It is proposed own algorithm for implementing a complex project in the training of aviation industry experts. The project takes into account the competence approach and allows to optimize the costs of the partner companies involved in the project from the production area. State of the Research Issue
The development of the information society places new demands on professionals. The authority of any state in the world dimension is determined by the level of education and professional level of residents. Leading, high-ranking countries in the world have recognized the need to combine learning with practical skills, calling this approach as dual education. The concept of dual education (from the Latin dualis - dual) was introduced in the mid-1960s in Germany as a new, more flexible form of professional training. According to German experts, the duality implies the interaction of the educational and industrial sphere with the training of qualified staff of a certain profile.
The main task of introducing a dual form of organization of the educational
process in Ukrainian higher education institutions is to eliminate the existing
contradictions, to overcome the gap between theory and practice, to establish cooperation
between educational institutions and employers in such a way as to improve the quality
of training of skilled personnel taking into account production needs.
1.1
Minggang Xu notes that dual education has become widespread in Germany and is a
form of vocational education based on a combination of practice and theory in student
learning [
S. Kh. Muhambetaliev and A. Kh. Kasymova point out that the dual education
system in Germany has a long history and presents its benefits [
Some foreign researchers [
However, a model of the dual education system has not been developed yet. 2
The increasing speed of scientific and technological progress has led to the emergence of a new Industry 4.0, where information technology and specialist knowledge play a major role. Competition has increased on the markets for high-tech products. This led to the need to use innovation to create new products with the rapid implementation of achievements in development and production.
The education area with a traditional cycle of specialist training during four or more years is inertial and does not have time to respond to the employers’ requests who, in order to ensure their competitiveness, are engaged in the search and formation of innovative projects that require specialists with new competencies. In this regard, the dual form of education, which is aimed at changing the traditional form by using modern tools with active interaction with an employer in the learning process, allows to create new competencies by changing the existing educational process of higher education institutions (HEI). First, this applies to senior, graduate courses, when the professional competencies of future specialists are formed. Considering the requirements of the employer, these competencies should be expanded and adapted to the requirements of new orders of the employer for a fairly short period of time, without breaking the education cycle of HEI. Thus, the dual form of education is a kind of “bridge” between the traditional form of training of HEI and real practice that appear in connection with new innovative orders of the employer.
Fig. 1 shows the interaction scheme of higher education institution and manufacture using a dual form of education. The dual form of education is aimed at career guidance within the HEI for senior students due to the requirements of current and future project portfolios of manufactures that produce high-tech products. There are various means and tools for the implementation of dual training (distance learning, a virtual form of training, working practices, master classes with the participation of employees of enterprises, etc.). All of them are aimed at the formation of competencies that correspond to the content of the requirements of the employer's project portfolio. Therefore, the topic of the proposed report is relevant, which examines the problem of forming the graduates’ competencies of HEI in accordance with the requirements of employers.
The problem statement says that it is necessary, through the implementation of measures within the dual education, to form a set of competencies for graduates of HEI that meets the requirements of the employer as much as possible.
The set of competencies K1 is available, which a senior student will receive studying at the HEI. Using the methods and tools of dual education, it is necessary to form a set of competencies K2 for the graduate of the HEI that meets the requirements of the employer's project portfolio.
The set of competencies
K1 is a set K1 = K11, K12 ,..., K1n , where each competency K1i has a value associated with a specific level of knowledge of j student of HEI.
Therefore, given the level of acquired knowledge for a particular j student, it is possible to present their set of professional competencies in the form as K1 j = K11 j , K12 j ,..., K1nj . Taking into account the individuality of each j student and using the tools of dual education, it is essential to bring the j student's knowledge to such a level that they correspond to the competences required for the implementation of the employer’s project K2 = K21, K22 ,..., K1m .
In this case, the number of competencies K1 and K2 ( n and m ) may not necessarily coincide. So, in the process of dual training, it is necessary to remove the difference between K1 and K2 competencies by conducting activities and using tools related to dual education. 4
The solution of this problem can be accomplished in several stages: 1. Presentation of the employer’s requirements in the form of a set of professional competencies with the selection of the most significant ones. 2. Conducting dual training, which results in the selection of multiple students that meet the employer’s requirements.
3. Optimization of costs for the implementation of dual training activities.
To complete the first stage, we will use the expert assessments of the employer’s representatives, which are associated with the ongoing or being formed a new project portfolio. Experts, based on the requirements of the employer, offer many competencies K2 that are necessary for graduates of HEI. Further, it is required to evaluate the significance of individual competencies from the K2 set and assess their impact on the general competence of future employer projects executives. In this case, it can be used a simple ball scale (1 ... 10). To assess the importance of individual competencies, and their impact on overall competence, a full factorial experiment (FFE) can be used. In the FFE, the columns are selected corresponding to individual factors (competencies), and the assessment of competence is presented in the form of a “response” (the last column of the FFE plan). An illustrative example of assessing the importance of individual competencies is examined. The project of creation of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for the customer requires performers with the following set of competencies: 1. On-board control system (factor x1 ). 2.
Organization of communication with the ground control point (factor x2 ). 3. Control of the UAV electric motor (factor x3 ).
Since the number of factors is three, it is essential to conduct N = 23 = 8 tests to conduct experiments with three factors using FFE. The values of the last column, which corresponds to competency, are filled by experts with their estimates. PFE plan is presented in Table 1:
Here, +1 corresponds to the considered competency, and -1 - not to this competency. Each line of the plan is a combination of competencies, which is involved in this experiment with its assessment by the experts of the “response” Q in the last column of the FFE. The final line of the plan takes into account all competencies, therefore, it will be evaluated the gained knowledge Q , Qn = 10 . According to the results of the FFE, the following semi-quadratic dependence can be obtained:
Q = b + b1x1 + b x + b x + b1x1x2 + b13x1x3 + b23x2 x30 + b123x1x2 x3 0 2 2 3 3 In this dependence, the values of the coefficients b , b2 , b3 correspond to the in1 fluence of individual factors (competencies) on the general competence Q , and b12 , b13, b23, b123 correspond to the influence of factor combinations (competencies). The factor combination can be represented as a synergistic effect from the joint influence of competencies on overall competence Q . The calculation of the coefficients is carried out according to the simplest formulas:
N N N xiQi xi xkQi xi xk xlQi bi = i=1 , biK = i=1
, biKl = i=1
N N N As an example (see Table 1), it is received: b0 = 4 ; b1 = 2, 37 ; b2 = 1,13 ; b3 = 2,13 ; b12 = 0, 375 ; b13 = 0, 375 ; Q = 4 + 2, 37 x1 +1,13x2 + 2,13x3 + 0, 375x1x2 + 0, 375x1x3
−0, 375x2 x3 − 0, 625x1x2 x3
From the analysis of the obtained dependence it follows that the most significant factor (competency) affecting the overall competence associated with the implementation of the UAV project is x1 (knowledge of the onboard control system).
In the second place there is the factor x2 (knowledge of UAV engine control). A less important factor is the factor x3 (knowledge of the UAV communications with the ground control point). The greatest synergic effect of the factor influence (competencies) on the overall competence of the project is associated with three factors x1, x3, x2 .
In order to expand the received competencies of students K1 at the HEI so that they correspond to the number of competencies of the employer K2 , it is necessary to conduct dual training events with the possible use of an individual learning trajectory for each student at HEI. Activities can be combined in nature and include various learning tools. According to the results of individual training, each j student will receive a set of competencies that meets the requirements of the employer:
K2 j = K21 j , K22 j ,..., K2mj , where K2ij corresponds to the level of knowledge for i competency required by the employer obtained as a result of dual training of j student.
The value of the knowledge level for each competency can be assessed using the conducted tests or expert assessments. If the experts use the qualitative presentation of the values of competency ratings in the form of letters of the Latin alphabet, then: A - highest level of knowledge for i competence, B - high level of knowledge for i competence, K2i = C - good level of knowledge for i competence, D - satisfactory level of knowledge for i competence, E - poor student knowkedge for i competence.
So, the competency assessment of j student based on the results of dual training can be presented in the form of a “word”, where the most important employer competency is in the first place, and the least important one is in the last place. For example, for three competencies, the competency of i student based on the results of dual training is:
For a set of students (groups) who participate in dual training, we get an unordered set of “words”, for example:
Bi , Ai , Ci B1, A1, C1 A2 , B2 , B2 B3 , C3 , A3 A4 , C4 , B4 A5 , D5 , B5 B6 , A6 , A6 A7 , C7 , C7
B8 , B8 , C8
This set of “words” is ordered using the method of lexicographic ordering (as in a dictionary) to highlight the best students, in the sense of employer competency requirements. As a result, it is received: A C B
4 4 4 A C C
7 7 7 A D B
5 5 5 B A A
6 6 6 B A C
1 1 1 B B C
8 8 8 B C A
3 3 3
This shows that the highest competency values that are associated with the requirements for the employer are obtained by the results of dual training and are present in the second student. The lowest level of knowledge is in the third student.
If the employer needs not one but several workers to complete the portfolio of projects, they can set threshold values for individual competencies and select from the group of students those who overcome the assigned thresholds. For example, the “control word” for testing students' competence looks like B, B, B . It is included the “word” B, B, B in the ordered set of “words” of the student group. It is got: A B B
2 2 2 A B B
4 4 4 A C C
7 7 7 A D B
5 5 5 B A A
6 6 6 B A C 1 1 1 BBB B B C
8 8 8 B C A
3 3 3
As a result of regulating the “control word” B, B, B in a group of students, it is possible to distinguish many executors of HEI graduates to fulfill the planned project portfolio of an employer: A C B
4 4 4 A C C
7 7 7 A D B
5 5 5 B A A
6 6 6 B A C
1 1 1
They were the following students: 2, 4, 7, 5, 6, 1. 5
From the employer’s point of view, the optimization of the expenses associated with conducting dual training is important. Since, an individual trajectory of student training and various tools of dual training are used to increase the effectiveness of dual education, the optimization problem is reduced to the combinatorial task of choosing the optimal tool for dual education, taking into account the characteristics of training for each student.
It is introduced an integer variable X xjK , that shows the choice of a dual education tool for each student, i.e. X xjK , if it is necessary to use K tool of dual education for formation of i competence for j student, and X xjK otherwise. To assess the funds spent on dual education, there are the following indicators: 1. Cost of dual education – W . 2. Time spent on dual education – T .
3. Risks associated with dual education – R .
Then, considering the introduced integer variable X xjK , the indicators W ,T , R can be represented as follows:
m ni nj W = wijK xijK , i=1 ji=1 jk =1 m ni nj T = tijK xijK , i=1 ji=1 jk =1 m ni nj R = rijK xijK .
i=1 ji=1 jk =1 where WijK choosing K dual education tool;
– expenses, associated with obtaining i competence by j student tijK
– time spent on conducting dual education to obtain i competence of j student choosing K dual education tool;
rijK – risks associated with obtaining i competence j student choosing K dual education tool;
n j – the number of possible dual education tools that can be used for teaching j student (individual personality characteristics are taken into account); ni – the number of missing competencies of i student; m – the number of students in the dual education group.
The following statements of the problem of cost optimization associated with the implementation of dual education are next possible ones: 1. Optimization of individual (local) cost indicators.
2. Multicriteria cost optimization or a compromise solution.
It is considered in more details the problem of optimizing local indicators of the costs of dual education.
1.1. It is necessary to minimize the cost indicator W :
m ni nj min W ,W = wijK xijK ,
i=1 ji=1 jk =1 under the following restrictions:
T T ' , R R' , where T ' is possible time for dual education (set according to the requirements of the employer);
R' is acceptable risks associated with dual education. 1.2. It is necessary to minimize the time for dual education:
m ni nj min T ,T = tijK xijK ,
i=1 ji=1 jk =1 under the following restrictions:
W W ' , R R' , where W ' is acceptable costs of dual education (set by the employer). 1.3. It is necessary to minimize the risks for dual education:
m ni n j min R, R = rijK xijK
i=1 ji=1 jk =1 under the following restrictions:
W W ' ,T T ' .
2. To solve the multicriteria problem, it is introduced a complex criterion, which is a simple additive “convolution” of local indicators:
Q = W W + T T + R R , W is a standardized cost indicator (0…1) W =
W − W * W ' − W * T ' − T *
R' − R* , T is a normalized indicator of time spent on dual education (0…1) T − T *
T = R is a normalized indicator of possible risks during dual education (0…1) R − R*
R = The values W *,T *, R , were obtained during optimization for individual indica* tors. To optimize the complex indicator Q , it is essential: min Q, Q =
W − W * w W ' − W * +
T − T * T T ' − T * +
R − R* R R' − R* = = +
W '−wW * im=1 jin=i1 jkn=j1 wijK xijK + R' R−wR* im=1 jin=i1 jkn=j1 rijK xijK − W W'−*W *
T '−TT * im=1 jin=i1 jkn=j1 tijk xijK + −
T * T ' − T * −
R* R' − R* fulfilling restrictions: W W ' ,T T ' , R R' .
It is advisable to use the proposed approach in planning and implementation of activities related to dual education for the specialist training among students of HEI to the implement a new project portfolio of an employer.
Project work with implementation of a dual form of education is actively used in higher education institutions. Project implementation is based on different approaches. The authors of the paper suggest their own algorithm for accomplishing such complex project in the training of industry experts. The project takes a competent approach and optimizes the expenses of institutions involved in the project.
The results of the study indicate the urgent need to introduce a dual education system, as this approach will contribute to: - establish cooperation between higher education institutions and business as social partners and create a legislative framework for attracting qualified production staff to teaching activities (mentors, teachers); - allow to form the basis for improving the quality of higher education, encourage joint development of educational and professional programs that will contribute to improving the quality of educational services; - consider the needs of IT companies when creating the information content of training courses. - introduce an innovative approach to the organization of the educational process mastering basic theoretical knowledge on the basis of educational institution, and then gaining professional skills at an IT companies.