=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2533/paper6
|storemode=property
|title=Automated Synthesis Method of "Smart" Home Systems Based on the Architectural Pattern Redux
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2533/paper6.pdf
|volume=Vol-2533
|authors=Vasyl Teslyuk,Artem Kazarian,Natalia Kryvinska,Ivan Tsmots,Taras Teslyuk
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/dcsmart/TeslyukKKTT19
}}
==Automated Synthesis Method of "Smart" Home Systems Based on the Architectural Pattern Redux==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2533/paper6.pdf
Automated Synthesis Method of "Smart" Home Systems
Based on the Architectural Pattern Redux
Vasyl Teslyuk 1[0000-0002-5974-9310], Artem Kazarian1 [0000-0002-6883-0233],
Natalia Kryvinska 2[0000-0003-3678-9229], Ivan Tsmots1[0000-0002-4033-8618],
Taras Teslyuk1[0000-0001-6585-3715]
1 Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv 79013, Ukraine
vasyl.m.teslyuk@lpnu.ua
2Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Natalia.Kryvinska@fm.uniba.sk
Abstract. A method for design of smart home systems using the Redux archi-
tectural pattern has been developed. The method is based on the adaptation of
the Redux architectural pattern of visual interfaces design for usage in the In-
ternet of Things. Based on the developed method, a system of "smart" home for
control of lighting devices with the help of motion sensors and lighting in the
premises of office building was built. The developed design method allows to
increase reliability indicators and to increase system performance. Improved re-
liability is achieved by reducing the number of direct relationships between sys-
tem components. Also, the developed design method helps to reduce the
amount of information that is duplicated in different components of the system
by using one common data store to save the state, which increases the speed of
updating the states of the system and the speed of lighting fixtures settings
changes. The advantages of using the developed design method are experimen-
tally demonstrated by emulating the work of the "smart" home system with the
subsequent storage and analysis of lighting settings change speed before using
and after applying the architectural Redux pattern.
Keywords: design; architectural pattern; Redux; "Smart" home.
1 Introduction
Every year, technical systems become more complex and start to use intelligent meth-
ods and models in their logic [1, 2, 3], which allows to significantly improve the ini-
tial parameters of the developed devices. The usage of approaches of technical sys-
tems intellectualization provides improvements in such parameters as energy con-
sumption [4], expansion of system functionality, reliability, etc. Today, we are seeing
the rapid development of smart home (SH) [5-7] and "smart" city technologies [2, 8,
9] that allow a high level of comfort for residents, reduced energy costs and improved
management efficiency system. The introduction of intelligent technologies in indus-
Copyright © 2019 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
2019 DCSMart Workshop.
trial production - enables to increase its energy efficiency [10, 11], environmental
friendliness, reduce production costs, etc. In particular, technologies of "smart" pro-
duction are actively developing. We observe large-scale implementations of intellec-
tual technologies in military sphere, in the field of augmented reality technologies
[12-14], medicine [15, 16], education [17] and others.
Thus, the requirements for smart home systems and other intelligent systems are
becoming higher every year, while IoT devices developers are forced to manage an
increasing number of states at certain times of system operation [18]. These states
may include data from sensors located inside the house, stored historical sensor data,
as well as information generated during system operation, such as commands for
changing the operating modes of household appliances in Smart Homes.
Implementation of the system state management logic with often changes is an in-
tegral part of the smart home systems development process that requires considerable
time and financial cost. If the state of the sensor requires updating the of a household
appliance work mode, this situation can change the value of the state of another sen-
sor that requires updating the work settings of a different household appliance in the
home. At some stage of the SH software development, developers no longer know
what's going on in the middle of the system's logic and can no longer control when,
why, and how system states are updated. This situation, when the system becomes
complicated, carries huge risks in terms of reliability of its operation [19, 20], speed
of detection and correction of errors of the developed logic and possibility to add new
functionality. Such complexity arises from the fact that two different concepts are
inherently mixed: change and asynchrony. Changes mean the flow of data generated
from real-time sensors located in the home, which affect changes in the settings of
household appliances in the home. Asynchronous refers to the non-periodicity of
these changes occurrence in indicators, such as changes of the sensor parameters that
occur after the events in the house (human movement, temperature changes in the
room), which do not depend on time intervals and do not have a clear timetable. To
solve this problem, it is proposed to use the architectural pattern Redux with the adap-
tation of its concepts to the field of "smart" home systems development [21, 22].
The problem of system performance, which operates with many simultaneously
generated events, is described in [23, 24, 25], where the authors provide examples and
comparisons in usage of monolithic, microservice and multilevel architectures. In the
field of visual user interface processing, the problem of large arrays of events pro-
cessing is solved by the usage of Flux-like architectures, such as Redux, which im-
plementation is also discussed in [26, 27], but the concepts and examples discussed
are limited by the usage for the design of visual interfaces only.
It is clear that each of the above approaches [28, 29, 30] has its advantages and dis-
advantages and depends on the specific technical solution of the large-scaled "smart"
home system, which is characterized by a system of requirements, such as: scalability,
speed and reliability. The presented work is a further development of a research [31]
related to development of method for designing SH systems using a Redux pattern for
controlling home appliances. From the results of the analysis it follows that the best
performance of the system was obtained during the implementation of Flux architec-
ture, namely the architectural pattern Redux. Most slowly, the system worked when
using a monolithic architecture. Therefore, the analysis of the application effective-
ness research results implemented with different approaches showed the feasibility of
using the Flux architecture in the process of large-scaled "smart" home systems de-
velopment.
2 The method of the architectural pattern Redux usage in
design of "smart" home systems
Consequently, smart home systems are evolving every year. On the one hand, the
level of intellectualization increases, and on the other hand - it increases the scale of
such systems (number of components: sensors, actuators, microcontrollers, etc.). The
development and analysis of such systems is impossible without modern design tech-
nologies.
The above analysis shows the feasibility of using the Flux pattern architecture in
the process of SH systems synthesis. Redux is an architectural pattern for data state
management, initiated in the field of web application development [32]. It is suitable
for systems where state management can become complicated and confusing over
time. Redux is not associated with a particular framework, although it was developed
for the React Visual Interface Development Library. Redux proposes to keep the gen-
eral state of the system parameters in the single storage. System components (sensors
and household appliances) "send" state changes to system centralized storage rather
than directly to other components. This solution helps to prevent confusion with data
sources and data incorrect sending due to the increased complexity of internal logic or
data flow rules in the system in case of adding new system functionality. The compo-
nents that need to be in touch with these changes are "subscribed" to the storage. The
storage can be considered as an "intermediary" for all changes in the parameters state
of the devices and sensors in the house. With Redux the components do not com-
municate directly with each other; all changes must go through a single source - stor-
age. With Redux, all components get their states from storage. It is also simple and
clear where the component should send the status change information - to a single
storage location. Each individual system component only initiates the change and
does not care about the states of the other system components that should receive the
change.
The block diagram of the built-in algorithm for the synthesis of the "smart" home
system using Flux architecture is developed, shown below and provides for the fol-
lowing steps:
Step 1. Enter the input data.
Step 2. Analysis of baseline data and identification of technical solution problems.
If there is a problem of system performance (high values of time delays), then go to
step 3. Otherwise, shut down the algorithm.
Step 3. Generate options for system architectural solutions to solve the problem. If
Yes, Go to Step 8.
Step 4 Research the current architectural solution.
Step 5. Implement the current architectural solution.
Step 6. Define and save the performance parameters of the system. Go to Step 4.
Step 7. Comparison of the obtained results of performance of the projected system.
Step 8. Choosing an Effective Architectural Solution.
Step 9. Implementation of the architectural solution. Shut down the algorithm. Im-
plemented approach of the large-scaled "smart" home systems synthesis, using the
architectural pattern of the Redux data stream, allows to increase the efficiency of the
project solution implementation.
3 Adaptation of Redux architectural design concepts to the
development of smart home systems
The basic concepts of the Redux architectural pattern include events, storage, and
reducer. Events will mean structures that transmit data to the repository. They are the
only sources of information for the data warehouse. In the field of SH development,
an event is understood as a data structure created by an event generator and is a result
of situations such as triggering of the encoder or the system user command. The event
has a mandatory string parameter - a unique event name that identifies a specific unit
of data structure in the stream. An example of such a parameter would be "Motion
sensor trigger" when system fixed the motion in the living room. The event may also
have a second parameter that contains additional useful information about the event,
such as the time of motion sensor triggered, etc. An example of the event data struc-
ture is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Example of event data structure.
Event name Event information
«Motion sensor trigger» room name: "Living room",
room ID: 003,
dateObjection: “19-03-2019”,
timeObjection: “17:03:15”
Generally, the storage is an object that stores system state, provides access to sys-
tem status, has the ability to update system state, and allows to register as a listener to
update system state to receive new system state settings after changes have been
made. Redux uses only one data store for the entire state of the system settings. Be-
cause the state of the system is located in a single place, it is called the single source
of truth. The structure of the data storage is entirely dependent on the developers of
the smart home system, but for real application it is usually an object with several
levels of nesting. The system state repository is stored in the database of the devel-
oped system and does not depend on the model of the database used (relational / non-
relational) and the database distribution type (centralized/distributed). The main re-
quirement for the storage is the provision of a standardized interface that will allow
all or some of the storage parameters to be obtained, to update the state in accordance
with events that occur, and to subscribe to the repository state updates.
The internal structure of the repository is divided into the separate parts, which are
called groups. Groups differentiate the data stored in the repository according to dif-
ferent data types and logical groups. In smart home systems, data is divided into
groups based on belonging to specific individual rooms of the system (all indicators
of sensors and modes of household appliances in a particular room), or the type of
stored data, such as temperature values, data about the presence of residents, data
about current modes of household appliances and more.
The data storage of the developed smart home system store the data grouped ac-
cording to the rooms in the house. For example, let’s consider a storage designed for a
three-room house, where there are 5 groups in the data storage, related to the rooms
with kitchen and bathroom: living room, bedroom, study, kitchen and bathroom.
The storage group is separated from other groups according to a parameters state
related to current room. Each group contains the following data set: room tempera-
ture; humidity; presence of residents in the room (determined by the work of the mo-
tion sensor); room lighting; list of household appliances present in the room; customi-
zation of specific household appliances.
The internal structure of the data storage is divided into groups and is shown in
Figure 1.
Fig. 1. The structure of the developed data storage.
Redux does not allow system components to change state directly. The events de-
scribe what changes should be made to the system settings state. Event handlers who
can modify the storage are called reducers. The input parameters must necessarily get
the current state of the system as well as the event data. According to the type of
event generated with the unique name, the reducer performs logical actions on the
parameters of the received state and returns the changed state of the system to the
output. In case of receiving arguments of a certain type, the reducer must calculate the
new version of the state and pass it to the data storage. There are no changes to the
current state of the system, which provides a clear separation of the reducer function-
ality and the data storage. The work of the reducer is limited only by the computation
of a new version of the state, which overwrites the current state of the system in the
storage. The scheme of the system state life cycle is shown in Figure 2.
Fig. 2. The life cycle diagram of the "smart" home system state.
When the event is generated, the reducer alternately compares the type of received
event with the known event types. In case of matching types, the reducer gets the
current state of the system and using the system state change logic, changes the state
parameters according to a specific type of event. The output result is a new state of
the system stored in the data storage replacing the previous one. An example of the
reducer work algorithm, which logic is responsible for maintaining the temperature
mode in accordance with the data obtained from the temperature sensor and by chang-
ing the settings of the air conditioner or heater is given below.
Step 1. Enter the input data.
Step 2: Read the temperature sensor event ('event').
Step 3. Read the current system state ('state').
Step 4. If the air temperature in the room is higher than 21ºС, then switch on the air
conditioner. Go to Step 8.
Step 5. If the room temperature is higher than 18ºC and less than 21ºC, switch off
the heater and the air conditioner. Go to Step 8.
Step 6. If the room temperature is below 18ºC, switch on the heater and go to Step
8.
Step 7. If a temperature reading error is received or the value obtained is not a
number, then return the current state of the system unchanged ('state').
Step 8. Save the new system status to the database. End the algorithm work.
Therefore, the smart home system developed is based on an adaptation of the Re-
dux architectural pattern concepts, allow efficient control of temperature modes in the
rooms and allow to scale the designed system with a larger number of rooms, without
loss of performance due to the usage of a single storage approach and standard system
storage data change flow regardless of the events source that occur in the home.
4 Advantages of using Redux in smart home systems
The advantages of the chosen architectural solution usage are clearly understood on
the example of SH systems with a large number of rooms and a large number of sen-
sors and household appliances. The benefits of using Redux will be reflected by
monitoring the performance of the smart home system designed for the office, which
consists of two rooms, a waiting room, a corridor, a bathroom and a large work area
divided into the separate work zones. The created system receives data from the mo-
tion and light sensors and controls lighting throughout the office using a controller
based on a single Raspberry PI microcomputer [33, 34]. Sensors and lighting have the
following distribution by rooms shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Distribution of "smart" home system sensors and devices by rooms
Room name Motion sen- Light Lighting
sors sensors appliances
Room 1 3 2 5
Room 2 2 2 4
Waiting room 2 1 2
Corridor 3 2 3
Work area. Zone 1 3 2 6
Work area. Zones 2 2 1 5
Bathroom 1 1 3
Initial implementation of the system used the approach of direct communication
between the sensors located in the office. When an sensor is triggered by a movement
of a person in a room, the motion sensor with the integrated controller sends a request
to the light sensor to obtain information about the current value of the lighting in the
room. After calculating the light value, the light sensor sends the result to the control-
ler. Based on internal logic, if the indoor lighting is insufficient, the controller sends a
command to turn on the indoor lighting and send updated room parameters state (re-
cent motion detection, illumination and lighting mode) to all other controllers con-
nected to the system for the possibility of restoring the previous parameters in case of
the controller room with a temporary power outage during power outages.
While further extension of the office space and adding of new rooms to the system
management, this approach has proven to be difficult for scaling and with a clear
tendency to reduce system performance while increasing the number of new sensors
and appliances added to the system. Scalability and further development of the system
with the direct component (sensors, devices) communication approach used by the
system is limited by the complexity of component relationships in terms of system
states changes and notification of all other components about a status updates. With
the direct interaction of motion sensors, lighting sensors and lighting appliances, the
diagram of the interconnections between all sensors and devices in the developed
system looks like shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Diagram of connections between sensors and devices of the SH system.
Performance analysis of the developed SH system was based on a randomly select-
ed set of system state changes with stored timestamps at each step of receiving and
sending commands between system components. The first sample contains a set of the
30 randomly selected records of state changes using the direct interaction between
system components approach. The second sample contains a set of the 30 randomly
selected records of state changes after the usage of Redux architectural pattern.
Using the Redux architectural pattern, the sensors and devices do not interact di-
rectly with each other. All sensors send events about their values changes to the re-
ducer, which changes the state of the system in the data storage in accordance with
the developed internal logic for responding to a specific event. The devices that sub-
scribed to "listening" of changes in the data storage, change their own work settings
when there is a change in the system state parameters. The relationships between all
sensors and devices in a developed system using the Redux architectural pattern are
shown in Figure 4.
Fig. 4. Diagram of connections after the usage of Redux architectural pattern.
The analys of the results obtained and the comparison of parameters allow to see
the advantages of using the architectural pattern Redux in the field of "smart" home
systems. These advantages are the reduce of the connections number between differ-
ent system components, which increases the system performance and improves over-
all reliability. Also, by reducing the number of connections between system compo-
nents, accelerated the time of the system state change. The usage of Redux architec-
tural pattern reduced the number of requests between system components from 120
requests to 60, which is a 50% decrease in comparison with initial value received
before the system update. The speed of the general system state updates increased on
0.396 seconds, which is 46% of the system performance acceleration in comparison
with the previous values of system speed before its update.
A comparison of the connections quantities between system components occurring
in the developed system when the system components interact directly with each oth-
er and after the usage of Redux architectural pattern is shown in Figure 5.
Comparison of the general system state updating speed with the direct interaction
of system components with each other and after the usage of Redux architectural pat-
tern is shown in Figure 6.
Fig. 5. Comparison results of connections quantities between components of developed sys-
tem
Fig. 6. Comparison of the general system state updating speed
The results show that the usage of the Redux architectural pattern reduces the
number of connections between system components on 50%, which allows to increase
the general system state updating speed and system performance on 46%.
5 Conclusions
The developed architecture of the smart home based on the Redux pattern provides a
centralized mechanism for managing of the system data states in case of work with
large arrays of events that occur during the work of smart home.
A method has been developed based on the usage of a Redux architectural pattern
with a centralized data storage, which can significantly reduce the number of connec-
tions between system components, which increases its reliability, as well as improves
performance of the system.
The algorithm of the method realization is implemented and researched the ad-
vantages of using the developed method algorithm for "smart" home systems using
the architectural pattern Redux by the comparison of system performance parameters
before and after the implementation of the proposed solution.
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