Goal is to create a system that will be analyze trees' condition using results from scanning and other obtained data and define options for damage detection. The project aim is the improvement of city management efficiency based on development of decision-making support systems according to the results of monitoring and analysis of urban environment parameters. In order to achieve the research aim will be developed technologies and methods for collecting, accumulation and presentation of urban environment parameters. Developed concept of visualization and methods for analysis of parameter's dynamics from drones sensors.
Such area is not fully researches in our county, but is very useful for future
development. This system can make easier to look after trees and find options for improving
its condition. Ecology can become better through it. Currently, the deterioration of the
green space due to radiation exposure is increasing, as well as the number of pests and
trees’ dying. Scientists are working on preparations for improving trees’ condition,
but another important step is the collection of information about trees diseases and
other damages and making statistics. The availability of up-to-date data on the state of
the forest fund is an important prerequisite for effective management of forestry
production. With the further development of new technologies, everyone will be able to
determine the trees’ condition. And also evaluate treatments or felling to improve the
health of the green space. Obviously, this will increase the greening of the
environment. There are currently several studies on tree monitoring. One of them was the use
of forest inventory database and satellite imagery Sentinel-2 for classification of tree
species composition on forested area. In the article they applied technology for
mosaicking satellite images obtained during the one growing season in a form of
cloudless composite image and used an algorithm that implies an analysis of satellite
images Sentinel-2. The classification algorithm Random Forest allowed us to achieve an
accuracy of 95% for classification of forested areas with a predominance of pine trees
that dominate across the research area. [
methodology identifies a more accurate carbon stock in forests, which is an important
contribution to carbon stock monitoring and global climate policy. Laser
measurements are used to accurately determine the size of a tree, its density, and from this you
can find out the weight of the wood. This technology is called LiDAR (Light
Detection and Radar) and the data obtained by this technology provides accuracy 90%. [
perspectral camera emits different wavelengths of light in the visible and near infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and visualizes it after the light is reflected from the surface of the object. This will allow you to determine the chemical composition of the object in this confrontation, because each chemical "shines" in its own way.
parts: green, red light and two bands of the infrared spectrum. This makes it possible to provide a green space health. Another work in the industry is the Znaydeno startup, which can monitor deforestation and promptly notify it. This way, control bodies, the public, activists and journalists will be able to see where the cutting is happening.
2.
Analytical Review of Literary and Other Sources
According to the statistical analysis, the proportion of urban population in the world is
constantly increasing and by 2017 it was 54.9% [
Drones have several advantages over manned aircraft, namely: To perform the same tasks, drones cost much cheaper manned aircraft, which need to be equipped with life support systems, protection, air conditioning, etc.; It is necessary to train pilots, and it costs big money and considerable time; The absence of crew on board significantly reduces the cost of performing a task, and increases the payload of the apparatus; Unlike manned aircraft, drones do not need airfields; The automatic and semi-automatic control reduces the influence of the human factor when performing the task.
Drones have been winning the fight for the heart of agrarians for several years and cease to shock the peasants by flying over the fields. However, many entrepreneurs choose imported equipment, despite the wide selection of domestic Ukrainian machines. The drone carries a special spectral camera, shoots, and then these images are stitched into the appropriate map (NDVI). In addition, you can see right away, for example, where the field is under-moist, where the vegetation is poorly developed, say, through weeds, or where the parks are damaged. Therefore, there is no need to use fertilizers where they are superfluous, and it is possible to carry out "spot" processing. Such processing can also be carried out with the help of copters of Ukrainian production. The aircraft arrives at the problem spot and sprays the necessary fertilizers or pesticides. The competence of such machinery also includes crop protection, monitoring during harvesting, accurate field sizing, and timely erosion prevention.
of Smart City [
However, the installation of stationary sensors in the city to control the set of
parameters involves significant investment and may not always be available for city budgets
[
The drone shall include in its composition to provide real-time monitoring of the city in the course of flight and digital photographing of selected areas (including inaccessible areas, as well as determining the coordinates of the investigated sites): Satellite navigation system (GPS); Command line navigation devices with antenna feeder device; Device for sharing command information; On-board digital computer: o Block of inertial navigation system; o Satellite navigation receiver (SNR); o Autopilot unit and air speed sensor; o Flight data storage.
lows you to control the drones in manual mode from a standard remote control, as well as automatic on autopilot commands. Autopilot is able to simultaneously stabilize flight and control navigation. This eliminates the need for a separate stabilization system. Autopilot supports fly-bywire mode. The board is designed on the basis of at least 16 MHz microcontroller. The controller communicates with an analogy receiver.
and can perform many different functions, require relatively simple management skills at relatively low cost. Once of drones were used only by the military, for reconnaissance. Now, everyone can buy drones. You can take the same photos or even better with the help of top aerial drones (Table 1). YUNEEC Q500 TYPHOON 4K 0.6 5.8 4K 4K
flight controller, the power of the motors, and such a criterion as the range is practically not taken into account, since flights are carried out mainly at short distances.
size, autonomous properties and shooting quality, an important criterion is the flight range with a large radius of action and a camera.
Drones are relevant in various fields of activity. For example, it is a traditional way of monitoring transmission lines and the condition of bridges. The ability to mount a variety of hi-tech equipment on the copter extends their scope. For example, laser scanners make it easy to accurately evaluate the terrain and create 3D models of it. A good tool, for example, for the mining industry, where you always need to know the status of quarries, the amount of ore mined, or other production parameters. Great prospects for such equipment in security activities, or simply by organizing a security system for any enterprise with a large area. When it comes to new uses of drones, the delivery of goods comes to mind immediately. Although there is no regulatory framework in place to qualify the use of drones, it is a matter of time. Therefore, in any industry where you need to study, observe and respond quickly and transport something light, drones will perform more efficiently than other devices.
Ukraine is proud of what it is. The research and production complexes that created a number of successful models for the army have now been “switched” to developing machines for business use. Today in Ukraine it is already possible to order both light and easy to use drones for aerial reconnaissance and aerial photography, as well as heavy multi-rotor platforms of high load capacity for various applications. These can even be "tethered" aircraft that are powered from the ground with virtually unlimited flight time for observation, signal relaying, and more. Today we can talk about several Ukrainian teams that create their drones specifically for agriculture and industry, namely: MegaDrone, ITEC, Drone.UA, AgriEYE, Matrix UAV, Kray Technologies,
development and production of drones. Half of them have a level not worse than the world's manufacturers. The most famous and powerful Ukrainian manufacturers are
load capacity and speed in their class. This manufacturer's drone helps to bring about 70% of the plant protection products and growth regulators used in agriculture.
Kiev Company ITEC has begun its journey into the production of reconnaissance drones. Today, ITEC is releasing not only the Army Patriot, but also SKIF, a model designed for agriculture. It is the most automated and protected drone in Ukrainian production. Easy to use, high performance. It fully meets the needs of large producers and agricultural holdings. MegaDrone is a young team from Lviv. The company produces SkyHunter MD-1 and MD-2 aircraft. With their help, you can create orthophotos, make a trichogram, measure fields and calculate vegetation indices (for example, in the Drone Deploy data processing service). In addition, these are practically all the main tasks that agronomists are facing today. Finally, the company Matrix UAV, which appeared in the volunteer movement, finally completes the rating of domestic producers. Its "Katana" was created as a military drone, but due to its characteristics found a place on the agricultural market. A heavy multifunctional Commander platform has been created on its basis for the introduction of PPPs.
Power issues are one of the main issues in the creation of drones. In addition, they decide it differently. These are batteries, internal combustion engines, hybrid systems, and tethers. Each of these types has its advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, any energy-efficient invention is a gift for drone developers. According to DronUA, solar drones have already begun to be used in Ukraine. In the future, this will allow the copters to be in the air for an unlimited amount of time, since the battery life will be restored directly during operation. Daytime charging - Accumulated charge is spent at night. What will it give? Larger observation areas and significant monitoring timesavings. Owners of devices weighing over 2 kg and those flying above 50 meters above the ground now need to coordinate their flights with the State Aviation Service. On June 1, a new procedure for the use of airspace entered into force in Ukraine, by which the State Aviation Service substantially restricted the use of drones. First, this applies to devices weighing more than 2 kg and those flying above 50 meters above the ground. They now need to coordinate their flights with the appropriate services. In addition, the penalties for violation of the rules are quite severe. However, at the same time the State Aviation Service stressed that they are ready for dialogue, because they understand that progress is inevitable, and the use of drones is not only necessary but also sometimes necessary. The rules of the game (or rather, the air traffic) will eventually confirm, as technologies are actively evolving, drones are gaining more opportunities and becoming more accessible to businesses. Further development of the drone market will be facilitated by the spread of precision farming practices and the resource efficiency of production. 4.
Advantages of using drones to monitor urban change Speed and economy. Aerial photography is still the most productive method of documenting terrain. Previously, aerial photography was only carried out using large aircraft. This approach was accompanied by some limitations. It was not economically feasible to take aerial photography of small objects, and the resolution of the images was highly dependent on regulatory and technical restrictions on the use of the aircraft and airspace. The appearance of drones changed everything. Whether it's a small town, or a construction site or hydraulic drones, everything will be removed.
Details and completeness. Looking from above always made it possible to evaluate the situation more comprehensively, to see the hidden, to see the changes. Aerial photography using a UAV (UAV) allows you to get images with a resolution of less than 1 cm per pixel. The required (appropriate) detail of the shooting is determined by the objectives of the project or study area. The ability to distinguish the smallest details in the pictures, their automated processing and analysis allow you to create intelligent geodata products that describe the terrain and the processes taking place on it.
are focused on getting the customer the most detailed and complete view of the terrain. All our projects are accompanied by field aerial photo decoding processes, that is, in addition to images, we provide our client with a situational plan and description of POIs that cannot be obtained from the air.
is based on the professionalism of the operators, the technical capabilities of the
of each stage of the work. Operators must have extensive experience not only in aerial photography, but also in surveying, photogrammetry, mapping and 3D modelling. The project begins with a very careful planning of the shooting routes and their overlap, as these parameters have a critical impact on the accuracy and quality of the final product. The best option will be chosen depending on the project goals, the configuration of the subject, the requirements for the end result, the timeframe and the expected cost. In order to achieve the required parameters of aerial photography accuracy, a project of altitude anchoring is being developed, which guarantees the necessary reliability of data and the requirements of the current instruction and regulations regarding the accuracy of finished mapping products. Professional UAVs and cameras must be used for aerial photography. Using dual-frequency GPS, PPK / RTK technologies, large-matrix cameras, and distortion-free lenses and chromatic aberrations, stereodigitization allows you to easily meet topographic scale plans of 1: 5000 - 1: 1000 and partially 1: 500. The results of aerial photography pass the field control of the accuracy of the finished product. Compared to an airplane or helicopter, our drones are small in size, have no fuel on board, are equipped with a parachute system and duplicate navigation systems, and can not damage infrastructure and structures. All aerial photography works are in agreement with UkSATSE, and the company and operators must have permission to work with state secret information.
Flexibility and complexity. Aerial photography results are the basis for the production of numerous derived geodata products that can be used for various areas of client's professional activity: design, construction, audit and documentation, monitoring of changes, development of land and town planning documentation, analysis of risks of man-made and natural origin, imitation investor search and more. The method is to focus on the complexity of the solution and the flexibility to meet customer needs. For this purpose, besides collecting the main data set, it is necessary to use the offered expert approach and involvement of leading specialists in the necessary fields. A thorough understanding of technology allows you to combine a variety of data from aerial photography, cartography, laser scanning, bathymetric surveys, geodetic monitoring, geological surveys and hydrodynamic modeling into a single model. The flexibility of UAV-based technologies allows you to complement and enhance any project by quickly and inexpensively producing up-to-date, detailed, and reliable onpremises object data without the hassle of accessing and research-related risks. Of course, solutions based on the use of UAVs (UAVs) have certain technological limitations. But for a quick and high-quality assessment of the situation on the ground, the use of drones is the best solution. 5.
System analyzes trees’ condition of researched object such as forest area, park territory, smallholding and others. System find options for improving trees’ condition and do collection and analyzing data [48-59]. The main processes that system does: multi and hyperspectral, laser cameras scan the territory; compares and analyzes obtained data from result of scanning and client’s previous researches and statistics; defines trees’ diseases, pests and others damages; find options for improving trees’ condition and damage prevention options for trees;
Tree disease symptom classification Forest Forest management Sanitary instructions Rules Treatments and cut ing Sanitary Rules Analyze trees' condition Signs that trees are weakening
Signs that trees are dying Signs that trees are suf ering from old / fresh dryness Options for improving trees' condition
Healthy trees signs Damage prevention options for trees
The result of laser scanning The result of multispectral scanning The result of hyperspectral scanning
New data for taxation characteristic
List of important data for taxation characteristic 5
Data lists for characteristics New templates for taxation characteristic
List of important data for forest pathological characteristic UAH 1 000
1
Determine the com position, age, bonitet, diam eter, height, stock, average increase in stock
Collected data
Template of taxation characteristic NODE: TITLE: Make trees' characteristics according to the pattern N UMBER: Fig. 6. Decomposition diagram level 2 for process “Make trees’ characteristics according to the Plant passport Statictical observations
U AH 500
1 Define previous researches Forest pathological characteristics Taxation characteristic pattern”.
New disease symptom Data of previous studies 2 Tree disease symptom classification
TITLE: Compare the obtained data N UMBER: Fig. 7. Decomposition diagram level 2 for process “Compare the obtained data”.
Activity Definition
Forestmanagement instructions Information aboutfire damage Information abouttechnogenic impact Information about damage due to natural and man-made phenomena Make trees' characteristics
according UAH 0 to the patern Requesting options for improving trees' condition Recommendations for improving trees' condition Requestto find trees damage prevention options
disease”. There are two types of intersections: asynchronous OR in branching because all processes can begin in different way and synchronous OR in the merge because all active process must end together for activating the next process (Fig.12). IDFE3 Scenario diagram (Fig.13).
Requestto find tree prevention options UAH 1500
Define possible threats for trees' sanitary condition 1
O
J1
UAH 1000
Define fire prevention options 2 UAH 1000
Define unfavorable conditions for pestpropagation 3 4 UAH 1000
Define unfavorable
conditions for disease spreading
O
J2 5 UAH 1500
Draw up a projectofforest protection options
Fig. 12. IDFE3 diagram of process decomposition.
Request to find tree prevention options UAH 1 500
Define possible threats for trees' sanitary condition 6
The proposed tree monitoring system has a great deal of functionality. There are the analysis of the obtained images from the cameras, the comparison of the data and the analysis for the detection of damage to the green space, which is especially important for the tree monitoring. In addition, the system will find measures to improve the condition of trees formed on the basis of the requirements and guidelines of the special commission, and will not need to involve additional experts in the field of forestry. The data collected is an up-to-date information for the study of green space, which will allow to further create statistical observations and find new solutions to tree damage. 46. Gozhyj, A., Kalinina, I., Vysotska, V., Gozhyj, V.: The method of web-resources management under conditions of uncertainty based on fuzzy logic, 2018 IEEE 13th International Scientific and Technical Conference on Computer Sciences and Information Technologies, CSIT 2018 – Proceedings 1, 343-346 (2018) 47. Gozhyj, A., Vysotska, V., Yevseyeva, I., Kalinina, I., Gozhyj, V.: Web Resources Management Method Based on Intelligent Technologies, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 871, 206-221 (2019) 48. Lytvyn, V., Peleshchak, I., Vysotska, V., Peleshchak, R.: Satellite spectral information recognition based on the synthesis of modified dynamic neural networks and holographic data processing techniques, 2018 IEEE 13th International Scientific and Technical Conference on Computer Sciences and Information Technologies, CSIT 2018 – Proceedings 1, 330-334 (2018) 49. Zdebskyi, P., Vysotska, V., Peleshchak, R., Peleshchak, I., Demchuk, A., Krylyshyn, M.:
50. Vysotska, V., Burov, Y., Lytvyn, V., Oleshek, O.: Automated Monitoring of Changes in
(2020) 51. Lytvyn, V., Vysotska, V., Mykhailyshyn, V., Rzheuskyi, A., Semianchuk, S.: System Development for Video Stream Data Analyzing. In: In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1020, 315-331. (2020) 52. Emmerich, M., Lytvyn, V., Yevseyeva, I., Fernandes, V. B., Dosyn, D., Vysotska, V.:
2019). In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol-2386. (2019) 53. Lytvyn Vasyl, Vysotska Victoria, Shakhovska Nataliya, Mykhailyshyn Vladyslav, Medykovskyy Mykola, Peleshchak Ivan, Fernandes Vitor Basto, Peleshchak Roman, Shcherbak Serhii: A Smart Home System Development. In: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing IV, Springer, Cham, 1080, 804-830. (2020) 54. Lytvyn Vasyl, Kowalska-Styczen Agnieszka, Peleshko Dmytro, Rak Taras, Voloshyn Viktor, Noennig Jörg Rainer, Vysotska Victoria, Nykolyshyn Lesia, Pryshchepa Hanna: Aviation Aircraft Planning System Project Development. In: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing IV, Springer, Cham, 1080, 315-348. (2020) 55. Vysotska, V., Chyrun, L.: Methods of information resources processing in electronic content commerce systems. In: Proceedings of 13th International Conference: The Experience of Designing and Application of CAD Systems in Microelectronics, CADSM 2015February. (2015) 56. Andrunyk, V., Chyrun, L., Vysotska, V.: Electronic content commerce system development. In: Proceedings of 13th International Conference: The Experience of Designing and Application of CAD Systems in Microelectronics, CADSM 2015-February. (2015) 57. Alieksieieva, K., Berko, A., Vysotska, V.: Technology of commercial web-resource processing. In: Proceedings of 13th International Conference: The Experience of Designing and Application of CAD Systems in Microelectronics, CADSM 2015-February. (2015) 58. Lytvyn, V., Vysotska, V., Mykhailyshyn, V., Peleshchak, I., Peleshchak, R., Kohut, I.: Intelligent system of a smart house. In: 3rd International Conference on Advanced Information and Communications Technologies, AICT, 282-287. (2019) 59. Lytvyn, V., Peleshchak, I., Peleshchak, R., Vysotska, V.: Information Encryption Based on the Synthesis of a Neural Network and AES Algorithm. In: 3rd International Conference on Advanced Information and Communications Technologies, AICT 2019, 447-450. (2019)