Exploration of Lean Management Methods Dr. Robert Friedemann, MBA Prof. Dr. Michaela Gläß, MBA Faculty of Economics Faculty of Economics University of Applied Sciences University of Applied Sciences Zwickau, Germany Zwickau, Germany robert.friedemann@fh-zwickau.de michaela.glaeß@fh-zwickau.de Abstract— In the context of this paper the adaptation of the II. METHODOLOGY classical Lean methods to the automated and ultramodern manufacturing processes of modern production is to be carried A. Lean and ERP out. The Lean methods were developed in the automotive and When comparing the intentions of ERP and Lean, some, mechanical engineering industries, so that they can often only here only selected, cooperating goals can be determined. be used to a limited extent for modern, highly automated mass These include production. • Efficient use of resources Keywords—Lean Management, Exploration, Methods, NACE • No waste I. INTRODUCTION • Layout optimization While Lean in the early years largely dispensed with • Lead time optimization information technology development, an important part of the third industrial revolution was the development of • Minimization of consumables enterprise resource planning systems. The basic goal of an • Optimization of the circulation stock ERP system is to efficiently and effectively manage, influence and design the resources of all business areas. This • Minimization of bearings paper will show a Lean exploration related on the focused • Among other things methods of the hidden industries in the European union. So the mindset for a Lean shopfloor which could be automatized This shows a certain synergy effect which is and provided by an successful ERP implementation. controversially discussed in specialist media. This is due to the fact that the introduction of ERP systems works Lean Management has been an established and efficient successfully in only 39% of cases, every fifth project fails management tool since the end of the 1980s and enjoys great and around 64% of all projects are too tight in terms of time. popularity in mechanical engineering and automotive This shows that there is clear potential for improvement even engineering. During a period of more than ten years, clear during the introduction of ERP systems. For example, tendencies can be observed that companies from other organizational methods such as FiFo, Just in Time, Just in branches of industry as well as service companies are using Sequence, Kanban, Poka Yoke, Muda, Muri or even 5S [22, Lean Management approaches to make their business 23] can already be taken into account when setting up the processes significantly more efficient. From their own ERP system. For customers, this results in two advantages: experience and coordination with other Lean experts, the the process flow is made significantly more efficient and the idea has grown to review and evaluate the transformation and security and traceability of the data in the system can be applicability in other areas. The problem of this research increased. focuses on the manifold variance of various production plants and the interactive interface between human efficiency Extensive research by the Kufstein University of Applied and personnel optimization, as it is required in Lean Sciences under the direction of Prof. Dr. Martin Adam shows Management, as well as the logistically optimized production that almost half of ERP manufacturers support Lean area. Only the areas of production and process development Management in their software, but only a fraction of users is considered, as the utilization factor is estimated at its use the functionalities. In his PhD thesis, Dr. Daryl Powell highest and a consideration of all operational processes in the describes the connection between Lean and ERP as a context of this article is estimated as not manageable. For paradox. As an example, he cites the controversial goals of methods with problems in the application [1], an adaptation fixed lead time for ERP in contrast to one-piece flow and for the special requirements is to be developed. The methods just-in-time. With regard to this Symantik the inclusion of of Lean Management are to be applied as a fundamental Lean in ERP systems is again not possible. Furthermore, he approach to the entire production chain. At this point, a shows in his work that since the 1990s the demands placed conflict arises between automated manufacturing, the classic on manufacturing companies have continued to change and one-piece flow and the pull strategy. The article will start at that Lean Management requirements must be mapped in this point of conflict and identify suitable methods with relation to a successful company. Modern ERP systems quantitative and qualitative research and network difficult support this. methods across industries.[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14] Lean Management has been used successfully for many years and has many supporters as well as some opponents. The same can be shown for the application of Lean Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).AESP20: 1st Workshop on Requirement Management in Enterprise Systems Projects @ SE20, Innsbruck, Austria 29 Management methods in the implementation and use of ERP While in Germany and Austria there is compulsory systems by referring to the selected sources. In the following membership in the chamber structure for many areas, in exploration, the optimal methodical Lean setup for the Switzerland there is no comparable obligation in the chamber individual industries will be determined, which can be used and economic structure, which makes it difficult to consider both in the pre-structuring before the ERP implementation or all German-speaking countries. For this reason, the in the ERP system for each industry. consideration in Switzerland is left out and only the German- speaking area of Germany and Austria is considered. The B. Surveyed Industries focus for ERP implementation is set in the German speaking The NACE classification, the statistical classification of area, so with the substitutional choosing of the most economic activities in the European Community (French: important industries this set up with the twelve biggest Nomenclature statistique des activités économiques dans la sectors is used. Communauté européenne) was developed by the European Union on the basis of the ISIC (International Standard C. Exploration Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities) of the The explorative cross-industry research is carried out United Nations. [15] This development goes back to the with a survey of fifteen Lean experts from industry and 1960s, when the ISIC was already being worked on by the science. The most of them also have and process and UN in 1948. In Germany, a standardized aggregate called enterprise resource planning background. 15 experts are seen aggregate A*38 or A*38 code was created for the national as the lower optimal limit of specialist interviews. In accounts, which represents the NACE classification in 38 preparation, a research of all available Lean methods was categories. [16] Although this classification does not carried out. The identified Lean methods were then described correspond to NACE, it can be mapped directly in the and defined. This elaboration is then implemented in the system. The following table shows the comparison of the interview guideline in order to provide the Lean managers 2008 NACE revision with the A*38 code. [15, 16] In the with clues for possibly unknown methods. [17] Due to the middle is the simplification of the standards in order to known problems in various industries, the explorative survey generalise and simplify the statistical surveys of the article. is carried out with specialists from these areas and also from other areas to identify problems in the application A*38-Code NACE Rev. 2 environment and to optimize the composition of the expert CA 10 to 12 team for the performance of the research. The explorative survey is conducted in three dimensions. For each method, a CB 13 to 15 decision must be made as to whether the application is CC 16 to 18 conceivable in the professional environment, whether the method has already been used and in which other branches of CD 19 industry the application is conceivable. Numbered scales are used, but they are described verbally for each point. In CE 20 general, the participant has a better description available and CF 21 therefore the questions do not have to be scaled personally. The disadvantage is the ordinality of the data, as these cannot CG 22 to 23 simply be evaluated. In this questionnaire, an evaluation CH 24 to 25 level from "1" to "10" is provided, which is described in advance for each level in textual form. With this CI 26 questionnaire representation, the advantages and disadvantages of the questionnaire technique are to be CJ 27 optimally used for this survey in the form of an ordinal scale. CK 28 The degree of application is to be answered with a number from "1" to "10", where "1" stands for a 100% possibility of CL 29 to 30 application/experience and "10" for no suitability at all. This CM 31 to 33 describes the quantitative part of exploration.[18] Bortz and Döring [19] also describe the ordinal scale as a suitable type of scale for such surveys. The survey was conducted online As the work draws its experimental focus from and anonymously. semiconductor and microsystems engineering and data processing and digitalization, Division 26 of the NACE classification has deliberately been divided into three subgroups: data processing, electronics/optics and semiconductors/MST. Divisions 10-18, 22-25 and 27-30 are completely preserved in their meaning, only their names are simplified. Divisions 19-21 have been combined under the generic term of the chemical industry, since the chemical- pharmaceutical industry is also spoken of in professional associations and similarities are assumed in the shop floor. With this separation of the industries related to a successful Lean Management method implementation the pre-job for ERP projects is done. Each company could be provided before starting an ERP implementation project with the best acting methods for optimizing the company. Fig. 1. Dimension of the survey AESP20: 1st Workshop on Requirement Management in Enterprise Systems Projects @ SE20, Innsbruck, Austria 30 The three-dimensional survey shown must be carried out has his/her own experience with the method and how he/she for each method in the areas of production and production will look into its applicability in the simplified industries. development. From the approach of the survey several directions of answers result, which are composed as follows: The evaluation is to be carried out in whole numbers from "1" to "10" for one's own experience and each industry. • Assessment of the applicability of the respective Levels 1-3 indicate that the method is applicable; 4-7 method in production/process development from 0% corresponds to a partial, i.e. problematic, applicability of the to 100%; method. 8-10 indicates that the method is not applicable. The gradations within the answer groups should give the • own practical experience with the respective method participant the opportunity to create gradations within the in production/process development from 0% to group. The levels should have the following description [18]: 100%; 1: The method can be used without restriction, there are • Assessment of the applicability of the respective no obstacles in the implementation. method in the production/process development of the individual branches of industry from 0% to 100%; 2: The method can be used without restrictions, an introduction to the topic is required. In order to be able to make a statement of the highest possible quality, the group of experts interviewed is made up 3: The method can be used without restrictions, further as follows: training in the subject is required. • Key Expert Lean Production of a leading 4: The method is partially applicable, small modifications optoelectronics company for the application must be made. • Production engineer of a leading optoelectronics 5: The method is partially applicable, modifications for company the application must be made. • Head of microtechnology training at a world-leading 6: The method is partially applicable, larger technology group modifications for the application must be made. 7: The method is partially applicable, large modifications • Plant manager of a medium-sized electronics for the application must be made, the application usually company in the Upper Palatinate shows no success. • Production technician of a worldwide leading 8: The method is not applicable, although the structure automotive supplier corresponds to an applicability. • Production manager of a German pressing plant 9: The method is not applicable, the structure would have • Lean manager of a German stamping plant to be changed significantly to make the method applicable. • IT production expert for a European pharmaceutical 10: The method is not applicable; no possibilities are company seen to modify this method to make it applicable. • Project engineer and member of the examination It is analysed whether there are significant differences in board for production technology at an educational individual methods and where the median and the arithmetic institution in Bavaria mean are located. At the same time, the standard deviation and the number of participants and experts in this field are • Head of a Master's programme in Business Process noted and compared, as it were, from which area this Management at an Austrian university of applied evaluation comes. [20] The evaluation is carried out under sciences the following conditions. A method counts as safe to use in the industry if the addition of the mean with the standard • Professor for Operations Management at a German deviation is less than 3.5. This ensures that the mean University of Applied Sciences variation is within the safe limit. This evaluation is • Professor of Industrial Production at a State determined for all participants of the explorative analysis and Academy of Studies for the specialists of the respective industry. If the standard deviation is greater than the applicability limit of 3.5 when • Professor of International Management and Head of added to the mean, it is no longer ensured that the an Institute for Management and Information at a applicability of the method is within the safe applicable limit. German University of Applied Sciences The method is then assessed as applicable. This assessment • Professor of General Business Administration at a is determined for all participants of the explorative analysis Hungarian University and for the specialists of the respective industry. A method counts as partially applicable in the industry if the mean of • Senior Process Engineer of a leading optoelectronics the measurement is greater than 3.5 but less than 7.5. This company evaluation is determined for all participants of the explorative analysis and for the specialists of the respective The questionnaire asks 51 of the most common Lean industry. A method counts as not applicable if the mean is methods. The methods have been researched in detail. After greater than or equal to 7.5. This evaluation is determined for initially identifying 100 Lean methods, 51 methods were all participants of the explorative analysis and for the retained after shortening the methods with the same content specialists of the respective industry. but different names and combining combined methods. For each question, the interviewee should decide whether he/she AESP20: 1st Workshop on Requirement Management in Enterprise Systems Projects @ SE20, Innsbruck, Austria 31 The evaluation of the explorative analysis is carried out impression of how representative the industry is. In column using simple statistical means. Since a complete statistical nine, the number of responses is divided by the number of evaluation with distribution considerations is very difficult experts in the field. This ratio is used to determine a certain for a maximum of 15 participants and industries, some of degree of certainty in the statement. If there are factors which are only represented by one participant, and since greater than 100%, this answer was answered by more statistical certainty is far from being established in the participants than by specialists in this field. If the factor is population as a whole. Since a distribution can only be tested greater than 0% but less than or equal to 100%, fewer with great uncertainty with such a small number of participants answered this question than specialists in this participants in an exploration, a comparison is made here field are available. If the value is exactly 0%, no expert has between the mean value, standard deviation and median in evaluated this industry. relation to the response of all experts and the response of the experts within the industry. The evaluation is carried out The visualisation of the evaluation of the explorative using Microsoft Excel and Camline Cornerstone. Since a survey is carried out with the help of a table and two number of 15 participants is far from representative of the diagrams per examined method. In the table, the mean value, entire population, no typical distribution functions are used the standard deviation, the standard deviation are subtracted from the mean value, the mean value plus the standard here, but only a simple statistical evaluation is carried out to evaluate the significance of the answers of all specialists. By deviation, the median, the number of participants, the looking at the standard deviation in relation to the mean industry, the number of experts per industry and the factor value, it is shown, even with a small sample of n maximum described above are determined for the individual industry 15, how large the dispersion of the results around the mean sectors and the individual experience. The evaluation is value is. carried out according to the criteria of safe applicability, applicable, partially applicable or not applicable. The first In order to exclude this effect in the survey, the mean and diagram serves as a statistical representation of the method. median are used. After collecting the data, the mean, median The crossed line in the middle visualizes the mean value of and standard deviation are calculated for each question the method. The wide bars describe the confidence interval group. Depending on whether the mean value and median are around the mean with plus and minus a standard deviation. very different, a larger dispersion of the values can be The boundary points describe the extreme values of the assumed. In the comparison of the arithmetic mean, the result evaluation. With the help of this diagram, the statistical of which includes all distributions of the results, with the representation of the methods is to take place and a clear median, which lies centrally in the absolute numbers of the evaluation is to be represented. The second diagram shows values. If both values deviate from each other, this indicates the mean value, the median, the mean value plus the standard that there is no equal distribution on both sides around the deviation and the mean value minus the standard deviation. mean value. In the overall consideration of the This should help to illustrate whether the method is about a subtraction/addition of the mean value with the standard very large dispersion or whether the mean and median are far deviation in comparison to the median, a fundamental apart or close to each other, this should give an indication of statement can thus be made about the certainty of the result the distribution of the answers and show the reader whether and the dispersion of the answers. Further consideration of there is a continuous or statistical fluctuation over the small the standard deviation gives an impression of the width of number of participants in the exploration. the distribution in relation to the position of the mean value compared to the distribution shift in relation to the median. III. ANALYSIS The decision of the evaluation is made according to the A. Overview of analysis description. In general, automotive technology and semiconductor From this statistical statement, the methods are identified and microsystems technology are best represented. This is which have to be analysed in the qualitative part of the work. because Lean Management is most widespread in automotive Based on this description, the authors formulate hypotheses, engineering. The electrical engineering, mechanical which should form a suitable basis for the expert evaluation. engineering and electronics and optics industries are still These hypotheses represent specific relationships between well represented, with two participants each. One the individual areas. representative will be provided from the fields of metal The methods that are confirmed with "pass", a green construction, plastics, data processing, food and chemical mark, are not subject to further investigation for the time industry. There will be no representatives from the textile being. Methods marked with "partial", a yellow mark, must and wood industries. Thus, the results can be well be worked on in the expert workshop. The experts are represented for the industries of automotive engineering, expected to provide a qualitative statement and a response electrical engineering, metal and mechanical engineering, based on their experience. Thus, the artefact is also based on which are widespread in Germany and Austria, as well as for an expert report. For each individual sector, the mean is many adjacent industrial sectors such as the semiconductor evaluated in column "2", the standard deviation is calculated industry, the food industry or the electronics and optical in column "3", the mean is added to the standard deviation in industry. Uncertainties in the valuation are seen for smaller column "4" and subtracted in column "5". In the sixth branches of industry such as the wood industry or the textile column, the median is calculated. Column "7" contains the industry. Industries with very high valuation factors such as number of responses for this area and column "8" defines the chemical industry, the food industry, data processing or how many experts from this industry participated. the plastics industry should also be critically evaluated in the exploration sector. For many methods, it can be seen that In addition, a quotient is calculated, which defines the they can be applied across all areas. Particular importance proportion of survey participants in relation to the should be attached to these methods, which differ widely in participants from the industry. This figure gives a qualitative individual sectors. AESP20: 1st Workshop on Requirement Management in Enterprise Systems Projects @ SE20, Innsbruck, Austria 32 LCIA Elektrotechnik 7 partiell anwendbar LCIA Maschinenbau 6 partiell anwendbar LCIA Metallbau 6 partiell anwendbar LCIA Kunststoff 6 partiell anwendbar LCIA Datenverarbeit. 7 partiell anwendbar LCIA Elektronik/Optik 7 partiell anwendbar LCIA Nahrungsmittel 7 partiell anwendbar LCIA Chemieindustrie 7 partiell anwendbar LCIA Textilindustrie 6 partiell anwendbar In the following chapter the partial and not usable LCIA Holzindustrie 6 partiell anwendbar methods are presented. For the ERP setup it’s good to see Milkrun Erfahrung 10 partiell anwendbar Milkrun Halbleiter/MST 7 partiell anwendbar that there is not sucha big variance in the methods. The focus Milkrun Elektrotechnik 7 partiell anwendbar is more on some not usable methods. For implementing Milkrun Milkrun Maschinenbau Metallbau 7 8 partiell anwendbar partiell anwendbar efficient and optimized ERP processes and setups a setup of Milkrun Kunststoff 6 partiell anwendbar Milkrun Datenverarbeit. 7 partiell anwendbar around 45 to 50 Lean methods can be used. ERP provider Milkrun Elektronik/Optik 7 partiell anwendbar should be used the LM methods in two ways. Value stream Milkrun Nahrungsmittel 8 partiell anwendbar Milkrun Chemieindustrie 8 partiell anwendbar and process structured methods, like value stream mapping Milkrun Textilindustrie 6 partiell anwendbar or Chaku Chaku, should be used inside the ERP systems as Milkrun Mizusumashu Holzindustrie Erfahrung 7 9 partiell anwendbar partiell anwendbar process managing support. On the other side the easy to use Mizusumashu Halbleiter/MST 8 partiell anwendbar Mizusumashu Datenverarbeit. 7 partiell anwendbar and shopfloor optimizing methods should be part of each Multi-Machine Datenverarbeit. 7 partiell anwendbar ERP implementation project, because the shopfloor and the Multi-Machine OEE Elektronik/Optik Datenverarbeit. 9 11 partiell anwendbar partiell anwendbar logistics are more leaned and structured. So the Segmentierung Erfahrung 11 partiell anwendbar SMED Halbleiter/MST 8 partiell anwendbar implementation is easier and faster. SMED Maschinenbau 8 partiell anwendbar SMED Metallbau 8 partiell anwendbar B. partial and not usable methods SMED Datenverarbeit. 7 partiell anwendbar SMED Nahrungsmittel 9 partiell anwendbar Exploration SMED Chemieindustrie 9 partiell anwendbar Methode Bereich branchenübergreifend SMED Textilindustrie 8 partiell anwendbar SPC Datenverarbeit. 8 partiell anwendbar Anz Anwendbarkeit Supermarkt Halbleiter/MST 8 partiell anwendbar 7W-Fragen Erfahrung 10 partiell anwendbar Supermarkt Datenverarbeit. 7 partiell anwendbar Alibi Erfahrung 6 partiell anwendbar Taktzeit Erfahrung 10 partiell anwendbar Alibi Halbleiter/MST 4 partiell anwendbar Taktzeit Halbleiter/MST 7 partiell anwendbar Alibi Kraftfahrzeugt. 4 partiell anwendbar Taktzeit Elektrotechnik 7 partiell anwendbar Alibi Elektrotechnik 5 nicht anwendbar Taktzeit Kunststoff 7 partiell anwendbar Alibi Maschinenbau 5 nicht anwendbar Taktzeit Datenverarbeit. 6 partiell anwendbar Taktzeit Elektronik/Optik 7 partiell anwendbar Alibi Metallbau 5 nicht anwendbar Taktzeit Nahrungsmittel 8 partiell anwendbar Alibi Kunststoff 4 partiell anwendbar Taktzeit Chemieindustrie 8 partiell anwendbar Alibi Datenverarbeit. 4 partiell anwendbar GD3 Erfahrung 8 partiell anwendbar Alibi Elektronik/Optik 4 partiell anwendbar Alibi Nahrungsmittel 5 partiell anwendbar Fig. 2. Methods with partial or not usable ratings Alibi Chemieindustrie 5 partiell anwendbar Alibi Textilindustrie 4 partiell anwendbar Alibi Holzindustrie 4 partiell anwendbar IV. C ONCLUSION [25] Andon Datenverarbeit. 9 partiell anwendbar Autokorrelation Erfahrung 8 partiell anwendbar Hypothesis 1 (Many methods follow general approaches Autokorrelation Datenverarbeit. 3 partiell anwendbar and are fully applicable in all industrial sectors): The largest Jidoka/BandStop Erfahrung 9 partiell anwendbar Jidoka/BandStop Halbleiter/MST 9 partiell anwendbar single area of evaluation is shown by the applicable methods. Jidoka/BandStop Metallbau 9 partiell anwendbar This confirms the first hypothesis that many methods are Jidoka/BandStop Datenverarbeit. 7 partiell anwendbar Jidoka/BandStop Elektronik/Optik 9 partiell anwendbar fully applicable and each ERP implementation could use this Jidoka/BandStop Holzindustrie 9 partiell anwendbar methods for optimizing and implantation in ERP software. A Blackbox Chemieindustrie 11 partiell anwendbar positive aspect of the general use of Lean Management in all ChakuChaku Erfahrung 11 partiell anwendbar ChakuChaku Halbleiter/MST 8 partiell anwendbar industries is that there are no methods that are not applicable. ChakuChaku Kraftfahrzeugt. 8 partiell anwendbar Conversely, this means that for all methods examined in the ChakuChaku Elektrotechnik 8 partiell anwendbar ChakuChaku Maschinenbau 9 partiell anwendbar context of this research question, there is an applicability or ChakuChaku Metallbau 8 partiell anwendbar at least a partial applicability for each method in each ChakuChaku Kunststoff 7 partiell anwendbar industry. ChakuChaku Datenverarbeit. 8 partiell anwendbar ChakuChaku Elektronik/Optik 8 partiell anwendbar Hypothesis 2 (A small proportion of Lean methods show ChakuChaku Nahrungsmittel 8 partiell anwendbar ChakuChaku Chemieindustrie 8 partiell anwendbar problems in implementation in all industrial sectors due to ChakuChaku Textilindustrie 8 partiell anwendbar their complexity.): The second hypothesis is limited by the ChakuChaku Holzindustrie 8 partiell anwendbar Hancho Erfahrung 11 partiell anwendbar fact that there are no methods that are not applicable. Thus at Hejunka Erfahrung 11 partiell anwendbar least everywhere a partial applicability is given. However, Hejunka Halbleiter/MST 9 partiell anwendbar there are methods that show predominantly partial Hejunka Elektrotechnik 9 partiell anwendbar Hejunka Maschinenbau 10 partiell anwendbar applicability in all industries and thus speak against a simple Hejunka Metallbau 10 partiell anwendbar implementation due to the complexity of the methodology. Hejunka Kunststoff 9 partiell anwendbar Hejunka Datenverarbeit. 8 partiell anwendbar This hypothesis is thus partially confirmed. This methods Hejunka Elektronik/Optik 9 partiell anwendbar could be analyzed and used for the ERP implementation in Hejunka Nahrungsmittel 10 partiell anwendbar industries with significant positive results. Hejunka Chemieindustrie 10 partiell anwendbar Hejunka Textilindustrie 9 partiell anwendbar Hypothesis 3 (Methods that relate to the logistics process Hejunka Holzindustrie 9 partiell anwendbar Just in Time Halbleiter/MST 9 partiell anwendbar within production show significant differences in the Just in Time Metallbau 10 partiell anwendbar individual industries): The only exceptions are the Kanban Just in Time Datenverarbeit. 8 partiell anwendbar KanBan Halbleiter/MST 9 partiell anwendbar and FiFo methods, which can be applied in almost all Kreidekreis Datenverarbeit. 10 partiell anwendbar industries, at least according to the qualitative analysis. Other LCIA Erfahrung 9 partiell anwendbar logistic methods such as Chaku Chaku, Hejunka, Just in LCIA Halbleiter/MST 7 partiell anwendbar LCIA Elektrotechnik 7 partiell anwendbar Time, Milkrun, Mizusumashu [21, 22, 23], segmentation and LCIA Maschinenbau 6 partiell anwendbar supermarket show predominantly significant differences or LCIA Metallbau 6 partiell anwendbar LCIA Kunststoff 6 partiell anwendbar also partial applicabilities in the result. The expression here LCIA Datenverarbeit. 7 partiell anwendbar is significantly higher than with the other methods, thus the LCIA Elektronik/Optik 7 partiell anwendbar third working hypothesis is also confirmed. This methods are LCIA Nahrungsmittel 7 partiell anwendbar LCIA Chemieindustrie 7 partiell anwendbar also relevant for the shopfloor restruction and the software LCIA Textilindustrie 6 partiell anwendbar LCIA Holzindustrie 6 partiell anwendbar Milkrun Erfahrung 10 partiell anwendbar Milkrun Halbleiter/MST 7 partiell anwendbar Milkrun AESP20: 1st Workshop Elektrotechnik Management on Requirement 7 partiell anwendbar in Enterprise Systems Projects @ SE20, Innsbruck, Austria 33 Milkrun Maschinenbau 7 partiell anwendbar Milkrun Metallbau 8 partiell anwendbar Milkrun Kunststoff 6 partiell anwendbar Milkrun Datenverarbeit. 7 partiell anwendbar Milkrun Elektronik/Optik 7 partiell anwendbar implantation related on ERP topics for industries with [2] Bortolotti, T., Romano, P., Martínez-Jurado, P. J. & Moyano-Fuentes, positive results. J., “Towards a theory for lean implementation in supply networks.”, International Journal of Production Economics, Volume 175, 2016, Hypothesis 4: (Lean experts and internal users as well as pp. 182 ff. end users have a differential perception of usability, based on [3] Narayanamurthy, G., Gurumurthy, A., “Is the hospital lean? A different interpretations). The fourth research hypothesis is mathematical model for assessing the implementation of lean thinking in healthcare institutions.”, Operations Research for Health Care, also confirmed, since significant differences have occurred in 2016, various methods. Thus, the assumed research questions, [4] Ko, C.-H., “Lean Building Design Model.” Procedia Engineering, which arose from practical experience, can largely be Volume 182, pp. 329-334, 2017 regarded as confirmed, except for the second hypothesis. [5] Urban, W., “The Lean Management Maturity Self-assessment Tool With this research model, a fundamentally successful attempt Based on Organizational Culture Diagnosis.” Procedia - Social and was made to confirm or refute the four hypotheses. The Behavioral Sciences, Volume 213, pp. 728-733, 2015 research model has proved successful in its application and [6] Oleghe, O., Salonitis, K., 20, “Manufacturing System Lean could use in different ways. Only Lean implantation could be Improvement Design Using Discrete Event Simulation.” Procedia CIRP, Volume 57, pp. 195-200, 2016 one part of the use, on the other hand the combination with [7] Oleghe, O., Salonitis, K., “Variation Modeling of Lean ERP topics for restructuring the shopfloor and implementing Manufacturing Performance Using Fuzzy Logic Based Quantitative Lean ERP software is very helpful. Lean Index.” Procedia CIRP, Volume 41, pp. 608-613, 2016 [8] Wyrwicka, M. K., Mrugalska, B., „Mirages of Lean Manufacturing in V. FUTURE WORK Practice.” Procedia Engineering, Volume 182, pp. 780-785, 2017 For further research, it would therefore be necessary to [9] Azadeh, A., Yazdanparast, R., Zadeh, S. A. & Zadeh, A. E., set up a working group on industry-related colleges, “Performance optimization of integrated resilience engineering and universities and employers' associations that can work with lean production principles.” Expert Systems with Applications, Volume 84, pp. 155-170, 2017 the necessary access to the whole. The expansion of the work [10] Höltz, N., „Lean Logistics Maturity Model : ein Reifegradmodell zur should take place both in the research design and in the Bewertung schlanker intralogistischer Unternehmensstrukturen,“ extension to service and health sectors or also the public Dissertation. Cottbus Senftenberg: Brandenburgische Technische sector, in order to consider the overall economic Universität, 2012 effectiveness. It should be mentioned here that the literature [11] Alefari, M., Salonitis, K., Xu, Y., “The role of leadership in research of the theoretical part shows that Lean Management implementing lean manufacturing.” Procedia CIRP, Vol. 63, pp. 756- finds more and more applications in the areas of Health Care, 761, 2017 Administration, Green and Sustainability and Services. Also [12] Mostafa, S., Dumrak, J., Soltan, H., “Lean Maintenance Roadmap.” Procedia Manufacturing, Volume 2, p. 434-444, 2015 the setup in ERP models and ERP software is growing and discussed. The public sector also includes many [13] Dombrowski, U., Krenkel, P., Richter, T., „Dynamic Coordination within a Lean Enterprise.” Procedia Manufacturing, Volume 11, pp. administrative areas and could benefit significantly from 2147-2155, 2017 Lean Management approaches in the workflow. This work [14] Aziz, K., Khan, V., Rana, R., EHSAN UL HAQ, A., KAMIL, J., “An provides a first insight into the industrial sectors, a similar Evaluation of Challenges Faced by Cement Industry of Pakistan in approach for non-industrial sectors is identically possible and Implementation of Lean Supply Chain.” European Academic also a big customer sector for the ERP business. Many Research, Vol. 5, Issue 5, 2017 research topics from recent years have dealt with [15] Europäische Kommission, „NACE-Code für herstellende Betriebe implementation determination, Lean design approaches or (manufacturer).“ [Online: https://www.ec.europa.com, 2017] evaluation models for the transformation of Lean [16] Eurostat, „NACE: Vorgeschichte und rechtlicher Rahmen - Von der NICE zur NACE Rev. 2.“ NACE Rev. 2. 1.3. s.l.:s.n., p. 16, 2017 Management in various industries [9, 14]. These assessment models can be found in various industries and the original [17] Weidenmann, B., „Expertenbefragung statt Lehrvortrag.“ Handbuch Active Training. Die besten Methoden für lebendige Seminare. 3. industries of Lean Management [10]. In this research it was Auflage Hrsg. Weinheim Basel: Verlagsgruppe Beltz, pp. 26-29, 2015 not assumed that Lean Management methods are generally [18] Porst, R., „Arten von Skalen.“ Fragebogen. Ein Arbeitsbuch. applicable. In the context of an academic thesis, the Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 69-94, 2011 implementation of the scoring model on the results reflected [19] Bortz, J., Döring, N., „Von einer interessanten Fragestellung zur here would be possible quickly and successfully. [11, 12] empirischen Untersuchung.“ J. Bortz & N. Döring, Hrsg. The combination on practical Lean implementation and Lean Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation für Human- und optimization is a helpful requirement basement for successful Sozialwissenschaftler: Limitierte Sonderausgabe. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, p. 67-69, 2007 ERP implementation. The project members get in contact [20] Holling, H., Gediga, G., „Statistik - Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und with the production structures of the customer company and Schätzverfahren. Göttingen/Bern/Wien/Paris/Oxford/Prag/Toronto/ the acting would be with two big benefits. The shopfloor is Boston/Amsterdam/Kopenhagen/Stockholm/Florenz: Hogrefe Verlag, getting more efficient and the ERP implementation is nearer 2013 on the production level. Using a suitable analysis method, the [21] Taiichi Ohno: Das Toyota-Produktionssystem, Campus-Verlag, 2005 rankings of the methods and the taxonomies [21], the [22] Gorecki/Pautsch: Lean Management, Pocket Power, Hanser Verlag, implementer would have to create cascades of the 3. Auflage, München, 2013 applicability of the methods and identify through qualitative [23] Franz J. Brunner: Japanische Erfolgskonzepte; 2. überarbeitete investigations what a suitable question setup for the Auflage; HANSER-Verlag, München evaluation could look like. [13, 24] [24] Womack, Jones, Roos: The Machine that Changed the World. Simon & Schuster. LaJolla. USA, 1990 REFERENCES [25] Friedemann: Transformation von Lean Management in moderne [1] Kenney, M. F. R.,. In: M. Kenney, „Beyond Mass Production. The Industrien, Dissertation, Andrássy Universität Budapest, 2019 Japanese System and Its Transfer to the U.S.,” Oxford University Press Inc, 1993, p. 95. 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