main aspects can be distinguished.
Visualization of one alternative.
Allocation of alternatives and focusing method on their The construction of a visual image will be based on pie charts and radar diagrams (Fig. 3, 4). Their common feature is that the value of the alternative by a separate criterion is located on a separate beam (radar diagram) or a sector of the circle (pie chart). However, moving away from a traditional representation of radar diagrams, we will place each alternative on a separate circle (as in pie charts).
For an alternative to be represented as a single image, it is advisable to use a single filling style for all criteria: for the pie chart, the corresponding sectors are filled, and for the radar diagram, the corresponding polygon is filled. Taking into account that the sector radius in the pie chart and the position of polygon points is determined by the proximity of the normalized criterion value of the corresponding alternative to 1 (the closer to one, the better), it is advisable to use a gradient radial fill: in the center of the circle the color is neutral, and closer to the border it is contrast (for example, red). source of focusing and choice preferences among alternatives is the area of the corresponding figure.
1. For a pie chart, the shape area is defined as a sum of sector areas: where , = ∙( ′( , ))
2
= ∑ =1 , , in the case, if all the sectors have the same angle (this is usually the case where all criteria are equal). If, however, there is some preference concerning criteria, then a sector with a larger angle can be specified for the more preferred criteria. Let us denote this angle as (radian), then , = ( ′( , )) ∙
2 2 .
The value of angle can be defined on the basis of ranking algorithms or weighing criteria used in decision making methods [1]. This approach has a peculiarity that the sector area is proportional to the square of the alternative value by the criterion, which may unnecessarily draw attention to the alternatives that have the maximum value of one of the criteria. To reduce this degree of influence, it is possible to establish not a quadratic, but a linear dependence between the sector area and the alternative value according to the corresponding criterion: , = ′( , )∙ .
Then the radius of the corresponding sector will be defined by 2 2. For a radar diagram, the area of a shape is defined as the the formula: , = √ ′( , ). sum of the areas of triangles: where , = ′( , )∙ ′+1( +1, )∙ 2
= ∑ =1 , , ( ), ′ +1( +1, ) = 1′( 1, ). displayed alternatives; displayed alternatives.
The main peculiarity of calculating the area of the polygon according to this formula is that its final value is in addition affected by the order of criteria placement. In the case when the criteria with large values ′( , ) are close to each other, then the total area is larger, which means that such alternatives are more visible than others. On the other hand, the focusing factor in this case may also be a large number of sharp angles in the polygon. Therefore, for this type of diagrams let us consider two modifications of exchanging criteria: • grouping a number of criteria with higher values for the • alternation of criteria with higher and lower values for the In both versions, we first calculate the mean value of mi for each criterion in the set of displayed alternatives ′ = { }, where 1 ≤ ≤ , T is the number of displayed alternatives:
Next, we sort descending mi with remembering the initial i position. Let us present the result as a sequence
= ∑ =1 ′( , ).
( ), =
( ).
0 = { 1, … , },
For the first modification (grouping), p1 exchange is defined where 1 = as follows: 1, = {
0, ∙2−1, ≤ ⌈ ⌉ ; 0,( +1− )∙2, > ⌈ ⌉ .
2 2
For the second modification (grouping), p2 exchange is defined as follows: 2, = {
, if is even. 0,( +1)/2, if is odd;
2 0, +⌈ ⌉
2
Building a visual image of alternatives in the case of using radar diagrams will start with the use of one of the two considered exchanges of criteria: p1 or p2.
When placing visual images of alternatives on the screen, we will follow these principles: 1. It is necessary to visualize all alternatives in a simplified form on a smaller part of the screen within a rectangle (simplified display). In this part of the screen you need to place the selection area of alternatives (it is also advisable to do this in the form of a rectangle). This area must be movable. 2. When you change the position of the selection area on the simplified display, you need to define a list of alternatives completely being inside it. These alternatives are displayed in the focus area, which is also a rectangular portion of the screen that takes up significantly more space than the simplified display area.
The position of alternatives in these areas will be determined by the grid consisting of rows and columns (Fig. 5). The alternatives themselves will be placed at the nodes of this grid. In this case, for a more uniform distribution of alternatives, the grid is not orthogonal, but with an offset in even rows by the circle radius in which the alternative is visualized.
The algorithms described above were implemented in a special program. The developed software allows to load from the table view a list of alternatives with a numerical representation of values according to the relevant criteria, as well as to filter them in the rendering mode (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6. Interface of software for visual filtering of
alternatives.
For filtering the program provides two approaches – manual filtering by hiding or displaying alternatives (the central part of the form in Fig. 6), as well as filtering based on the threshold values of the criteria (the right part of the form in Fig. 6) – all alternatives that do not meet the thresholds are hidden.
At the bottom of the form there is a simplified area of alternatives visualization where the user can select a range of alternatives to be displayed in the main area by moving the corresponding rectangular block. Using the toolbar buttons, the user can enter the hide or show alternatives mode. Hiding or displaying is done by clicking the mouse button on the corresponding alternative on the main visualization area.
The program supports all 4 visualization options considered in the paper:
• sectors with radii proportional to the criteria for the alternative; • sectors with radii proportional to the roots of the criteria values for the alternative; • radar diagram with p1 criteria exchange; • radar diagram with p2 criteria exchange.
Working with the program, the user can perform several experiments on filtering alternatives by means of different ways of their visualization. The results are summarized in a table.
In addition, on the basis of the table obtained, the program analyzes the results and displays the numbers of alternatives that the user has chosen in all experiments in a separate list. This approach allows you to reduce the resulting set of filtered alternatives further, leaving only those that the DM has preferred for all visualization methods.
With the help of the developed program, an experiment was conducted. A choice set (200 alternatives) with 15 criteria was randomly generated. An alternative with maximum values for all criteria out of all 200 generated was added to this set (in order to verify that this alternative will not be filtered). Thus, there were 201 alternatives in total. The problem of filtering alternatives was solved 5 times using different methods: 4 methods of different visualization options and one method – setting low threshold values for all criteria in order to reduce the number of displayed alternatives by an order of magnitude. The results of the experiments are presented in table 1. this subset using other methods of decision making, designed for a small number of alternatives.
With the help of the developed software, there was also an experiment conducted for real alternatives. We got estimations according to 144 criteria for norms L1 and L2 for the computational problem of evaluating the accuracy of the calculations of inviscid flow around a cone by means of several OpenFoam solvers (rhoCentralFoam, pisoCentralFoam, sonicFoam, rhoPimpleFoam, QGDFoam) [6, 7].
After preliminary processing of the initial data according to norm L1, only 88 criteria were left (as for the rest of the criteria, the data were incomplete). Having constructed and analyzed visual images for different algorithms, we determined that the alternative corresponding to pisoCentralFoam solver is almost always occupies a large area and is more contrast by using the red fill on the border of the corresponding visual image, so we can conclude that this algorithm is the most preferable.
176 criteria were selected when comparing the alternatives according to two norms, and one of the alternatives was excluded from consideration, as there were no its data on L2 norm. As a result of visual filtering, it was determined that the two alternatives have a large area, as well as more contrast (due to the use of red color at the borders of the visual image): they are rhoCentralFoam and pisoCentralFoam solver. However, preference can again be given to pisoCentralFoam solver, because in almost all images it visually occupies a slightly larger area than the visual images of rhoCentralFoam solver.
The approaches and algorithms of constructing visual images for multi-criteria alternatives considered in the paper have shown that visual filtering can be quite an effective method in decreasing the initial choice set. As a result of several experiments on filtration by means of the developed software an initial set of 201 alternatives has been reduced to 27-50 alternatives. Identifying a subset from the results of different experiments, which is common for the results of all experiments, allowed us to decrease this set to only 7 alternatives, i.e., to reduce the number by about 28 times.
4 ways of constructing visual images are considered in the paper. However, it is possible to expand these options further through the use of additional visualization techniques: 3D visualization, other types of diagrams, other types of defining criteria exchange, etc.
Also, an experiment was conducted on the visual selection of the best alternative (solver) according to the known criteria characterizing the accuracy of calculations. Comparison was made for 5 alternatives and the number of criteria was 176. According to the comparative visual analysis it was clearly seen that pisoCentralFoam solver gives more accurate calculation results.
An additional feature of the developed mathematical support and software is that it is suitable for using by a group of experts, each of whom can conduct a series of experiments with different types of constructing visual images, and then the results can be summarized together.