- Blockchain is a technology that allows you to store information in distributed databases. This technology allows you to view the transaction history of all participants in the system. Usually blockchain technology is associated with cryptocurrencies, but such unique qualities of blockchain as transparency, decentralization, anonymity, equality and security allow to apply this technology in other areas as well. The article studies the principles of using blockchain technology in various spatial tasks as logistics systems, cadastral activities, tracking the movement of people, goods and things via the Internet based on global positioning. In logistics tasks, producing goods, they form a security token that follows the thing until the moment of delivery. In cadastral activity, a token, which takes into account the characteristics of the plot and its owners, connects with every plot of land. In public transport, all movements can be controlled and paid for using blockchains. Blockchain technology completely excludes the loss of things and people.
Blockchain technology is based on three principles:
distribution, openness, security [
II.
There are many ways of user data security [
Feoktistova Valentina Michaylovna
software verification technologies [
cryptographic methods of data protection[17, 18, 19, Blocked chains (blockchain) are open to all participants, so the ledger is available to all members. There are no centralized administrators, as it is a peer-to-peer network. All members verify and approve each transaction entered into the blockchain by consensus. However, there are validators that can view transactions and validate them. The two key characteristics of blockchain are trust and invariability. As in a business where transactions are based on trust, so members work on trust. Invariability is the possibility to prevent a transaction record, modification or deleting. When a member commits a transaction, it has a date and time stamp and is accompanied by a computer-generated key using the members ' private key.
Each subsequent transaction is similarly labeled and a new key is created that includes the earlier key. Thus, any hacking attempt will require unraveling the transaction password with a key, which is an impossible task. Even if it happened, the hacked register would be different from other copies and after the consensus; a consensus copy would delete and replace the process. What would happen if the change were genuine? There is a possibility of "branching" and temporary creation of two networks from one. A fork can occur in two ways; if two validators find a new block at almost the same time or if there are changes to the block validation rules. A soft fork occurs if the new rules are backwards compatible. A hard fork occurs if new software is introduced that is incompatible with earlier software.
They should understand that the ledger is, in fact, a transaction database. A blockchain makes sense if the ledger is common and many people, who may not know each other and do not necessarily trust each other, can make the transaction record. The solution in such a situation is to route such transactions through a trusted intermediary known to everyone, but this increases the cost and processing time.
In Blockchain, a peer-to-peer network, in which authorization and validity of transactions is achieved through a process of negotiation between members, replaces such an intermediary. The ideal option for Blockchain is a multi-rank network that works without intermediaries, where the members of the network do not know each other enough to trust, and never the less the network requires openness and does not depend on capacity. However, if there is a need for centralized management, privacy, fast capacity and high scalability, then a normal distributed database seems to have a sense.
There are two types of the Blockchain, which are Public one and Private one. The most notable implementation of the Public Blockchain is the Bitcoin network. Here, the possible member to whom the system assigns the private key must open the wallet. Now a member can interact with others on the network, paying with bitcoins for goods, services, data, documents, etc.in the distant future, banks will go the way of Blockchain.
Another use of Blockchain is to track trading transactions, where the Blockchain is used to record transactions, acting as a notary and a personal data storage.
Public Blockchain has two drawbacks. The first is the verification process, which can take a long time as there are many users. The second is the block size, which can't be too large, so only the transaction data can be transfered, not the transaction object, such as documents. On the other hand, institutions such as government departments, industries, and companies can create and manage a private blockchains. Private Blockchain avoids these problems by limiting the number of users. Membership in the Private Blockchain is by invitation. Although others can see transactions they can't participate in. Administrators can easily change the rules governing private Blockchain and they could allow transaction rollback. Institutions appoint validators who are trusted by the institutions. Transaction costs are lower than in Public Blockchains and faulty nodes can be quickly detected and repaired.
Blockchain is the name of a distributed database, which is a sequential chain of blocks built according to certain rules that contain any information. Each block contains a timestamp and a link to the previous block. The blocks are linked chronologically and cryptographically. Cryptographic linking involves supporting rules for including new blocks in the chain and tracking attempts to modify existing blocks.
This approach is also called a distributed registry, referring to the fact that there is no centralized body (structure, regulator) that could dispose of such a chain of blocks at its own discretion. Accordingly, blockchain as a database has no centralized control. This database is open to any member of the network and the members ' own computers store it. The complete history of data changes is stored in the system and protected from changes by cryptographic mechanisms. Returning to the registry model, it seems to be as an electronically signed registry that is stored in a large number of copies in different locations.
Naturally, this storage model generates its own problems, which they often prefer not to mention. First, a complete copy of all data, including the history of all changes, creates a large demand for memory resources. They are required to store all these copies on the nodes involved in data processing. Keeping a history of changes means that resource requirements will increase rapidly as the system develops. Further, the spread of changes across all nodes significantly increases both the time of the transaction and its cost (in the sense of computation). It is also natural that there may be activities for which the open storage of information in a distributed network may be unacceptable (e.g., activities related to trade secrets or the storage of personal information).
One of the most well-known models of application of this technology is cryptocurrencies. In this case, the data blocks contain transactions describing the transfers of certain code sequences (digital coins) from one owner to another (Fig. 1).
Cryptocurrencies attract much attention, the word “bitcoin” has become almost nominal. At the same time, we should note that the word “currency” (digital or not) will almost always be naturally associated with state regulation. It is not clear how many such “currencies” the state will allow to have, etc. In other words, this undoubtedly important and interesting project (cryptocurrencies) obscures a bit other uses of the distributed register, which (it is important from a practical point of view) do not require state regulation at all. And we should note here that it should be typical for projects using databases. Distributed databases are another way to use blockchains.
Please do not revise any of the current designations. Hasq is
a technology and a service based on it for maintaining
distributed databases, implemented in the form of a
decentralized system of servers [
Fig 2.Hash chain of Hasq.
A database consists of a list of records that link together in a special way, using a hash function. Each entry has the following text fields separated by spaces: N, S, K, G, O, D, where N is an index number of a certain S. S (token) is the result of computing the hash function (hash) from digital data of random character, S represents a string of hexadecimal digits. Key (K), Generator (G) and Owner (O) are hashes, which they use for linking records. The number of G fields can be random but fixed within one database. D is optional data text field. Hash function links all fields. These links are presented on Fig. 2.
III.
LOGISTICS SYSTEM
Information logistics system is a complex integrated system
that organizes accounting, control, planning, purchase, supply
and distribution of material and equipment. The main purpose
of the information logistics system is to plan resource
requirements and control their availability in warehouses. This
system should monitor the availability of resources and warn
about control standards excess. Information logistics system
should also inform the decision-maker about possible suppliers
of resources and find the best solution for the supply and sale.
Information flows of the logistics system in the process of their
movement pass through different levels of the organization
structure and they are transformed at these levels [
Particular tasks of information logistics include: • ensuring optimal use of limited information resources; material and • ensuring optimal functioning of internal and external information flows; • improving the efficiency of the enterprise management system, ensuring internal stability and high quality of meeting market needs; • contributing to the creation of optimal stocks of material and information resources; • • ensuring high flexibility of the enterprise; reducing the duration of logistics cycles.
The information logistics system should control the flow of
of material and equipment to the warehouse, that is, the system
should rapidly monitor supplies and sales with the information
flows. Management methods in logistics systems significantly
differ with wide control of not only flows and stationary
objects, but also mobile objects [
The life cycle [
IV.
In the case of working out cadastral plans, there is no trust
between the participators and there is a need for openness. The
weakest link is the cadastral office, where data can be lost or
they can conduct false transactions that cannot be detected
immediately [
Let's examine the registration procedure of cadastral records which is based on blockchain. Various interested parties communicate with each other on request. The blockchain digitizes and places all information about the property (current owner, cadastral map). There is a contract that ensures that certain rules regulate the digitized space. They use the application as an interface to facilitate all transactions. The purchase and sale contract is processed into a hash code and placed in the blockchain. Banks, real estate agents, land buyers can confirm the authenticity of this purchase agreement and other documents through their unique digital signature (hash of the blockchain).
The algorithm for using the blockchain is following. First, the public key interface informs all interested parties. Second, they create a protocol that links as buyer to seller, as real estate, payment, bank, smart contract and registry. Third, they use specially improved smartphones that can process digital signatures, personal computers and other gadgets to interact with the phone through some form of authentication. All this can work within the framework of the blockchain.
In Moscow, they intend to extensively use blockchain
technology in the city management, in particular, in the spheres
of housing and communal services, health care, cadastral
registration, subsidying and state purchase contracts [
Another important area where they can effectively use
blockchain together with geospatial technologies is the Internet
of things [
VI.
Imagine a traveler in a public transport system who uses a
smart mobile with tokens. When a person takes a bus, the
crypto-spatial layer marks the getting on and getting off point
and automatically charges from the traveler's spatial wallet and
credits to the transport company's spatial wallet. There is no
need to use cards or recharge cards. Debits and credits are
counted instantly and the transaction automatically accords
with the blockchain [
They can monitor movements and transfer of goods and automatically calculate and debit the cost of shipping. Data can include satellite data, maps, land plot data, 3D visualization data, etc. In this way, they can easily estimate and distribute spatial data of satellites, drones, and even terrain measurements. They can integrate data security through tokens.
VII.
Human activity continuously connects with the flow of data, documents and money. It is very difficult to control this process. Employees of banks, shops very often tend to abuse their official status.
Blockchain is a technology of reliable distributed data
storage and the data can be of any types of human activity
products [
A blockchain is a chain of data blocks where each block
links to the previous one. New blocks always add strictly to the
end of the chain [
All users form a distributed database, each computer stores a complete copy of all blocks. It is impossible to destroy the data in such a database, because you have to destroy all the computers located in different places. Each user strengthens this network. In a distributed network database, there are no moderators, supervisors, managers, organizers, as all users are equal. They can use the cryptography, which increases the data security, to transfer data.
The use of blockchain technology allows fully controlling the spatial movement of produced goods, and in combination with spatial positioning technology eliminates possible thefts. Blockchain will help to reduce the cost of controlling the distribution of products, increase the level of trust between the participants of the exchange in logistics transportations.