=Paper= {{Paper |id=Vol-2543/rpaper25 |storemode=property |title=On the Publication Activity of Members of the Russian Academy of Education (10 Years Later) |pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2543/rpaper25.pdf |volume=Vol-2543 |authors=Yuri Polak |dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ssi/Polak19 }} ==On the Publication Activity of Members of the Russian Academy of Education (10 Years Later)== https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2543/rpaper25.pdf
           On the Publication Activity of Members
    of the Russian Academy of Education (10 years later)

                                 Yuri E. Polak[0000-0001-8411-335X]

      Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
                       47 Nakhimovski Pr., Moscow 117418 Russia
                               polak@cemi.rssi.ru



        Abstract. Based on information from open sources, a table has been compiled
        reflecting the performance of 128 full members of the Russian Academy of Ed-
        ucation in the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI). The main results are giv-
        en in a condensed form and compared with the results of a similar study carried
        out several years earlier. The conclusions and features of the RSCI as an analyt-
        ical tool are discussed.

        Keywords: Russian Academy of Education, Russian Science Citation Index,
        publication activity


Introduction

One of the indicators of the effectiveness of researchers is their publication activity.
In 2009-2010 employees of the Webometrics laboratory of the Institute for Scientific
Information and Monitoring of the Russian Academy of Education (INIM RAE) and
the Ushinsky Scientific Pedagogical Library conducted research on the publication
activity of RAE members. The author took part in this project as a leading research
fellow of INIM. In 2019, on his own initiative, he performed a similar work using
data recorded by the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI). The results of this work
allow us to trace the dynamics of changes in indicators over 10 years, as well as dis-
cuss the possibilities of the RSCI as a tool for measuring scientific productivity.


On Publication Activity of RAE Members 10 Years Back

Methodology and results of that study (2009-10) were described in detail and pub-
lished in 2011 [2]. The objects of the study were the papers by members of the Rus-
sian Academy of Education, who were at that time alive, both full members and cor-
responding members. A total of 279 persons were examined; their brief biographical
data are contained on the RAE website and in [9].
   Scopus and Web of Science (Science Citation Index and Social Science Citation
Index) were taken as international sources of information. It turned out that interna-
tional databases quite sparingly reflect the publications of RAE members: the publica-
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
296


tions of the majority of scientists are not reflected at all (152 persons did not register
works in Scopus, and 230 ones weren’t registered by WoS; only 40 and 22 people,
respectively had more than 10 publications). The reasons are obvious: the journals in
which these authors were published are not represented in the corresponding data-
bases, and the share of their English-language papers is insignificant. Approximately
the same situation was observed with the number of citations.
   Normative documents for assessing the effectiveness of domestic researchers and
scientific organizations unequivocally require along with international databases to
use the Russian Science Citation Index. This will be discussed in detail below.
   The authors of the study also found it useful to include in the survey of publication
activity some data from the Russian Internet sector: web pages dedicated to scientists,
their personal sites, and mentions in blogs. Internet publications and other forms of
communication via the Internet, if they do not supplant traditional scientific commu-
nications, then substantially complement them. The corresponding data are partially
described in [2]; they are presented in full in the study report.
   As a professional source of information for assessing publication activity, the elec-
tronic catalog of the Ushinsky NPB was used. It is in the industry catalog that almost
all RAE members are represented (265 out of 279 people). It was assumed that such
studies would be repeated. There were all the prerequisites for this. However, life
decreed otherwise.
   The scientific team of INIM was formed in 1969 on the basis of the laboratory of
the Research Institute of Educational Content and Methods in Chernogolovka (near
Moscow). In 1989, the Center for Comprehensive Identity Formation of the Academy
of Medical Sciences of the USSR was created, which in 2003 was renamed the Center
for Experimental Psychodidactics of the Russian Academy of Education (since 2008 -
the Institute for Scientific Information and Monitoring). In 2012, after the next renam-
ing, it was called the Institute of Scientific and Pedagogical Information (INIPI RAE).
In the institute, such information resources as the Open Archive on Pedagogy, Psy-
chology and Education; the Joint Fund of Electronic Resources for Science and Edu-
cation OFERNiO were created and had been supported. And then academic reform
began. According to the Register of Russian Organizations [13], ‘the activities of a
legal entity were terminated by reorganization in the form of accession from May 19,
2015’. The assignee became the Institute for Education Management (IUO RAE).
   It is appropriate to recall here that the history of Russian Academy of Education
dates back to October 6, 1943, when the Council of People's Commissars of the
USSR, by decree No. 1092, approved the project on the organization of the Academy
of Pedagogical Sciences [14]. In 1967, the strength of Academy (USSR APN) was
established in the amount of 50 full members and 80 corresponding members. RAE
became the successor to the Union Academy in 1992
   On September 27, 2013, Federal Law No. 253 ‘On the Russian Academy of Sci-
ences’, the reorganization of State Academies of Sciences, and amendments to certain
legislative acts of the Russian Federation was adopted. According to the decree No.
1290 of December 26, 2013, research institutes subordinate to RAE were assigned to
the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia [15]. In December 2014, the reorgan-
ization of the institutes included in the RAE system was carried out: instead of 22, 10
                                                                                      297


scientific organizations were created. In October 2015, the Ushinsky Scientific Peda-
gogical Library was attached to the Academy as a structural unit. But in October
2014, the leadership changed in the library, after which its scientific activity sharply
decreased.
   Thus, from the above information it follows that to date, neither the laboratory staff
that performed mentioned research ten years earlier, nor the INIM Institute itself don’t
exist anymore. Ushinsky Library had lost interest in the project.
   Therefore, having decided to repeat the study in 2019, the author, taking into ac-
count his own physical capabilities, limited himself to the indicators of the full mem-
bers of RAE as of early April 2019 and to the information from the RSCI.


On Publication Activity of RAE Members in 2019 (According to
the RSCI)

As known, the Russian Science Citation Index has been developed since 2005 by the
Scientific Electronic Library. The stated goal of the RSCI is to provide scientific re-
search with relevant reference and bibliographic information and evaluate the effec-
tiveness of the activities of research organizations, researchers, the level of scientific
journals, etc. To date, it has become a national-level information and analytical sys-
tem containing 12+ million publications by Russian scientists, as well as information
on citing these publications from 6,000+ journals. The RSCI allows to evaluate the
effectiveness of research and to study in detail the statistics of publication activity of
more than 600 thousand Russian scientists and 11 thousand scientific organizations
belonging to all fields of knowledge. In Russia, the RSCI database is one of the main
sources of information for evaluating the effectiveness of research organizations.
Thus, the Decree of Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences No. 201 dated
October 12, 2010 [16] prescribes the use of indicators such as the number of publica-
tions and the citation of employees of a scientific organization in the RSCI, relative to
the number of researchers, to evaluate the scientific potential and effectiveness of
scientific research.
   According to open sources, primarily RAE and RSCI sites, as of April 2019, the
academy unites 128 full members, which account for 17,953 registered publications
(an average of 140.26 per person) and 397,230 citations (3103.36). The Appendix
contains information on the Hirsch index, the number of publications and the number
of citations for each academician. The 2011 publication considered materials from
123 academicians of the Russian Academy of Education. Since then, the Academy
has replenished with 49 new members, while 44 people dropped out due to natural
causes. Thus, 79 persons are present in both lists.
   The RAE website contains information on the dates of birth of the Academy mem-
bers. Simple calculations show that the average age of academics is 75.5 years, while
97 people (75.8%) reached 70 years old and 10 (7.8%) – 90 years old.
   Here are the results of a study of publication activity with a breakdown by age
groups. Table 1 in the first column shows the age range, N indicates the size of the
298


corresponding group, P is the average number of publications, C is the average num-
ber of citations, H is the average Hirsch index.

                              Table 1. Publication activity by age.
       Age               N                     P                    C           H
      49-59              9                    103                  938          13
      60-69              22                   158                 3268          18
      70-79              52                   151                 2744          15
      80-89              35                   131                 4472          16
       90+               10                   109                 1771          10
      Total             128                   140                 3103          15

As noted above, for 79 people there are RSCI data from both studies. It is of some
interest to compare their indicators before and now.

                          Table 2. Change of average indicators.
      Year           Persons           Publ (average)        Cit (average)       H
       2019             128                   140                  3103          15
       2010             123                   11                    48            -
                                        In both studies
       2019              79                   140                     3472
       2010              79                   10                       50

And a few more facts about the first study (the values of Hirsch index were not fixed
in it). Then 38 scientists did not have publications recorded in the RSCI, and 51 peo-
ple did not have citations. At the same time, 6 academicians had at least 50 publica-
tions, and 13 - at least 100 citations. Note that in 2019 only 3 members of the acade-
my had zeros in the corresponding columns.
   The last indicators need some comments. It is noteworthy that, ceteris paribus, sci-
entists in recent years have 13 times more publications than in their entire previous
lives, and almost 70 times more citations. Let us offer the following considerations as
an explanation. First, as indicated above, the RSCI database began to be formed in
2005, and at first it was replenished rather slowly. But after Presidium of the Higher
Attestation Commission called the availability of scientific periodicals in the RSCI
system as a necessary condition for their inclusion in the Higher Attestation Commis-
sion list [4], the growth accelerated noticeably. Besides, the information base of the
RSCI expanded significantly after the inclusion of information on domestic journals
extracted from Scopus in the database.
   Secondly, the mentioned Decree No. 201 on the methodology for evaluating the ef-
fectiveness of scientific organizations’ activities played a role. In this connection, we
will also name the governmental decree No. 312 of April 8, 2009 [17], which pre-
scribes to divide organizations into three categories depending on their achievements.
Institutions seeking to raise their position (and receive increased funding) try to im-
prove their performance. The RSCI meets them: by concluding a contract and paying
the appropriate fee, the organization gains access to databases and can correct errors
in job descriptions and bibliographies, add citations and publications absent from the
                                                                                      299


database, including monographs and proceedings of conferences, make other changes
and additions. After making additions or corrections, the publication is checked man-
ually by the RSCI staff and can be returned for revision or rejected. In 2011, scientists
and authors of publications got the opportunity to correct their entries at the RSCI.
Academicians of the Russian Academy of Education, who are mostly the heads of
scientific departments and organizations, have enough resources to increase their
‘scientific weight’.
   The author (not being RAE academician) can illustrate the dynamics of the growth
of indicators in the RSCI using his own statistics as an example. In 2014, the system
recorded 34 publications with 70 citations and the Hirsch index H = 2 Now these
numbers look like this: 185, 749, 13 This growth was achieved mainly due to the
inclusion of publications from previous years that were not mentioned at the RSCI
before.


RSCI in the Eyes of Researchers

The RSCI is not free from internal defects and vulnerable to external manipulations.
In articles [5, 6], Professor N.E. Kalyonov gives numerous examples of incorrect
operation of the algorithms and software of the RSCI. Demonstrating screenshots, he
convincingly substantiates his claims to the completeness, relevance, and accuracy of
data processing algorithms in the RSCI. In particular, on the materials of his own
publications, he found out that with certain requests the system displays more papers
from himself than from his organization as a whole. As a result, the conclusion is
made: ‘In the form in which the RSCI is currently presented on the NEB website,
using the system as a tool to assess the efficiency of the activities of research organi-
zations, researches, the level of scientific journals, etc. is impossible’ [5, p.12].
   A few years later, Professor A.L. Fradkov makes a similar judgment: ‘The RSCI
continues to distort scientometric data of scientists and does not try to correct them
systematically. It is impossible to use these data for evaluating scientists, journals and
organizations’ [10, p.5]. And he explains the reasons for this with both objective dif-
ficulties (‘the problem of namesakes is not easy, if solved without the help of the
authors’), and the conscious actions of the leadership (‘RSCI is ready to turn its sys-
tem into a garbage can and enter everything there just to pay’. We meet the same
assessments with Professor R.M. Khantemirov: ‘The RSCI only brings harm. This
harm is connected, firstly, with the fact that the base of the RSCI magazines resem-
bles a huge garbage dump in which it is not easy to find anything worthwhile. And,
secondly, with the fraudulentness of individual authors and journals that took on ram-
pant proportions when rising up their bibliometric indicators, while the RSCI leader-
ship indulges in its fundamental unwillingness to counteract’ [12, p.6]. So, according
to him, the Siberian Pedagogical Journal increased its impact factor with the help of
primitive fraud. The scheme is simple: ‘verified’ authors insert dozens of links to
relevant journals into texts of several pages. Note that similar proposals were received
by the author [18]. Poor quality papers, prepaid and not checked for plagiarism are
often used to artificially increase citation. Trash magazines make a profitable busi-
300


ness. This practice discredits not only the use of scientometric indicators, but also the
very scientific activity in Russia.
    In fairness, it must be noted: the requirements of the Ministry of Education and
Science to increase the number and citation of publications put scientists in a situation
where the desire to comply with ethical standards conflicts with material interest.
‘Often, the bosses themselves, in the pursuit of ratings, force them to violate ethical
standards under the threat of demotion, job cuts, dismissal, dissolution of departments
and laboratories, etc. Therefore, ethical standards are actually violated under pressure
from above’ [11, p.5]. Correcting the situation requires the efforts of both the scien-
tific community, and journal editions, and the political will of the governing bodies.


Conclusion
As for the RSCI, recent positive changes have been evident. Responding to fair criti-
cism, RSCI experts began to monitor the publication activities of journals and ab-
stracts of conferences. In April 2017, Mr G.O.Eremenko, the General Director of
eLibrary.Ru, announced at the conference ‘Scientific publication of an international
level: the world practice of preparing and promoting publications’ about the exclusion
of 344 ‘junk’ magazines from the RSCI [3]. The materials of ‘correspondence’ multi-
disciplinary conferences are in queue for the next step.
    It has been noted more than once that quantitative scientometric indicators should
not be used to evaluate the effectiveness of scientists [1,7,8]: they are vulnerable to
manipulation; they can be ambiguous. Perhaps the most distorted picture is formaliza-
tion in the humanities (we note that it is the humanities that prevail in RAE). As a
rule, they have low indices in the bibliometric databases WoS and Scopus. In the
humanities, it is customary to present the results of studies in the form of monographs
and articles in thematic collections that fall outside the scope of these databases. In
addition, the national specificity of the subject of study is often uninteresting to for-
eign audience, nd many leading journals do not have an English version.
    However, the value of the RSCI should not be underestimated. It actually became a
national information-analytical system with data on publications and citation of these
publications. The created analytical apparatus provides a detailed and visual represen-
tation of information. It provides the aforementioned humanities with a more com-
plete and objective picture than WoS and Scopus. And it should be treated not as the
main criterion for the quality of scientific work, but as an analysis tool for researchers
and experts.
    Materials of the report at the XXI All-Russian Scientific Conference ‘Scientific
Service on the Internet’ (September 2019) are used in the article.


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Appendix. Indicators of publication activity of RAE members
(P is the number of publications, C is the number of citations, H is the Hirsch index)

                                                                2019             2010
      Name (in the order of Russian alphabet)       H
                                                           P         C       P          C
ABULKHANOVA Ksenia Alexandrovna                     38    154      19877     6          45
ALASHKEVICH Yuri Davydovich                          7    197       387
AMONASHVILI Shalva Alexandrovich                     9    111       5596     4          0
ANTONOVA Irina Alexandrovna                          0     1         0       0          0
ANTONOVA Lidiya Nikolaevna                           9     73       369
ASMOLOV Alexander Grigorievich                      32    336      19442    51      830
BAEVA Irina Alexandrovna                            19    172       2470
BASHMAKOV Mark Ivanovich                             8    199       754     1        6
BEZRUKIKH Maryam Moiseevna                          21    215       4987    30      274
BELOUSOV Lev Sergeevich                              8    143       183
BERULAVA Galina Alekseevna                          21     67       2283
BERULAVA Mikhail Nikolaevich                        17     98       2921    1           0
BESPALKO Vladimir Pavlovich                         18     97      12069    18          7
BIM-BAD Boris Mikhailovich                          17    152       3194    6           4
BOLOTOV Victor Alexandrovich                        19    152       4979
BONDYREVA Svetlana Konstantinovna                   20     95       2156    4       101
BORDOVSKAYA Nina Valentinovna                       19    149       5500    0        0
BORDOVSKY Gennady Alekseevich                       20    555       3458    63      221
BORISENKOV Vladimir Panteleimonovich                11     77       934     18       38
BUYEVA Lyudmila Panteleevna                          9     69       2692    0        0
VERBITSKAYA Lyudmila Alekseevna                     11    130       1597    5        21
VERBITSKY Andrey Alexandrovich                      32    354      16869
GAYDAMASHKO Igor Vyacheslavovich                     8     60       347
GALAZHINSKY Eduard Vladimirovich                    16    103       1885
GARAJA Victor Ivanovich                              7     28       1027     1          2
GAFUROV Ilshat Rafkatovich                          13     87       688
GEVORKYAN Elena Nikolaevna                          15     81       948
GLEYSER Grigory Davydovich                           6     31       352      0          0
GRANIK Henrietta Grigoryevna                         7     74       733      0          0
DARMODEKHIN Sergey Vladimirovich                     9     62       476      9          23
DEDEGKAEV Victor Khasanbievich                       3     27        31
DEMIN Vadim Petrovich                                1     13        6
DERKACH Anatoly Alekseevich                         25    162       9961    20      349
DZHURINSKY Alexander Naumovich                      27    218       4391
DONTSOV Alexander Ivanovich                         20    130       3324     1          0
DRONOV Victor Pavlovich                              9     87       390
DUBROVINA Irina Vladimirovna                        17    188       2480     0          0
ERMAKOV Pavel Nikolaevich                           14    178       1204
ZHURAVLEV Anatoly Laktionovich                      68    792      16298
ZHURAKOVSKY Vasily Maximilianovich                  15    100       1271    5        5
ZAGVYAZINSKY Vladimir Ilyich                        45    263      11625    33      142
ZAPESOTSKY Alexander Sergeevich                     28    370       3925    29       62
ZAKHLEBNY Anatoly Nikiforovich                      13     96       1501
ZIMNYAYA Irina Alekseevna                           24    101      18378    42      482
ZINCHENKO Yuri Petrovich                            23    208       2031
IVANNIKOV Vyacheslav Andreevich                     13     61       1308
KANDYBOVICH Sergey Lvovich                           8     68       566
                                                             303

KARAMURZOV Barasbi Suleymanovich     10   171    734
KEZINA Lyubov Petrovna                1    3      45    1    0
KINELEV Vladimir Georgievich         13    77    1556   2    6
KISELEV Alexander Fedotovich         12   119    580    31   9
KOROLKOV Alexander Arkadevich        10   177    1118   4    8
KOSTOMAROV Vitaliy Grigorievich      19   222   13176   4    1
KUZNETSOV Alexander Andreevich       23   221    2734   0    0
KUKUSHKINA Olga Ilinichna            12    99    1200
KURAKOV Lev Panteleimonovich          8    92    1684   5    15
KUTSEV Gennady Filippovich           17   122    1079
LAZAREV Valery Semenovich            29   143    4339   4    5
LAPTEV Vladimir Valentinovich        19   239    1195   10   58
LAPCHIK Mikhail Pavlovich            22   100    2297   1    18
LEBEDEV Yuri Alexandrovich            5    38     89    0    0
LEVITSKY Mikhail Lvovich              9    82    309    0    0
LECTORSKI Vladislav Alexandrovich    42   282    9966   4    14
LIFEROV Anatoly Petrovich            15   123    1127   5    5
LIKHANOV Albert Anatolyevich          2    22     68    1    0
LOMOV Stanislav Petrovich             2    66    582    0    0
MAKSIMOVICH Valentina Fedorovna       6    23    170    0    0
MALOFEEV Nikolay Nikolaevich         21   128    2836   29   83
MALYKH Sergey Borisovich             22   241    1937
MALYSHEV Vladimir Sergeevich          2    23     28
MANUSHIN Eduard Anatolevich          16    74    852    0    0
MARTIROSYAN Boris Pasterovich         7    22    530    0    0
MEDVEDEV Leonid Georgievich           9    23    248
MINDIASHVILI Dmitry Georgievich      11    21    571
MIKHAILOVA Evgenia Isaevna            6    41    173
MIKHAILOVA Natalya Ivanovna           3    20     90    0    0
MUKHINA Valeria Sergeevna            21   281    7814   26   66
MYASNIKOV Vladimir Afanasevich        8    81    463    7    6
NEVERKOVICH Sergey Dmitrievich       18   163    1940
NEMENSKY Boris Mikhailovich           5    26    676    0    0
NECHAEV Nikolay Nikolaevich          10    81    1715   3    13
NIKANDROV Nikolay Dmitrievich        18   220    4937   15   9
NIKITIN Alexander Alexandrovich       5    91    469    5    1
OMAROV Omar Alievich                  7   155    532    26   23
ORLOV Alexander Andreevich           19   128    2179
PATOV Nikolay Alexandrovich           6    22     98
PODDYAKOV Nikolay Nikolaevich         9    32    748    0    0
PODUFALOV Nikolay Dmitrievich         4    43    181    7    9
PONOMARENKO Vladimir Alexandrovich   18   332    5345   9    18
POPKOV Vladimir Andreevich           23   306    3017   14   11
POTASHNIK Mark Matusovich            15   224    4021   0    0
REAN Arthur Alexandrovich            22   165   11794
ROBERT Irena Venyaminovna            24   208    7353   10   15
RUBTSOV Vitaliy Vladimirovich        25   223    3524   8    10
RYZHAKOV Mikhail Viktorovich         14   110    1095   38   77
SEYRANOV Sergey Germanovich          20   157    1419
SEMYONOV Alexey Lvovich               9   119    1037
SEN’KO Yuri Vasilievich              26   150    4346   25   59
SERGEEV Nikolay Konstantinovich      10    93    1174
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SINENKO Vasily Yakovlevich              9    69    502
SLONIMSKY Sergey Mikhailovich          10    79    686    0    0
SMOLIN Oleg Nikolaevich                12   196    1223
SMOLYANINOVA Olga Georgievna           13   132    1239
SOBKIN Vladimir Samuilovich            26   413    4394   13   95
SOVETOV Boris Yakovlevich              15   110    2754   4    16
SOLOMIN Yuri Methodievich               0    0      0
STRIKHANOV Mikhail Nikolaevich         64   534   18346
TAYURSKY Anatoly Ivanovich              5    71    128    8    0
TIKTINSKY-SHKLOVSKY Victor Markovich   10   139    920    0    0
TRYAPITSYNA Alla Prokofievna           36   434    5058
THAKUSHINOV Aslancheriy Kitovich        7    37    206
USANOV Vladimir Evgenievich             9    71    356
USHAKOVA Tatyana Nikolaevna            22   129    3566   15    49
FARBER Deborah Aronovna                21   131    4513   46   476
FILIPPOV Vladimir Mikhailovich         16   166    1979   51    97
FOKHT-BABUSHKIN Yuri Ulrichovich        2    3     193    0     0
KHALEEVA Irina Ivanovna                 7    26    2654   7     0
TSVETKOVA Larisa Alexandrovna           9    85    378
TSIRULNIKOV Anatoly Markovich           6    45    539
CHEBYSHEV Nikolay Vasilievich           6    83    636    4    22
CHISTYAKOVA Svetlana Nikolaevna        17   160    2986
SHADRIKOV Vladimir Dmitrievich         34   257   14528   21   59
SCHOLAR Lyudmila Valentinovna           6    95    665    1    0
SCHETININ Mikhail Petrovich             0    0      0     0    0
SCHUKIN Evgeny Dmitrievich             21   530    5172   0    0
ERDNIEV Pyurvya Muchkaevich            11    61    1227   0    0
ESKINDAROV Mukhadin Abdurakhmanovich   44   215    6350
YAMBURG Evgeny Sholomovich              9    74    979