=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2556/paper1
|storemode=property
|title=The Socio-Technical Impact of the Current Disruptive Technologies on the Smart City Concept Realization
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2556/paper1.pdf
|volume=Vol-2556
|authors=Heikki Ruohomaa,Natalia Ivanova,Daniil Podkletnov,Krassimira Ivanova
}}
==The Socio-Technical Impact of the Current Disruptive Technologies on the Smart City Concept Realization==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2556/paper1.pdf
The Socio-Technical Impact of the Current Disruptive Technologies
on the Smart City Concept Realization
Heikki Ruohomaa Natalia Ivanova Daniil Podkletnov Krassimira Ivanova
Häme University Emperor Alexander I Emperor Alexander I Institute of Mathematics
of Applied Sciences, St. Petersburg State St. Petersburg State and Informatics at the
Hämeenlinna, Finland Transport University, Transport University, Bulgarian Academy of
heikki.ruohomaa@hamk.fi St. Petersburg, Russia St. Petersburg, Russia Sciences,
nataliv62@gmail.com daniil-p007@mail.ru Sofia, Bulgaria
kivanova@math.bas.bg
The World Economic Forum report [WEF18], following
the work of Klaus Schwab, terms the period of
accelerating innovation in science and technology as the
“fourth industrial revolution”. The technologies of the
fourth industrial revolution have generated growing
Abstract interest in the opportunities they offer as well as concern
about governance, regulation and ethics. Combining
Humanity is entering an entirely new era, which is artificial intelligence (AI) with big data – not to mention
defined by such a phenomenon as the fourth industrial exponential accumulation of data itself – has created a
revolution. In this case, society will naturally find fascinating world of communications and machines
ways of technological progress. This article discusses [Sal17]. As a result, the Industry 4.0 framework defines
the concept of Smart city, which is an effective the context for digitalization and industrial Internet of
junction between human and technology. The article Things (IoT). This framework contains the connectivity
also discusses the technologies underlying Smart city, of devices for effective value chain management using
as well as an example of the successful connection of sophisticated data collection as well as data-based
such technologies in the most important infrastructure optimization and analysis. For this reason, industry 4.0
of urban life-transport. also provides a detailed and solid framework for
development work related to smart cities [Lom16]
because activities related to data collection, interpretation
1 Introduction and analysis (in support of rational decision-making and
It is not just corporations that are seeing rapid changes due planning) are central to creating smart city services in the
to major global challenges, such as globalization, climate value chain network.
change and digitalization. Societies, cities and regions are The section 2 describes the concept of smart city, and its
also experiencing these changes. Today, 55% of the symbiosis with digitization and legislation. The section 3
world’s population lives in urban areas, a proportion that stops attention on the specifics of some of the modern
is expected to increase to 68 by 2050 [UN18]. Thus, the technologies included in our lives in connection with
speed and complexity of change also challenge Industry 4.0, while the section 4 shows the example of
leadership, organizational structures, R&D activities, integration of RFID and blockchain in the process of
education and training, and value chains. Ecosystem- dispatching control. Section 5 discusses the results and
based development is considered to be an option that will gives guidelines for further research in this field.
facilitate management of change at governmental,
national, regional and company level. 2 Smart City Concept Digital Symbiosis
Copyright c by the paper's authors. Use permitted under Creative The smart city concept derives from the intersection of
Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). In: A.
Khomonenko, B. Sokolov, K. Ivanova (eds.): Selected Papers of the studies in urbanism and information and communication
Models and Methods of Information Systems Research technology (ICT), combined with the dimensions of
Workshop, St. Petersburg, Russia, 4-5 Dec. 2019, published at creativity and humanity [Nam11]. The smart city concept
http://ceur-ws.org represents new ways of organizing city functions and
urban life for environmental purposes, based on
3
digitalization [Öbe17]. In the field of ICT, rapid interaction and collaboration between city stakeholders
development of software, hardware and networks has [Van14].
made it technologically possible to connect people and the Smart city initiatives have recently been merged into a
facilities that serve their everyday needs in cities [Per17]. model to make cities better places to live in. The smart
Thus, the smart city concept brings together technology, city can thus be considered as an ideal of sustainable
government and different layers of society, utilizing urban living. It is nevertheless a rather vague concept,
technological enablers, such as the internet of things (IoT) defined in various ways depending on the context of
and artificial intelligence (AI). These enablers, in turn, smartness [Öbe17].
facilitate development of various aspects of the smart city, According to Giffinger & Suitner [Gif15], the concept of
including, e.g., transportation, governance, education, a smart city should incorporate at least one of the
safety and communications. Thus, different and often following dimensions:
complementary aspects of a smart city encompass an 1) smart economy related to, e.g., innovation,
efficiency, technological advancement, sustainability and entrepreneurship, flexibility or productivity;
social inclusivity [Van14]. General trends in this kind of 2) smart mobility in the context of sustainable
development include the transition from global to local resource management and transport systems;
production and consumption, a change from competitive 3) smart governance with implications for
to collaborative manufacturing and service provision, and participation, decision-making and transparent
a move from shareholder-based businesses to multiple governance structures;
stakeholder viewpoints [Her13]. 4) smart environment that is understood to provide
The smart city concept integrates the ICT, physical IoT, attractive, natural conditions and a lack of pollution, as
and IoT-devices to optimize the efficiency of city well as sustainable management of resources and energy;
operations and services [Per16]. Transportation is an 5) smart living and quality of life; and
important part of the concept of smart cities, and the main 6) smart people in terms of qualifications, creativity,
goal is to ensure safe and effective mobility of individuals education and flexibility [Van14].
and goods in a way that minimizes the CO2 emissions. The Internet has transformed the world economic
Thus, transportation should not be viewed as simple landscape, and this transformation is expected to continue
"moving people and goods from one place to another" with the IoT. Rifkin confirms this trend in his concept of
[Wen15], but transportation should be understood as a zero marginal cost, which emphasizes connectivity in his
service, in which timely delivery of people and goods in anticipation of a collaborative economy that will replace
target destination is emphasized. the capital system in its current form – with the IoT as the
Smart city development requires not only technological main driver [Rif14]. The rapid progress of smart cities is
enablers but also a new way of thinking among cities, also paving the way to a more collaborative world
businesses, citizens and academia, which includes key [Kan09].
development stakeholders. In this manner, close
collaboration between universities and the private sector
must be maintained, and the main objective should be
shared learning [Ruo18]. This kind of long-term
cooperation creates a background for new co-innovation
and co-evolution.
The transition towards smarter cities involves changing
and evolving stakeholder roles [Lom16]. Citizens should
no longer be considered as merely users but rather as
stakeholders with an active role; as participants,
collaborators and developers in the city’s activities. In the
same manner, technology should no longer be considered
as an asset but as a dynamic enabler in smart city
development. Moreover, in this framework, business is no
longer viewed as a provider but rather as a collaborative
partner. These new roles, together with the ecosystems
formed by smart cities, establish a framework for a new
kind of development in urban areas. In this framework, it
is important to understand that smart city development Figure 6: The birth of innovation in digital ecosystem [Ruo19]
does not mean merely providing new digital services for
citizens. Rather, it is a transformative process involving Figure 6 displays the essential framework for a digital
city structures, governance and functions, as well as ecosystem in smart city transformation [Ruo19].
4
In this framework, the general architectural layer enables forming triangle – Smart City symbiosis, digitalization
the involvement of private sector partners. At the same and legislation [Iva19]. New service innovations will be
time, the players in this framework form an ecosystem born through digitalization and business opportunities
that consists of inhabitants, tourists, companies and the will increase within circular value chain with better
city itself. planning.
Technology architecture should be agreed upon. On the above mention, it is possible to suppose that
Municipalities should create an open architecture that triangle consists of the Smart City symbiosis,
private partners can integrate to, but that still meets the digitalization and legislation in frame of Smart City
needs of their citizens. Again, private-sector partners can platform. This Smart City symbiosis can involve
support cities in this effort. stakeholders and players at all levels (companies,
In rapidly changing digital environment, it requires clear authorities of different levels and municipalities, smart
and commonly understood vision. To describe the and digital technologies and legislation agencies and
elements and layers, by which digital economy thinking experts) to develop a methodology and software platform
has support, it is possible to draw a pyramid (Figure 7). to facilitate the exchange of information that can support
Smart City symbiosis networks, create and support pilot
projects and replicate their results at local and regional
levels.
In the same time such platform can support the movement
different digital technologies to rural areas as well that it
is quite important for both small and long distributed
countries. Such model as a challenge has to be design on
the triangle, presented on the Figure 8, and supporting the
usage of digital technologies for both social issues and
business as well.
Figure 7: Layered model of public sector enabling formation of
digital economy
The layers describe the operations of the public sector,
which support and enable effective and digitalized
formation of digital economy.
Legislation creates rules for the co-innovation and
operations generated and new business opportunities
(government). It is seen rather as enabler than restrictor.
Legislator has the role of offering common rules, generic
standards and interface regulations, which enable
effective re-use for disposed components and digital
technologies. Governments are able to guide by taxation
Figure 8: Smart City symbiosis, digitalization and legislation
the operation to a direction, which clarifies and enables it. as forming triangle
The legislation should contain such details that digital
technologies for cities and rural areas are able to used The concept of smart city is based on information and
successfully. When legislation support and allow the use everything related to it, its collection, storage, processing,
of digital technologies risks to start business are lower and and management decisions in different infrastructures of
predictability is better. the city, which were discussed above.
It is possible to find new approach to use for digital
technologies when these technologies deliver them to the
customer by efficient way. For this issue it can be propose
the virtual platform which could combine the information
about different players and from different structures
5
3 Current Disruptive Technologies on the In this article, we will focus on RFID and Blockchain
Light of Information Activities Schema technologies and the added value of their relationshipin
case of assuring reliable, transparent and reliable
The schema of basic information activities that emerged dispatching control of goods transport.
at the dawn of the development of computer science in the
mid-60s of the previous century (Figure 1), it continues to 3.1 RFID Technology
dictate the ICT development today.
The difference is that while at the beginning these RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) – a method of
activities described the simple processes of small automatic identification of objects in which data stored in
information applications, nowadays, behind each of them, so-called transponders or RFID tags are read or written by
are technologies that dramatically change our way of life. means of radio signals. [Lah05]
Any RFID system consists of a reader and a transponder
(RFID tag). Most RFID tags consist of two parts. The first
is an integrated circuit (IC) for storing and processing
information, modulating and demodulating radio
frequency (RF) signal and some other functions. The
second is the antenna for receiving and transmitting the
signal.
There are several ways to organize RFID tags and
systems: by operating frequency; by power supply; by
type of memory; or by execution. Figure 2 shows the
example of application of RFID technology in transport.
Figure 1: Main information activities [Bar66]
Some of these innovative technologies are:
• RFID – one of the methods for automatic
identification and data collection;
• Blockchain – a new method for storing
information in the distributed network with
assuring protection;
• Data centers and cloud technologies – data
centers have their roots in the big computer halls Figure 2: Example of application of RFID technology in
of the early days of the computer industry. transport [RFID17]
However, with the development of cloud
technologies, they have radically changed the RFID tags are already part of our daily lives. This is a
view of the storage of data and services today; cheap and effective way to collect and store data that finds
• Internet of things – system of interrelated multiple applications and will expand the niches of use in
computing devices, mechanical and digital the future. Examples include: tracking goods movement
machines, objects, animals or people that are (Walmart is one of the largest users of this technology for
provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the such purposes); tracking citizens' movements through
ability to transfer data over a network without RFID chips in their passports (used in countries such as
requiring human-to-human or human-to- Japan, the United States, Norway, and Spain); automation
computer interaction. of highway systems for payment of toll taxes; putting in
• HPC and grid computing – a processing ground tires for the transmission of traffic information to the on-
of these ensemble which in combination with the board computer; locating around cities or historic places
other technologies became a solid base for to convey tourist information on mobile phones to visitors
enormous growing of the last one: and so on.
• Artificial Intelligence.
6
3.2 Blockchain Technology A decentralized peer-to-peer blockchain network
deprives individual participants or groups of participants
Blockchain falls under the umbrella of Distributed Ledger
of the ability to control the underlying infrastructure or
Technology aimed to store, distribute and facilitate the
destabilize the entire system. All members of the network
exchange of value between users, either privately or
are equal and connect to it using the same protocols.
publicly based on the consensus of replicated, shared, and
Participants can be individuals, government agencies,
synchronized digital data geographically spread across
organizations or associations of all these types of
multiple sites, countries, or institutions without central
participants. From the other side the blockchains can be
administrator or centralized data storage.
public, private or federated, when two or more public or
Blockchain is a digital public registry protected from
private blockchains communicate each other.
unauthorized access, which keeps records of transactions
The system records the chronological order of
in a public or private peer-to-peer network. Distributed
transactions with all nodes of the network that have
among all nodes of the network, the registry continuously
recognized the validity of transactions through the
records the history of operations with assets between peer
selected consensus model. The result is non-cancellable
(of the same order) nodes of the network in the form of
transactions agreed upon by all network participants in a
blocks of information. All approved transaction blocks
decentralized manner.
are connected in a chain from the initial block to the last
one added, hence the name of the technology —
blockchain (Figure 3). 4 Interaction of RFID and Blockchain in
case of dispatching control
At the moment, the integration of RFID and blockchain is
beginning to be applied on water and rail transport in the
process of dispatching control. This fits well into the
concept of a sociotechnical system, which has both a
human factor and a technical basis.
The process of dispatching is to manage the transport
situation in a certain location, control and monitoring.
These processes require input on this traffic situation. The
basic object for data collection will be a vehicle, for
example, a ship (consider the example of water transport).
The tool for data collection will be an RFID tag, which
Figure 3: Blockchain process [Pol18] collects the following data using a radio signal antenna:
Thus, the blockchain acts as a single source of reliable • The results of observation (receiving the absolute
data, and the participants of the blockchain chain see only geographical coordinates – latitude and longitude in
those transactions that relate to them. Instead of turning degrees);
to third parties, such as financial and credit institutions, as • Course and speed of the vessel (in degrees);
intermediaries in transactions, blockchain nodes use a • Wind speed (in m/s);
special consensus Protocol to agree on the contents of the • Depth of water space (in m);
registry, as well as cryptographic hashing algorithms and • Flow rate (in m/s);
digital signatures to ensure the integrity of the transaction • Time intervals between two observations (in s);
and transfer its parameters.
• Shortest distance to the nearest navigational hazard (in
The consensus mechanism ensures that distributed
m);
registries are exact copies, which reduces the risk of
• The angles of the demolition of the vessel by the wind
fraudulent transactions because extraneous interference
(in degrees).
can occur in many places at the same time. Cryptographic
hashing algorithms, such as the SHA256 computation This information is transferred to the distributed registry.
algorithm, ensure that any change in the transaction input, Thus, all nodes of the trusted network that are interested
however slight, will result in a different hash value in traffic safety, namely: the nearest control centers, other
appearing in the calculation results, indicating that the vessels, will learn about it at the same time.
transaction input is likely to be compromised. Digital Due to the blockchain technology, this information is
signatures ensure that transactions are carried out by hashed, added as a block to the chain of blocks, which
legitimate senders (signed with private keys) and not by guarantees the integrity of the information. Before it
intruders. entered the register, no one could change it, and the
information came from its sender.
7
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