The higher luminosity delivered by the future HL-LHC imposed the development and testing of a new type high-rate detector known as GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier). A monitoring system, designed to measure the radiation dose and particle fluence around the GEM detectors, has been developed and installed at the CMS detector. It consists of a main controller, to which up to 12 radiation monitors (RADMON) can be connected. There are two types of sensors in each unit: RadFETs, measuring the total radiations dose and p-i-n diodes for 1 MeV neq fluence. A few GEM chambers were installed in the inner CMS endcap in early 2017 for a slice test. One RADMON is installed in one of the chambers to measure the surrounding radiation. After about two years of operation, the obtained results are analyzed. They show that for an integrated luminosity of about 118 fm-1 the dose and the 1 MeV fluence are relatively low. Therefore, only two more sensitive sensors are giving data. The experimental results confirm the dose and fluence values simulated by FLUKA v.3.0.0.0.
The increase of the luminosity after the current upgrades of the CERN LHC toward the
HLLHC era will result in a corresponding increasing of the events rate and the radiation background
throughout the CMS detector. To meet the higher requirements it was decided to upgrade the CMS
forward muon system [
RADMON Position
For a slice test, several GEM chamber prototypes were produced and installed in two GE1/1
slots during March 2017 [
During this time, the radiation background at Slot 1 of GE1/1 is measured by one radiation monitor (RADMON) of the system, which was installed at the center of the GEM chamber (see fig. 1).
The schematics of the RADMON is shown in fig. 2a and its photo – in fig. 2b. It contains four radiation sensors: two RadFETs – REM 250 and REM 130, measuring the total radiation dose and two p-i-n diodes
RadFETs
t°
REM 130 REM 250 BPW34S LBSD Si-1 NTC 10k 1 k
p-i-n diodes – to measure the 1 MeV neutron equivalent (n. eq.) fluence [
The basic parameters of all components are shown in Table 1 [
The voltage drop across all radiation sensors is proportional to the measured radiation
magnitude. In RadFETs the relation between the gate threshold voltage shift Vth and the radiation
dose D is nonlinear and can be best approximated by Vth = a×Db, (resp. D = (Vth/a)1/b) [
The shift of the p-i-n diodes forward voltage VF is proportional to the 1 MeV neutron equivalent fluence Φ [cm-2]. The relation is generally linear – Φ = cVF, where c depend of the diode type.
The radiation control and readout system [
The main controller reads consistently the voltages across all sensors in each RADMON. For the purpose, current pulses with fixed amplitude and duration are passed through every censors and the corresponding voltage is measured (by a common 12-bit ADC) and memorized. The current pulse parameters are specific for each censor and are prescribed by the producer. Periodically the accumulated data are transferred to the GEM Detector Control System (DCS) system, using the suitable standard interface: CANBUS or RS-485.
The final processing of the data takes place in DCS and the real values of the measured quantities are obtained and memorized there.
A preliminary analysis of the first data received in 2017 was done in [
The annual integrated luminosity delivered to CMS is shown in fig. 4 [8]. The total cumulated luminosity for 2017 and 2018 is 117,7 fm-1.
We have not received data from the GEM DCS and DAQ systems for the whole 2018. Nevertheless, we were able to measure all the sensors in 2019, after the completion of LHC operation. The new results had to show the radiation dose and 1 MeV neq fluence accumulated during the complete testing period of 2017 and 2018.
First of all, these results confirms that both sensors REM 130 and BPW34S cannot give useful data, due to their lower sensitivity in comparison with the other two sensors REM 250 and LBSD Si-1. Considering that, according to the FLUKA simulation v. 3.7.7.0 [9], the expected combined dose in the GE1-1 zone during CMS phase 2 will average 20 Gy (at a delivered integrated luminosity of 3000 fm-1 – fig. 5) probably the replacement of REM 130 by a more sensitive sensor will be actual.
The results of the two more sensitive sensors – REM 250 and LBSD Si-1 – received during the test period are shown in Table 2. They are compared with the results of the BRILL simulation of the dose and fluence distribution in CMS and cavern received by FLUKA v. 3.0.0.0, which is actual for the Run 2 of LHC.
The analysis of the combined absorbed dose, measured by REM 250, can be done from the
graphics in fig. 6. They show that the new measured value, corresponding to the full delivered
integrated luminosity of 117,7 fm-1, aligns very well with the 2017 data [
Similar results are received for the 1 MeV neutron equivalent fluence (fig. 7). But in this case, the simulated data are a little lower (by about 1.5x108 cm-2) than those from the RADMON measurements.
All results confirms the linear relation between the integrated luminosity delivered by LHC and the radiation dose (resp. the fluence).
The experimental results obtained confirm the good qualities of the selected radiation sensors for the control of the combined absorbed dose and the 1 MeV neutron equivalent fluence. However, a more accurate estimation of the expected dose and fluence during the Run 3 of LHC will be useful to select the sensors with most appropriate sensitivity.
Our results show also that for this region of CMS (around the slot GE1/1) the BRILL simulations by FLUKA v. 3.0.0.0 estimates well the dose and fluence distribution.
We rely on the GEM DAQ and DCS for all data in Run3.
The "Radiation Monitoring of the GEM Muon Detectors at CMS" is part of the "CMS MUON ENDCAP GEM UPGRADE" project, which is financed by the Bulgarian Scientific Fund at the Ministry of Education, Youth and Science – grant DCERN 01/2 2011-2018. [8] https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/CMSPublic/LumiPublicResults#2018_proton_proton_ collisions22 [9] https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/MPGD/Phase2BkgFLUKA