=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2603/short15
|storemode=property
|title=Blockchains in Spatial Data Security
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2603/short15.pdf
|volume=Vol-2603
|authors=Sergey Shaytura,Alina Minitaeva,Valentina Feoktistova,Konstantin Ordov
}}
==Blockchains in Spatial Data Security==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2603/short15.pdf
Copyright © 2019 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Blockchains in Spatial Data Security
Shaytura Sergey Vladimirovich Feoktistova Valentina Michaylovna
Russian University of Transport (MIIT) Russian State University of Tourism and Service
Moscow, Russian Federation Moscow, Russian Federation
swshaytura@gmail.com vfeoktistova@gmail.com
Minitaeva Alina Mazhitovna Ordov Konstantin Vasilievich
Bauman Moscow State Technical University Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
Moscow, Russian Federation Moscow, Russian Federation
aminitaeva@mail.ru post@ic-center.ru
Abstract— Blockchain is a technology that allows you to store software verification technologies [10, 11, 12];
information in distributed databases. This technology allows you
to view the transaction history of all participants in the system. methods of taking into account the human factor in
Usually blockchain technology is associated with the creation and operation of information systems [13, 14, 15,
cryptocurrencies, but such unique qualities of blockchain as 16];
transparency, decentralization, anonymity, equality and security
allow to apply this technology in other areas as well. The article cryptographic methods of data protection[17, 18, 19,
studies the principles of using blockchain technology in various 20, 21].
spatial tasks as logistics systems, cadastral activities, tracking the Blocked chains (blockchain) are open to all participants, so
movement of people, goods and things via the Internet based on the ledger is available to all members. There are no centralized
global positioning. In logistics tasks, producing goods, they form administrators, as it is a peer-to-peer network. All members
a security token that follows the thing until the moment of
verify and approve each transaction entered into the blockchain
delivery. In cadastral activity, a token, which takes into account
the characteristics of the plot and its owners, connects with every
by consensus. However, there are validators that can view
plot of land. In public transport, all movements can be controlled transactions and validate them. The two key characteristics of
and paid for using blockchains. Blockchain technology blockchain are trust and invariability. As in a business where
completely excludes the loss of things and people. transactions are based on trust, so members work on trust.
Invariability is the possibility to prevent a transaction record,
Keywords— blockchain, spatial technologies, cryptographic modification or deleting. When a member commits a
methods, geoinformation technologies, geospatial innovation transaction, it has a date and time stamp and is accompanied by
information, Bitcoin, cryptocurrency a computer-generated key using the members ' private key.
Each subsequent transaction is similarly labeled and a new
I. INTRODUCTION key is created that includes the earlier key. Thus, any hacking
Blockchain technology is based on three principles: attempt will require unraveling the transaction password with a
distribution, openness, security [1]. All users of the blockchain key, which is an impossible task. Even if it happened, the
form a network in which each user stores a full copy of the hacked register would be different from other copies and after
data. All users in the network are equal, and in case of failure the consensus; a consensus copy would delete and replace the
of the computer of several users, data will not be lost. The data process. What would happen if the change were genuine?
in the blockchain is open to everyone. Each user can track data There is a possibility of "branching" and temporary creation of
changes at any time. Only the owners of the data can change two networks from one. A fork can occur in two ways; if two
the data, and a private key can confirm the changes. They use validators find a new block at almost the same time or if there
cryptographic methods for informational security in the are changes to the block validation rules. A soft fork occurs if
blockchain. The article analyzes the possibilities of using this the new rules are backwards compatible. A hard fork occurs if
technology in various spatial problems. new software is introduced that is incompatible with earlier
software.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS They should understand that the ledger is, in fact, a
There are many ways of user data security [2, 3, 4, 5]. transaction database. A blockchain makes sense if the ledger is
They highlight follows: common and many people, who may not know each other and
do not necessarily trust each other, can make the transaction
data copy technology, secure networking that provides record. The solution in such a situation is to route such
the necessary trust in the software [6, 7, 8, 9];
70
transactions through a trusted intermediary known to everyone, Naturally, this storage model generates its own problems,
but this increases the cost and processing time. which they often prefer not to mention. First, a complete copy
of all data, including the history of all changes, creates a large
In Blockchain, a peer-to-peer network, in which demand for memory resources. They are required to store all
authorization and validity of transactions is achieved through a these copies on the nodes involved in data processing. Keeping
process of negotiation between members, replaces such an a history of changes means that resource requirements will
intermediary. The ideal option for Blockchain is a multi-rank increase rapidly as the system develops. Further, the spread of
network that works without intermediaries, where the members changes across all nodes significantly increases both the time
of the network do not know each other enough to trust, and of the transaction and its cost (in the sense of computation). It
never the less the network requires openness and does not is also natural that there may be activities for which the open
depend on capacity. However, if there is a need for centralized storage of information in a distributed network may be
management, privacy, fast capacity and high scalability, then a unacceptable (e.g., activities related to trade secrets or the
normal distributed database seems to have a sense. storage of personal information).
There are two types of the Blockchain, which are Public One of the most well-known models of application of this
one and Private one. The most notable implementation of the technology is cryptocurrencies. In this case, the data blocks
Public Blockchain is the Bitcoin network. Here, the possible contain transactions describing the transfers of certain code
member to whom the system assigns the private key must open sequences (digital coins) from one owner to another (Fig. 1).
the wallet. Now a member can interact with others on the
network, paying with bitcoins for goods, services, data, Cryptocurrencies attract much attention, the word “bitcoin”
documents, etc.in the distant future, banks will go the way of has become almost nominal. At the same time, we should note
Blockchain. that the word “currency” (digital or not) will almost always be
naturally associated with state regulation. It is not clear how
Another use of Blockchain is to track trading transactions, many such “currencies” the state will allow to have, etc. In
where the Blockchain is used to record transactions, acting as a other words, this undoubtedly important and interesting project
notary and a personal data storage. (cryptocurrencies) obscures a bit other uses of the distributed
Public Blockchain has two drawbacks. The first is the register, which (it is important from a practical point of view)
verification process, which can take a long time as there are do not require state regulation at all. And we should note here
many users. The second is the block size, which can't be too that it should be typical for projects using databases.
large, so only the transaction data can be transfered, not the Distributed databases are another way to use blockchains.
transaction object, such as documents. On the other hand, Please do not revise any of the current designations. Hasq is
institutions such as government departments, industries, and a technology and a service based on it for maintaining
companies can create and manage a private blockchains. distributed databases, implemented in the form of a
Private Blockchain avoids these problems by limiting the decentralized system of servers [22].
number of users. Membership in the Private Blockchain is by
invitation. Although others can see transactions they can't
participate in. Administrators can easily change the rules
governing private Blockchain and they could allow transaction
rollback. Institutions appoint validators who are trusted by the
institutions. Transaction costs are lower than in Public
Blockchains and faulty nodes can be quickly detected and
repaired.
Blockchain is the name of a distributed database, which is a
sequential chain of blocks built according to certain rules that
contain any information. Each block contains a timestamp and
a link to the previous block. The blocks are linked
chronologically and cryptographically. Cryptographic linking
involves supporting rules for including new blocks in the chain
and tracking attempts to modify existing blocks.
This approach is also called a distributed registry, referring
to the fact that there is no centralized body (structure,
regulator) that could dispose of such a chain of blocks at its
own discretion. Accordingly, blockchain as a database has no
centralized control. This database is open to any member of the
network and the members ' own computers store it. The
complete history of data changes is stored in the system and Fig. 1. The concept of transactions in the bitcoin chain
protected from changes by cryptographic mechanisms.
Returning to the registry model, it seems to be as an
electronically signed registry that is stored in a large number of
copies in different locations.
71
• ensuring optimal functioning of internal and external
information flows;
• improving the efficiency of the enterprise
management system, ensuring internal stability and high
quality of meeting market needs;
• contributing to the creation of optimal stocks of
material and information resources;
• ensuring high flexibility of the enterprise;
• reducing the duration of logistics cycles.
The information logistics system should control the flow of
of material and equipment to the warehouse, that is, the system
should rapidly monitor supplies and sales with the information
flows. Management methods in logistics systems significantly
differ with wide control of not only flows and stationary
objects, but also mobile objects [25]. Accounting the spatial
data relationship is very important for information and logic
Fig 2.Hash chain of Hasq.
systems, as the expense and replenishment of resources is
carried out in real space and time, which leads to the need to
A database consists of a list of records that link together in take into account the real spatial and logical relationships that
a special way, using a hash function. Each entry has the exist in the process of transportation and delivery.
following text fields separated by spaces: N, S, K, G, O, D,
where N is an index number of a certain S. S (token) is the The life cycle [26] of the logistic delivery of goods passes
result of computing the hash function (hash) from digital data the stages of production, configuration, shipment, acceptance
of random character, S represents a string of hexadecimal and sale. When stages change, they conduct transactions in
digits. Key (K), Generator (G) and Owner (O) are hashes, banking operations. In this case, for conducting these
which they use for linking records. The number of G fields can transactions it is expedient to use blockchains. Producing
be random but fixed within one database. D is optional data goods, they generate a token and transfer it to the next owner of
text field. Hash function links all fields. These links are the goods, and enter the produced action into the database. The
presented on Fig. 2. system structure includes clients, GIS service, a distributed
database and a blockchain.
III. GIS-SERVICES BASED ON BLOCKCHAINS IN THE
LOGISTICS SYSTEM IV. USING OF BLOCKCHAINS IN CADASTRAL ACTIVITIES
Information logistics system is a complex integrated system In the case of working out cadastral plans, there is no trust
that organizes accounting, control, planning, purchase, supply between the participators and there is a need for openness. The
and distribution of material and equipment. The main purpose weakest link is the cadastral office, where data can be lost or
of the information logistics system is to plan resource they can conduct false transactions that cannot be detected
requirements and control their availability in warehouses. This immediately [27].
system should monitor the availability of resources and warn Let's examine the registration procedure of cadastral
about control standards excess. Information logistics system records which is based on blockchain. Various interested
should also inform the decision-maker about possible suppliers parties communicate with each other on request. The
of resources and find the best solution for the supply and sale. blockchain digitizes and places all information about the
Information flows of the logistics system in the process of their property (current owner, cadastral map). There is a contract
movement pass through different levels of the organization that ensures that certain rules regulate the digitized space. They
structure and they are transformed at these levels [23, 24]. use the application as an interface to facilitate all transactions.
Primary information flows transform into material and The purchase and sale contract is processed into a hash code
information flows, material and information products and and placed in the blockchain. Banks, real estate agents, land
resources. It means that the process of information logistics buyers can confirm the authenticity of this purchase agreement
creates additional material and information resources. The and other documents through their unique digital signature
overall objective of information logistics at the enterprise is to (hash of the blockchain).
ensure the competitiveness of the enterprise and its sustainable
development. The algorithm for using the blockchain is following. First,
the public key interface informs all interested parties. Second,
Particular tasks of information logistics include: they create a protocol that links as buyer to seller, as real estate,
• ensuring optimal use of limited material and payment, bank, smart contract and registry. Third, they use
information resources; specially improved smartphones that can process digital
signatures, personal computers and other gadgets to interact
72
with the phone through some form of authentication. All this A blockchain is a chain of data blocks where each block
can work within the framework of the blockchain. links to the previous one. New blocks always add strictly to the
end of the chain [40, 41, 42].
In Moscow, they intend to extensively use blockchain
technology in the city management, in particular, in the spheres All users form a distributed database, each computer stores
of housing and communal services, health care, cadastral a complete copy of all blocks. It is impossible to destroy the
registration, subsidying and state purchase contracts [27]. data in such a database, because you have to destroy all the
computers located in different places. Each user strengthens
V. BLOCKCHAIN AND INTERNET OF THINGS this network. In a distributed network database, there are no
moderators, supervisors, managers, organizers, as all users are
Another important area where they can effectively use equal. They can use the cryptography, which increases the data
blockchain together with geospatial technologies is the Internet security, to transfer data.
of things [28, 29, 30]. Today, the Internet of things creates an
image to be a complex network of people and objects that
transmit data to each other [31, 32]. Some questions about it VIII. CONCLUSION
appear. What kind of data are there? How are they verified, The use of blockchain technology allows fully controlling
how are things and people protected from illegal access and the spatial movement of produced goods, and in combination
processes? For example, can a car with an anti-theft alarm with spatial positioning technology eliminates possible thefts.
system be stolen? So far, there is not any anti-theft alarm Blockchain will help to reduce the cost of controlling the
system, which guarantees it. The use of blockchain technology distribution of products, increase the level of trust between the
can solve this problem. If the chain contains the anti-theft data, participants of the exchange in logistics transportations.
tone person cannot change them, since all transactions in the
blockchain are stored in all previous and subsequent data.
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