A quantitative assessment of human health risk is carried out, at influence of carcinogenic chemicals with using their annual concentrations. The calculated values of air quality standards for priority carcinogenic substances are offered to different categories of the population. Environmental pollution is one of the significant factors contributing to poor health and high mortality [1-3]. About 50% of the population lives in ecologically unfavorable regions in Russia, and air pollution causes up to 17.5% of the total mortality of the urban population [1.4]. In European cities, polluted air causes up to 23 thousand additional deaths per year [5]. To the air quality assessment in Russian cities today uses hygienic standards. In the Russian Federation, more than 1000 AQS (air quality standards) have been approved and this is the most extensive of the existing national air quality standardization systems [6]. The system of criteria that determines the safe state of the environment, including AQS, is imperfect and does not allow determining the measure of human exposure and damage to public health if the established standards are exceeded [7]. An alternative to the AQS concept is a risk assessment system. A number of parameters are introduced for risk assessment - risk markers, which make it possible to assess the danger of toxic symptoms with short-term, long-term or chronic effect (exposure) of certain pollution levels (concentration of pollutants) for different population groups. According to the "Guidelines for assessing the risk to public health under the influence of chemicals polluting the environment. R 2.1.10.1920-04" (approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation 05.03.2004) [8] the assessment of the risk to human health is a quantitative and / or a qualitative description of the harmful effects that can develop as a result of the influence of environmental factors on a specific group of people under specific exposure conditions. Currently, the concept of risk assessment in all countries of the world and international organizations is considered as the main mechanism for the development and adoption of managerial decisions both at the international, state or regional levels, and at the level of an individual production or other potential source of environmental pollution [8]. Despite the obvious advantages of the risk assessment methodology, which allows one to take into account, among other things, non threshold of the effects of carcinogenic substances on public health, it is difficult to manage the use of maximum permissible concentrations when implementing programs for monitoring air quality in settlements. Therefore, there is a need to take into account health risks when determining the levels of hygiene AQS. The following tasks were solved in the work: - on the example of some cities of the Siberian Federal District, air quality standards were calculated based on the concept of a methodology for assessing inhalation risk to public health using actual average annual concentrations of priority harmful substances with a carcinogenic effect; - proposed AQSs for priority carcinogenic substances are proposed taking into account acceptable risk levels for different categories of the population. The actual average annual concentrations of priority carcinogens used in the calculation of individual carcinogenic risk in the cities of Krasnoyarsk, Kemerovo, Omsk and Chernogorsk were obtained from air pollution monitoring posts of the Middle Siberian, West Siberian and Ob-Irtysh UGMS and the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring [10] for 2008-2018, and from the posts for monitoring atmospheric pollution by the Khakass center for hydrometeorology and monitoring of a branch of the FSBI Srednesibirsky UGMS for 2010-2017. Figure 1 shows the dynamics of the average annual concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene and formaldehyde for 20102017 for four cities in the Siberian Federal District. The highest content of benzo(a)pyrene is observed in the cities of Krasnoyarsk and Chernogorsk (Republic of Khakassia), the highest formaldehyde content in Krasnoyarsk and Kemerovo. Moreover, in all cities examined, the content of these substances exceeds the annual air quality standards of populated areas.
8E-06. 6E-06. 4E-06. 2E-06. 0E+00.
/ra caen e t y s b u s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 year/ subst.
Formaldehyde 0.04 = ∙ ∙ = ∙ 710 ∙ 20 (1)
Calculation of individual carcinogenic risk is carried out according to formula 2, using data on the magnitude of exposure and values of a single risk. As a rule, for carcinogenic chemicals, the additional likelihood of developing an individual cancerogenic risk throughout life (ICR) is estimated using a unit risk (UR) value as follows: = ∙ , (2) where C is the average concentration of the substance in the studied environmental object for the entire period of exposure averaging (air, mg / m3); UR - single risk for air (risk per 1 mg / m3).
Table 1 shows the results of the calculation of ICR by averaged average annual concentrations of carcinogenic chemicals.
Benzo(a)pyrene 6,80·10-6 7,58·10-6 5,68·10-6 4,29·10-6
6,50·10-6 6,13·10-6 9,62·10-5 9,10·10-5 8,19·10-5 1,01·10-4 1,11·10-4 1,17·10-4
2,34·10-5 2,56·10-6 2,45·10-6 2,45·10-6 2,23·10-6 1,34·10-6
8,91·10-7 8,97·10-5 8,97·10-5 7,80·10-5 8,58·10-5 9,36·10-5
4,68·10-5 2017 7,91·10-6 3,12·10-5 1,00·10-7 2,73·10-5 Note: «-» no data; the allocated risk values exceed the level of acceptable risk for the population.
An individual risk of developing carcinogenic effects is considered acceptable if its values do not exceed 10-6 year-1
for the population (one victim per million people) [
The risk to public health from inhalation exposure, exceeding an acceptable level, is formed under the influence of benzo(a)pyrene, ethylbenzene and lead in all considered cities of the Siberian Federal District. In general, for the same substances, the levels of individual carcinogenic risks in different cities differ insignificantly.
Given the levels of acceptable individual risk of carcinogenic effects of 10-6 year-1 for the population and 10-4 year-1 for professional groups, a ratio of 3 was obtained to determine the AQS of the above substances: = ∙
∙ (3) The calculation results of the AQScalculated are given in table 2. Note: classifications of agents using IARC – International Agency for Research on Cancer - Group 1 –The agent is carcinogenic to humans, Group 2A – The agent is probably carcinogenic to humans, Group 2B – The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans, Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.
Standard US EPA Cancer Classification: - Group A: "Human Carcinogen", Group B1: "Probable Human Carcinogen", Group B2: "Probable Human Carcinogen", Group D: "Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity" SFi-carcinogenic potency slope(mg/kg/day);
3 URi -unit inhalation risk for 1 mg/ m .
The reported study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Government of Krasnoyarsk territory, Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund of Sciences to the research project№18-47-240006: «Methods and information technologies for risk assessment of the development of social-natural-technogenic systems in an industrial region».