=Paper= {{Paper |id=Vol-2589/Paper4 |storemode=property |title=Simulation Study of Video Transmission by Optical Fiber |pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2589/Paper4.pdf |volume=Vol-2589 |authors=Nadira Boukhatem,Salah Toumi,El-Bey Bourennane,Abdelghani Redjati,Abderraouf Fares |dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/citsc/BoukhatemTBRF19 }} ==Simulation Study of Video Transmission by Optical Fiber== https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2589/Paper4.pdf

Simulation Study of Video Transmission by
OpticalFiber
1
Nadira BOUKHATEM, 1Salah TOUMI,2El-Bey BOURENNANE,
1
Abdelghani REDJATI, 1Abderraouf FARES
1
Laboratory LERICA
Department of Electronics, BadjiMokhtar University, Annaba,Algeria
E-mail:boukhatemnadira@yahoo.fr, salah.toumi@univ-annaba.org,
redjati@yahoo.fr,faresabderraouf93@gmail.com,

2
Laboratory ImVIA
Burgundy University, Dijon, France,
E-mail:ebourenn@u-bourgogne.fr

Abstract: The migration to the use of optical fiber has wirelinenetwork and on the wireless network [4], i.e.
required several developments, because nowadays it is the compression is a viable part of video communication. A
most widely used transmission medium in vast fields, wide variety of codecs are available, none of which are
particularly video transmission. The work carried out made suitable for all situations.
it possible to study, evaluate and analyze the implementation
The first section is devoted to the theoretical study of
of this transmission system. We examined the characteristics
of the operating techniques of each channel of the video optical fiber. In the second we studied the video
transmission chain and found several problems, one of which transmission by optical fiber and the different treatments
is the performance of error-correcting codes based on coding that video undergoes. Finally, the third section was
and decoding algorithms, optical fiber and these several devoted to the simulation of video transmission by optical
criteria for which we have the rate, propagation distance and fiber taking into account: compression, decompression,
good transmission quality, which implies that there is always attenuation and length. And will conclude with a
research and improvements in this area. conclusion.
Keywords: Telecommunications networks; optical fiber; video II. OPTICAL FIBER, ITS EVOLUTION AND USE
coding; video transmission.
With the advent of the Internet, bandwidth requirements
have become increasingly important in order to convey the
I. INTRODUCTION growing mass of information on the various networks,
The last decade has been marked by the rapid evolution of with reliability and while maintaining a good quality of
the information and communication technology (ICT) service. Indeed, this has required the development of
sector, including telecommunications and the Internet. communication systems that are efficient and reliable
Solutions have been developed by allowing devices to enough to interconnect a constantly growing number of
connect to the Internet from an access point without the users around the globe. Researchers and industrialists were
need for a cable connection [1]. The rapid increase in able to propagate a deformation-free pulse at the speed of
video applications on wired (optical fiber...) and wireless light over very long distances and with a wide bandwidth.
(LTE, wimax...) standards allowing real-time video The door to the transport of information in optical and
transmission for various applications such as video binary form was broken and this was the starting point of
conferencing, telemedicine, video streaming, digital the race for speed, which led to pharaonic progress in just
terrestrial television [2]. Thus the production of 20 years [5].
multimedia content has become accessible to all audiences A.Description and evaluation of optical fibers
and at a low cost. This development makes it possible to
achieve better video quality, from the digital that is The fiber is nothing more than fused silica glass
beginning to grow, to HD TV and then to 8k. Current filament[6] that can accept electrical signals as an input
researchers are working on a thorough analysis of video and convert them into optical signals (light) that are
characteristics on different types of networks to optimize converted back into electrical signals at destination[7].The
transmission and to efficiently and adaptively route video main element of the fiber is the central conductor called
data from the source to the destination that requires a the fiber core or core. This conductor is surrounded by an
transport protocol. A network path includes a succession of optical sheath with a refractive index lower than that of the
links, each with its own bandwidth [3] which is not the core. The whole will then be covered with a protective
only factor that affects network performance. The error coating to mechanically protect the fiber; it plays no role in
rate in channels must be minimized by designing an guiding light (Fig.1). The fiber optic cabling system is
based on cabling with an even number of fibers (one for
appropriate transmission means that allows specific
transmission, one for reception) [8].
treatment for losses between connection on the
distortion of the received signal, in order to ensure
maximum reliability of the transfer of information by
using a physical medium such as cable, optical fiber, etc.
The heterogeneity of computer networks requires the
implementation of a common network access interface to
manage interoperability between the equipment of
different manufacturers. The ISO organization has
therefore specified a common structure describing the
Fig.1.Optical fiber structure
architecture of a network, called the OSI model (Fig. 2).
B. Types of Optical fiber The following section will be the subject of the
To understand the applications of optical fiber, it is presentation of the OSI model in a transmission context
necessary to understand each type and its characteristics. [11].
Optical fibers can be classified into two categories
according to their diameters and wavelength propagation.
The dispersion phenomenon results in a widening of the
pulses at the heart of their propagation; this widening
limits the bandwidth of the optical fiber channel. The
(Table 1.) provides a comparative summary of the
advantages, disadvantages and practical application
between the different types of optical fibers

TABLE I. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT TYPES
OF FIBER OPTIC Fig. 2.Layered structure of the OSI model
Number of single mode multi-mode
modes The telecommunications network is a set of connected
Refractive / Index jump Gradient equipment that can be defined as an extensible web of
index fiber index fiber
interconnected nodes by physical lines: optical fibers in
Corediamete 8à10 50 à 62.5 50 à
r (μm) 62.5 some places and, in others, by copper electrical wires; so
Sheathdiame 125 125 125 we talk about afixed network.
ter (μm) Data Processing Terminal Equipment or any other source
Attenuation 0.1 à 0.5 3 1.5 à 3 (Transmitter) of digital data is called DTE. They
(dB / Km)
Bandwidth In the order of <60 MHz. Km De l'ordre de
communicate with each other through a data circuit that
THz.Km GHz.Km consists of Data Circuit Termination Equipment (DCTE).
Dispersion Chromatic: Axial modal: Total modal: Forms All the functions necessary for the management of the data
propagation reflection on a sinusoidal circuit by each DTE constitute the physical layer of the
fiber shape
latter or it is carried out by joins or interfaces DTE/DCT.
Spectral 1300nm 1550nm 850nm 1330 850nm 1330
Windows of nm nm
use
Practical Long-distance Short distance Short and
applications communications communication mediumdista
s, local nce
networks communicati
ons

C.Optical fiber in telecommunications networks
At present the most efficient and widespread technology is
based on the fiber optic transmission system. These offer a
low attenuation physical support that is virtually Fig.3.Basic component of a data link
insensitive to electromagnetic noise, easy to install and has
a high transmission capacity. The optical fiber as we A DTE is characterized by its rate (bits/s), the transmission
currently use it is the result of intensive research on new mode (synchronous or asynchronous), and the type of
low-dissipative waveguides. Like all other transmission transmission line, the operating mode of the circuit
media, optical fiber has disadvantages but also offers many (simplex, duplex... etc.), the coding method, the
advantages for telecommunications [9][10]. modulation speed and the type of interface with the DTE
(Fig.3).
An optical fiber telecommunications network can be
Ⅲ QUALITY CRITERIA FOR FIBER OPTIC VIDEO
divided into three categories according to their size (in
TRANSMISSION terms of number of machines), data transfer speed and
The principle of any data transmission is to convey extent [6]:
information from the source to the recipient (between a
transmitter and a receiver) by minimizing the risks of
 The access network - LAN (local area network) returned to its original form; a reconstructed video
or local network, covering dimensions ranging (Fig.5)[14].
from a few kilometers to a few tens,
 the metropolitan area network (MAN), with
dimensions of the order of one hundred
kilometers,
 The wide area network (WAN) or broadband
network, the best known WAN is the Internet,
extending over several hundred kilometers. It
includes terrestrial or underwater systems.
Fig.5.Schematic diagram of an optical link
A. Error problems on transmission networks
Although these networks have deployment advantages The source: The message source transmits the information
and user mobility, real-time video transmission over these in digital form and will be encoded on "n bits".
networks for various applications such as Telemedicine, Source encoding/decoding: Source encoding consists of
videoconferencing and video streaming is a challenging transforming the source message into a sequence of
task[12] and that is why it is often necessary to implement information. By reducing the redundancy (lossy or
devices to detect errors and if possible to correct them, lossless) contained in the message and thus minimizing the
however, if the high binary error rate ,error-resistant amount of information useful for its representation. The
techniques are needed to protect encoded video bit streams source decoding performs the dual operation; the
For more information, the works[4],[13], detail all these information message is decompressed in order to find its
aspects.Various Error Detection Codes (EDC) or Error equivalent from the substitution sequence before
Correcting Codes (ECC) have been used for years to transmission. It should be noted that the theoretical limits
increase the reliability of transmission systems [14].AlSo, of source coding are set by Shannon's first
it is necessary to provide in a transmission chain theorem[16][17].The performance of a source coder is
techniques for detecting and correcting errors within evaluated by the compression ratio parameter which
codecs. The figure below gives a simple summary of the represents the ratio between the size of the information
large coding family. In the first category (block codes), let before and after source coding (the principle of source
us mention the most famous codes such as BCH, Reed coding for still image and video, commonly called
Muller, Reed Solomon and Goppa, Golay and Hamming. compression).
The second category (trellis codes) is less rich in variety Channel encoding/decoding: Channel encoding is an
but offers much more flexibility, especially in the choice operation that reduces errors and protects transmitted
of available parameters and decoding algorithms. For information from transmission channel interference. To
example, binary convolutional codes widely used in coded combat these transmission errors, it is necessary to add
modulations (TCM) and parallel concatenated codes redundancy in order to detect and possibly correct errors
(Turbo Codes). during reception. It is therefore possible to improve the
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which defines the difference
between the power of the transmitted signal and the noise
of the propagation channel. This is expressed in decibels
(dB).
The signal strength is derived from the energy required to
emit an Es modulation symbol.
The noise power depends on the density of the noise
spectrum N0, so the SNR is defined according to the
relationship (1.1).
𝐸
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 𝑆 (1)
Fig.4.Hierarchy of correction codes [15] 𝑁0
𝑬
𝑺𝑵𝑹𝒅𝒃 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝑵𝑺 )(2)
In the case of optical fiber transmission and since the 𝟎

information is presented in multimedia form (text, still Modulation/demodulation: Digital modulation allows the
image, video), the video is first coded or modulated in a coded information to be adapted to the transmission
known sequence but the result is the same: the information medium. The transmitter is in charge of the modulation
then consists in transmitting bit streams, which can be operation which associates one or more binary elements
controlled upon reception. This signal is injected into the with a symbol characterized by its amplitude and phase.
optical fiber through the transmitter; there may be losses Modulation acts on the parameters of a carrier signal to
and degradation of the signal, caused mainly during transmit the encoded data. There are several types of
dispersion within the fiber. At the output of the fiber, the modulations that can be applied to optical channels [18],
signal is received and amplified before being decoded, (Fig.6) The demodulator plays the dual role of the
however the signal will undergo reverse processing to be modulator and thus transforms the received signal into a
bitstream.
The simulation is carried out for reference values for the
attenuation: 0.17, 0.22, 0.50 associated with the single
mode fiber F: (λ = 1550nm) for lengths ranging from
40km to 110km.In this part we tried to implement a
Matlab code that allowed us to get as close as possible to
the theoretical results. First we created a video file and
saved it (the video must be in the same path as the Matlab
code backup), then we started processing the video to send
Fig. 6. Modulation techniques [18] it correctly on the fiber. We will study the influence of

The transmission channel: It represents the link between transport with optical fiber, indeed we will see the
the transmitter and the receiver and can be of different influence of the attenuation on the quality of the video and
natures depending on the type of quantity it allows to
convey. The transmission channel is characterized by its the losses it will cause. The results obtained are
capacity and bandwidth. Note that the input of the summarized in table Ⅱ:
transmission channel processes binary elements, while the
output produces probabilistic information associated with TABLE II. ATTENUATION ACCORDING TO
the binary elements. There are several theoretical models LENGTH
of the transmission channel depending on the most
frequent types of errors. The most commonly used Att 0.17 0.22 0.50
channels in information theory are the Symmetric Binary Length (Km)
Channel (CBS) and the Gaussian White Additive Noise 40 0.8350 0.7135 0.3266
Channel (BBAG) [19]. 50 0.6680 0.5708 0.2613
60 0.5566 0.4756 0.2177
IV. STUDY AND SIMULATION OF THE 70 0.4771 0.4077 0.1866
PARAMETERS OF A TRANSMISSION 80 0.4175 0.3567 0.1633
CHAIN WITH THE MATLAB / 90 0.3711 0.3171 0.1452
SIMULINK SOFTWARE 100 0.3340 0.2854 0.1306
In this section, we describe the motivation to better 110 0.3036 0.2594 0.1188
choose the components of an optical telecommunication
chain; we need to calculate the optical link balance [20]
which is summarized in the calculation of the energy
balance and the bandwidth balance of the link. Two effects
limit the transmission capacity: attenuation and dispersion.
First of all, this paper provides an overview of the
transmission chain and program architecture, each of the
above blocks is used in the code as a subprogram. The
script used for the simulation will therefore only pass the
variables from one subprogram to another and calculate it.
A. Attenuation
Or loss of transmitted power, during propagation in the Fig.7. Attenuated video for Att= 0.17: [1- L=40km, 2- L=50km, 3 -
fiber, the power decreases as a function of the length of the L=60km, 4 - L=70km, 5-L=80km, 6-L=90km, 7- L=100km, 8-
fiber at a defined wavelength ʎ, according to the law: L=110km]
𝑃𝐿 = 𝑃0 𝑒 (−𝛼𝐿) (3)
Instead, the attenuation is defined in dB/km:
𝑃
𝐴(𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑃0 (4)
𝐿
A: AttenuationP0: Power of light at the entrance of the
fiber
L: Length (Km) PL: Power of light at the fiber output :
absorption factor in Neper/m.
For practical reasons
𝐴 = −4,34 𝛼𝐿 (5)
Fig.8. Attenuated video for Att= 0.22: [1- L=40km,
2- L=50km, 3 - L=60km, 4 - L=70km, 5-L=80km, 6-L=90km, 7-
L=100km, 8- L=110km]
L=60km, 4 - L=70km, 5-L=80km, 6-L=90km, 7- L=100km, 8-
L=110km]

Fig.9.Attenuated video forAtt= 0.50: [1- L=40km, 2- L=50km, 3 -
L=60km, 4 - L=70km, 5-L=80km, 6-L=90km, 7- L=100km, 8-
L=110km]

Fig.13. Video noisy for Att= 0.22: [1- L=40km, 2- L=50km, 3 -
L=60km, 4 - L=70km, 5-L=80km, 6-L=90km, 7- L=100km, 8-
L=110km]

Fig.10. Absorption factor by attenuation value

Fig.14. Video noisy for Att= 0.50: [1- L=40km, 2- L=50km, 3 -
L=60km, 4 - L=70km, 5-L=80km, 6-L=90km, 7- L=100km, 8-
L=110km]

C. Calculation of PSNR
The signal-to-noise ratio is often used as a
measure of quality between the original image and a
compressed image. For this fact, the square error (MSE)
Fig.11. Absorption coefficient by length and the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) are the two error
B. Noise measures used to compare the quality of image
The optical signal is propagated along the fiber as compression. The MSE represents the cumulative squared
well as in the different components of a transmission error between the compressed image and the original
chain, the latter will be assigned to the various types of image, while the PSNR represents a measure of the
noise so attenuation is not the only disadvantage there is maximum error.It is calculated using two equations:
also the influence of noise that distorts the video signal, 𝑀𝑆𝐸 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝_𝑣𝑖𝑑é𝑜 − 𝑠)2(7)
such as the Gaussian additive noise channel. We present: 𝑃𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 10 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔10(2552 ⁄𝑀𝑆𝐸 (8)
the Gaussian model which is the most common in the
literature for optical fibers. It is a rather simplistic model, The results obtained are summarized in (table Ⅲ)
it is the reference channel to study error-correcting codes
and their decoding algorithms. The AWGN assumes that a
noise element Bn is added to the emitted element: Hence:
𝑌𝑛 = 𝐵𝑛 + 𝑋𝑛 (6) TABLE III. CALCULATION OF PSNR
Yn :received signal Bn : noisy signalXn : emitted signal
Att PSNR (dB)
0.17 22.3
0.22 17.11
0.50 10.02

Fig.12. Video noisy for Att= 0.17: [1- L=40km, 2- L=50km, 3 -
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