=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2604/paper48
|storemode=property
|title=Conceptual Model of Information System for Drone Monitoring of Trees’ Condition
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2604/paper48.pdf
|volume=Vol-2604
|authors=Vasyl Lytvyn,Alina Dmytriv,Andriy Berko,Vladislav Alieksieiev,Taras Basyuk,Jörg Rainer Noennig,Dmytro Peleshko,Taras Rak,Viktor Voloshyn
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/colins/LytvynDBABNPRV20
}}
==Conceptual Model of Information System for Drone Monitoring of Trees’ Condition==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2604/paper48.pdf
Conceptual Model of Information System for Drone
Monitoring of Trees’ Condition
Vasyl Lytvyn[0000-0002-9676-0180]1, Alina Dmytriv[0000-0003-0141-6617]2, Andriy Berko[0000-0001-
6756-5661]3
, Vladislav Alieksieiev[0000-0003-0712-0120]4, Taras Basyuk[0000-0003-0813-0785]5, Jörg
Rainer Noennig6, Dmytro Peleshko[0000-0003-4881-6933]7, Taras Rak[0000-0003-0744-2883]8,
Viktor Voloshyn9
1-5
Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
6
Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
7--9
IT STEP University, Lviv, Ukraine
Vasyl.V.Lytvyn@lpnu.ua1, alinadmutriv@gmail.com2,
Andrii.Y.Berko@lpnu.ua3, vladyslav.i.alieksieiev@lpnu.ua4,
Taras.M.Basyuk@lpnu.ua5
Abstract. Goal is to create a system that will be analyze trees’ condition using
results from scanning and other obtained data and define options for damage
detection. The project aim is the improvement of city management efficiency
based on development of decision-making support systems according to the re-
sults of monitoring and analysis of urban environment parameters. In order to
achieve the research aim will be developed technologies and methods for col-
lecting, accumulation and presentation of urban environment parameters. De-
veloped concept of visualization and methods for analysis of parameter’s dy-
namics from drones sensors.
Keywords. Green Smart Cities, Drone, Drones Monitoring, Infocommunica-
tion, Computer Science, Sustainable Urban Development, Secure Society.
1. Introduction
Tree monitoring information system using current technologies is topically for today.
Such area is not fully researches in our county, but is very useful for future develop-
ment. This system can make easier to look after trees and find options for improving
its condition. Ecology can become better through it. Currently, the deterioration of the
green space due to radiation exposure is increasing, as well as the number of pests and
trees’ dying. Scientists are working on preparations for improving trees’ condition,
but another important step is the collection of information about trees diseases and
other damages and making statistics. The availability of up-to-date data on the state of
the forest fund is an important prerequisite for effective management of forestry pro-
duction. With the further development of new technologies, everyone will be able to
determine the trees’ condition. And also evaluate treatments or felling to improve the
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
health of the green space. Obviously, this will increase the greening of the environ-
ment. There are currently several studies on tree monitoring. One of them was the use
of forest inventory database and satellite imagery Sentinel-2 for classification of tree
species composition on forested area. In the article they applied technology for mo-
saicking satellite images obtained during the one growing season in a form of cloud-
less composite image and used an algorithm that implies an analysis of satellite im-
ages Sentinel-2. The classification algorithm Random Forest allowed us to achieve an
accuracy of 95% for classification of forested areas with a predominance of pine trees
that dominate across the research area. [1]
Moreover, scientists are working on new methodology: forests laser scanning. This
methodology identifies a more accurate carbon stock in forests, which is an important
contribution to carbon stock monitoring and global climate policy. Laser measure-
ments are used to accurately determine the size of a tree, its density, and from this you
can find out the weight of the wood. This technology is called LiDAR (Light Detec-
tion and Radar) and the data obtained by this technology provides accuracy 90%. [2]
Special cameras such as hyper and multispectral cameras are coming to the market.
They provide more opportunities for high-quality images of the green area. The hy-
perspectral camera emits different wavelengths of light in the visible and near infrared
part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and visualizes it after the light is reflected from
the surface of the object. This will allow you to determine the chemical composition
of the object in this confrontation, because each chemical "shines" in its own way.
The multispectral camera captures the light reflected by the plants in four separate
parts: green, red light and two bands of the infrared spectrum. This makes it possible
to provide a green space health. Another work in the industry is the Znaydeno startup,
which can monitor deforestation and promptly notify it. This way, control bodies, the
public, activists and journalists will be able to see where the cutting is happening.
This will help establish whether or not it is legal [3]. All the research done in this area
is a marvellous development of technology for ecology. But they only work to ana-
lyze the images, not to detect trees’ damage and find solutions for improving their
condition.
2. Analytical Review of Literary and Other Sources
According to the statistical analysis, the proportion of urban population in the world is
constantly increasing and by 2017 it was 54.9% [1-5]. At the same time, this percent-
age is much higher in Ukraine - about 70% [6-8]. In addition, in Ukraine, due to many
years of inadequate funding, municipalities are unable to effectively address growing
problems, in particular:
High level and increasing pollution of the urban environment (air, soil, water,
noise pollution, electromagnetic pollution, etc.);
Uncontrolled growth of illegal construction and the need for periodic monitoring
of its pace, updating cadastral registries of land plots;
- Saturation of urban and suburban roads by vehicles, insufficient quality of road
surface (traffic congestion, emissions of motor vehicles, noise, etc.);
- Insufficient green spaces and illumination imbalance (during the night, individ-
ual areas are extremely bright, others are insufficient or not at all);
- Growth rates of wear of cultural and historical facades of buildings.
Thus, in Ukraine, there are a number of topical problems in the management of cities,
which greatly lead to economic losses of city budgets and negatively affect the quality
of life of urban residents - increasing morbidity and mortality and slowing down the
pace of economic growth of businesses and industrial enterprises. At the same time,
decentralization reform in Ukraine actively implementing from 2016, which allowed
municipalities to increase the budgets of their cities. That is why the task of improve-
ment of city management efficiency is height relevant and original. Obtained solu-
tions can be implemented by the German partners to increase the efficiency of the
Germanise municipalities. The range of use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the civil-
ian sector is not limited. However, flying is complicated by the current state of the
legal framework for the use of airspace. For the benefit of the city, drones can be used
in the following areas:
Conducting search operations;
Geological exploration;
Aerial survey of the terrain;
Performance of aviation chemical works;
Monitoring of territories and objects;
Video surveillance.
Drones have several advantages over manned aircraft, namely:
To perform the same tasks, drones cost much cheaper manned aircraft, which
need to be equipped with life support systems, protection, air conditioning, etc.;
It is necessary to train pilots, and it costs big money and considerable time;
The absence of crew on board significantly reduces the cost of performing a task,
and increases the payload of the apparatus;
Unlike manned aircraft, drones do not need airfields;
The automatic and semi-automatic control reduces the influence of the human
factor when performing the task.
Drones have been winning the fight for the heart of agrarians for several years and
cease to shock the peasants by flying over the fields. However, many entrepreneurs
choose imported equipment, despite the wide selection of domestic Ukrainian ma-
chines. The drone carries a special spectral camera, shoots, and then these images are
stitched into the appropriate map (NDVI). In addition, you can see right away, for
example, where the field is under-moist, where the vegetation is poorly developed,
say, through weeds, or where the parks are damaged. Therefore, there is no need to
use fertilizers where they are superfluous, and it is possible to carry out "spot" proc-
essing. Such processing can also be carried out with the help of copters of Ukrainian
production. The aircraft arrives at the problem spot and sprays the necessary fertiliz-
ers or pesticides. The competence of such machinery also includes crop protection,
monitoring during harvesting, accurate field sizing, and timely erosion prevention.
The task of monitoring of the urban environment is being best solved by the concept
of Smart City [9-14]. One of the most important tasks, as part of the Smart City con-
cept, is to control and ensure the quality of an urban environment where a person is
supposed to spend most of his life [15-19]. Most active this concept implemented in
Kyiv, Lviv, Kharkiv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Vinnytsia and Dnipro. For example, in Lviv
municipality, the city’s geoportal was developed and widely used. However, the Lviv
geoportal provides statistical information and does not allow to measure and show
urban parameters in dynamics. For cities with a well-established structure, it is typical
to solve individual problems. In particular, such as [1-9]:
Street monitoring with the help of stationary cameras,
Intelligent traffic lights for traffic management,
Search for parking places,
Monitoring of individual parameters of the urban environment using stationary
sensors (temperature, humidity, etc.), etc.
However, the installation of stationary sensors in the city to control the set of parame-
ters involves significant investment and may not always be available for city budgets
[20-27]. One of the alternatives is the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, in particular
drones of a copter type [28-31]. They have a number of significant benefits: high
mobility; possibility of use in hard-to-reach places; possible assembly of different sets
of sensors according to the task; a wide range of tasks - from monitoring of selected
environment parameters to video surveillance and mapping tasks; relatively low cost
of operation. The use of drones in the monitoring and mapping tasks provides a sig-
nificant economic effect [32-38]. It is difficult to estimate it in numbers. However, for
example, the cost of using drones in the tasks of constructing cadastral maps is con-
siderably less than when using planes or helicopters, while ensuring higher quality
and accuracy of the received images [7-19]. That is why using of drone for obtained
urban parameters’ dynamics is highly relevant [39-47].
3. Characteristics of drones
The drone shall include in its composition to provide real-time monitoring of the city
in the course of flight and digital photographing of selected areas (including inacces-
sible areas, as well as determining the coordinates of the investigated sites):
Satellite navigation system (GPS);
Command line navigation devices with antenna feeder device;
Device for sharing command information;
On-board digital computer:
o Block of inertial navigation system;
o Satellite navigation receiver (SNR);
o Autopilot unit and air speed sensor;
o Flight data storage.
The complex is compatible with radio channel pulse code modulation (PCM). It al-
lows you to control the drones in manual mode from a standard remote control, as
well as automatic on autopilot commands. Autopilot is able to simultaneously stabi-
lize flight and control navigation. This eliminates the need for a separate stabilization
system. Autopilot supports fly-bywire mode. The board is designed on the basis of at
least 16 MHz microcontroller. The controller communicates with an analogy receiver.
Drones, which has a high degree of manoeuvring and controllability, simple design
and can perform many different functions, require relatively simple management
skills at relatively low cost. Once of drones were used only by the military, for recon-
naissance. Now, everyone can buy drones. You can take the same photos or even
better with the help of top aerial drones (Table 1).
Table 1. General information about drone types and their features
No Name Photo Range Flight Flight FPV (GHz) Camera
of time speed
control (min) (km/h)
(km)
1 DJI MAVIC 2 8 31 72 2.4/5.8 4K
(OCUSYNC
2.0)
2 DJI INSPIRE 7 25 93 4K/6K
2 2.4/5.8
(OCUSYNC
2.0)
3 DJI 7 30 72 4K
PHANTOM 4 2.4/5.8
PRO V2.0 (OCUSYNC)
4 DJI MAVIC 7 27 65 4K
PRO 2.4/5.8
(OCUSYNC)
5 AUTEL 7 30 65 4K
ROBOTICS 2.4
EVO
6 DJI MAVIC 4 21 68 4K
AIR 2.4/5.8 (WI-
FI)
7 GOPRO 3 25 60 5.8 -
KARMA
8 AUTEL 2 25 72 5.8 4K
ROBOTICS
X-STAR
9 YUNEEC 1.6 25 70 5.8 4K
TYPHOON H
10 XIAOMI MI 2 27 36 5 4K
DRONE 4K
11 YUNEEC 0.6 25 65 5.8 4K
Q500
TYPHOON
4K
Drones are mainly chosen for the quality of shooting and high-speed FPV flights.
When selecting racing drones, first of all, attention is paid to the frame size, the used
flight controller, the power of the motors, and such a criterion as the range is practi-
cally not taken into account, since flights are carried out mainly at short distances.
High-quality photo and video shooting is good. But in addition to the workmanship,
size, autonomous properties and shooting quality, an important criterion is the flight
range with a large radius of action and a camera.
Drones are relevant in various fields of activity. For example, it is a traditional way
of monitoring transmission lines and the condition of bridges. The ability to mount a
variety of hi-tech equipment on the copter extends their scope. For example, laser
scanners make it easy to accurately evaluate the terrain and create 3D models of it. A
good tool, for example, for the mining industry, where you always need to know the
status of quarries, the amount of ore mined, or other production parameters. Great
prospects for such equipment in security activities, or simply by organizing a security
system for any enterprise with a large area. When it comes to new uses of drones, the
delivery of goods comes to mind immediately. Although there is no regulatory
framework in place to qualify the use of drones, it is a matter of time. Therefore, in
any industry where you need to study, observe and respond quickly and transport
something light, drones will perform more efficiently than other devices.
Ukraine is proud of what it is. The research and production complexes that created
a number of successful models for the army have now been “switched” to developing
machines for business use. Today in Ukraine it is already possible to order both light
and easy to use drones for aerial reconnaissance and aerial photography, as well as
heavy multi-rotor platforms of high load capacity for various applications. These can
even be "tethered" aircraft that are powered from the ground with virtually unlimited
flight time for observation, signal relaying, and more. Today we can talk about sev-
eral Ukrainian teams that create their drones specifically for agriculture and industry,
namely: MegaDrone, ITEC, Drone.UA, AgriEYE, Matrix UAV, Kray Technologies,
AeroDrone and AgroDrone. More than 10 companies in Ukraine are involved in the
development and production of drones. Half of them have a level not worse than the
world's manufacturers. The most famous and powerful Ukrainian manufacturers are
Drone.UA, a leading integrator of unmanned technologies in the Ukrainian market.
This company has quickly gone from a start-up to a manufacturer of the widest range
of drones for business.
Drones of the Ukrainian company Kray Protection have the highest performance,
load capacity and speed in their class. This manufacturer's drone helps to bring about
70% of the plant protection products and growth regulators used in agriculture.
Kiev Company ITEC has begun its journey into the production of reconnaissance
drones. Today, ITEC is releasing not only the Army Patriot, but also SKIF, a model
designed for agriculture. It is the most automated and protected drone in Ukrainian
production. Easy to use, high performance. It fully meets the needs of large producers
and agricultural holdings. MegaDrone is a young team from Lviv. The company pro-
duces SkyHunter MD-1 and MD-2 aircraft. With their help, you can create orthopho-
tos, make a trichogram, measure fields and calculate vegetation indices (for example,
in the Drone Deploy data processing service). In addition, these are practically all the
main tasks that agronomists are facing today. Finally, the company Matrix UAV,
which appeared in the volunteer movement, finally completes the rating of domestic
producers. Its "Katana" was created as a military drone, but due to its characteristics
found a place on the agricultural market. A heavy multifunctional Commander plat-
form has been created on its basis for the introduction of PPPs.
Power issues are one of the main issues in the creation of drones. In addition, they
decide it differently. These are batteries, internal combustion engines, hybrid systems,
and tethers. Each of these types has its advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, any
energy-efficient invention is a gift for drone developers. According to DronUA, solar
drones have already begun to be used in Ukraine. In the future, this will allow the
copters to be in the air for an unlimited amount of time, since the battery life will be
restored directly during operation. Daytime charging - Accumulated charge is spent at
night. What will it give? Larger observation areas and significant monitoring timesav-
ings. Owners of devices weighing over 2 kg and those flying above 50 meters above
the ground now need to coordinate their flights with the State Aviation Service. On
June 1, a new procedure for the use of airspace entered into force in Ukraine, by
which the State Aviation Service substantially restricted the use of drones. First, this
applies to devices weighing more than 2 kg and those flying above 50 meters above
the ground. They now need to coordinate their flights with the appropriate services. In
addition, the penalties for violation of the rules are quite severe. However, at the same
time the State Aviation Service stressed that they are ready for dialogue, because they
understand that progress is inevitable, and the use of drones is not only necessary but
also sometimes necessary. The rules of the game (or rather, the air traffic) will even-
tually confirm, as technologies are actively evolving, drones are gaining more oppor-
tunities and becoming more accessible to businesses. Further development of the
drone market will be facilitated by the spread of precision farming practices and the
resource efficiency of production.
4. Advantages of using drones to monitor urban change
Speed and economy. Aerial photography is still the most productive method of
documenting terrain. Previously, aerial photography was only carried out using large
aircraft. This approach was accompanied by some limitations. It was not economi-
cally feasible to take aerial photography of small objects, and the resolution of the
images was highly dependent on regulatory and technical restrictions on the use of the
aircraft and airspace. The appearance of drones changed everything. Whether it's a
small town, or a construction site or hydraulic drones, everything will be removed.
Details and completeness. Looking from above always made it possible to evalu-
ate the situation more comprehensively, to see the hidden, to see the changes. Aerial
photography using a UAV (UAV) allows you to get images with a resolution of less
than 1 cm per pixel. The required (appropriate) detail of the shooting is determined by
the objectives of the project or study area. The ability to distinguish the smallest de-
tails in the pictures, their automated processing and analysis allow you to create intel-
ligent geodata products that describe the terrain and the processes taking place on it.
Each pixel of the image may contain critical terrain or object data, so our operators
are focused on getting the customer the most detailed and complete view of the ter-
rain. All our projects are accompanied by field aerial photo decoding processes, that
is, in addition to images, we provide our client with a situational plan and description
of POIs that cannot be obtained from the air.
Quality and safety. Achieving the expected quality parameters of the end products
is based on the professionalism of the operators, the technical capabilities of the
UAVs and cameras, compliance with the technical requirements and quality control
of each stage of the work. Operators must have extensive experience not only in aerial
photography, but also in surveying, photogrammetry, mapping and 3D modelling.
The project begins with a very careful planning of the shooting routes and their over-
lap, as these parameters have a critical impact on the accuracy and quality of the final
product. The best option will be chosen depending on the project goals, the configura-
tion of the subject, the requirements for the end result, the timeframe and the expected
cost. In order to achieve the required parameters of aerial photography accuracy, a
project of altitude anchoring is being developed, which guarantees the necessary reli-
ability of data and the requirements of the current instruction and regulations regard-
ing the accuracy of finished mapping products. Professional UAVs and cameras must
be used for aerial photography. Using dual-frequency GPS, PPK / RTK technologies,
large-matrix cameras, and distortion-free lenses and chromatic aberrations, stereo-
digitization allows you to easily meet topographic scale plans of 1: 5000 - 1: 1000 and
partially 1: 500. The results of aerial photography pass the field control of the accu-
racy of the finished product. Compared to an airplane or helicopter, our drones are
small in size, have no fuel on board, are equipped with a parachute system and dupli-
cate navigation systems, and can not damage infrastructure and structures. All aerial
photography works are in agreement with UkSATSE, and the company and operators
must have permission to work with state secret information.
Flexibility and complexity. Aerial photography results are the basis for the pro-
duction of numerous derived geodata products that can be used for various areas of
client's professional activity: design, construction, audit and documentation, monitor-
ing of changes, development of land and town planning documentation, analysis of
risks of man-made and natural origin, imitation investor search and more. The method
is to focus on the complexity of the solution and the flexibility to meet customer
needs. For this purpose, besides collecting the main data set, it is necessary to use the
offered expert approach and involvement of leading specialists in the necessary fields.
A thorough understanding of technology allows you to combine a variety of data from
aerial photography, cartography, laser scanning, bathymetric surveys, geodetic moni-
toring, geological surveys and hydrodynamic modeling into a single model. The
flexibility of UAV-based technologies allows you to complement and enhance any
project by quickly and inexpensively producing up-to-date, detailed, and reliable on-
premises object data without the hassle of accessing and research-related risks. Of
course, solutions based on the use of UAVs (UAVs) have certain technological limita-
tions. But for a quick and high-quality assessment of the situation on the ground, the
use of drones is the best solution.
5. Detailed description of the project
System analyzes trees’ condition of researched object such as forest area, park terri-
tory, smallholding and others. System find options for improving trees’ condition and
do collection and analyzing data [48-59]. The main processes that system does:
multi and hyperspectral, laser cameras scan the territory;
compares and analyzes obtained data from result of scanning and client’s pre-
vious researches and statistics;
defines trees’ diseases, pests and others damages;
find options for improving trees’ condition and damage prevention options for
trees;
The system context diagram according to IDEF0 methodology (Fig. 1).
Tree disease Forest Forest Treatments and
symptom management Sanitary
cutting Sanitary
classification instructions Rules Rules
Request to find trees damage prevention
options
Recommendations for improving trees' Signs that trees are weakening
condition
Signs that trees are dying
The result of laser scanning
The result of hyperspectral scanning Signs that trees are suffering
from old / fresh dryness
The result of multispectral scanning
Damage detection Analysis Rules Analyze trees' condition Options for improving trees' condition
Plant passport Healthy trees signs
Statistical observations Damage prevention options for trees
Request to find the tree damage
Requesting options for improving
trees' condition
UAH 0 0
Hyperspectral/ User Special
Moderator
multispectral camera commission
LiDAR Analyst
N ODE: TITLE: NUM BER:
Analyze trees' condition
Fig. 1. IDEF0 context diagram
System decomposition (Fig. 2) and its activity definition (Table 1).
Table 2. Activity definition for IDEF0
Activity Name Activity Definition
Make trees’ characteristics according to the Make trees’ characteristic according to obtained scanning
pattern result data.
Compare the obtained data Compare characteristics with plant passport and tree
disease symptoms.
Analyze the data for damage detection Analyze all obtained data for damage detection and tree
disease.
Find options for improving trees’ health Define prevention, selective felling or clear-cutting for
improving trees’ health.
Forest management Tree disease Forest
Forest Treatments and
The result of laser instructions pathological symptom Sanitary
cutting Sanitary Rules
scanning classification Rules
Make trees' characteristics
The result of
hyperspectral characteristics
scanning according Taxation
to the pattern characteristic
The result of UAH 0 1
multispectral
scanning Compare the Comparative
Plant passport obtained data data Healthy trees signs
Statistical observations UAH 0 2 Signs that trees are suffering from
Analyze the data old / fresh dryness
for damage Signs that trees are dying
Damage detection Analysis Rules detection
Request to find the tree damage Signs that trees are weakening
UAH 0 3
Options for
improving
Find options trees' condition
Requesting options for improving trees' condition
for improving
Recommendations for improving trees' condition
trees' health
Request to find trees damage prevention options
UAH 0 4 Damage
Hyperspectral/ prevention
LiDAR options for trees
multispectral camera Moderator Special
User Analyst
commission
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:
Analyze trees' condition
Fig. 2. IDEF0 decomposition diagram level 1
Decomposition for process “Make trees’ characteristics according to the pattern” (Fig.
3) and its activity definition (Table 2).
Forest management
instructions
The result of laser
scanning Determine the composition,
age, bonitet, diameter,
height, stock, average Collected
increase in stock data
U AH 0 1
Create a taxation Taxation characteristic
characteristic
by the pattern
UAH 0 2
The result of
hyperspectral Determine the type, Recieved
scanning degree and extent information
of damage
The result of Forest
U AH 0 3
multispectral pathological
scanning Create a forest characteristics
pathological
characteristic
U AH 0 4
Hyperspectral/
multispectral camera
LiDAR Moderator
N ODE: TITLE: NUMBER:
Make characteristics of trees according to the pattern
Fig. 3. Decomposition diagram level 2 for process “Make characteristics of trees according to
the pattern”
The system context diagram according to DFD methodology by Gane and Sarson
notation (Fig. 4) and its decomposition (Fig. 5).
Table 3. Activity definition for process “Make characteristics of trees according to the pattern”
Activity Name Activity Definition
Determine the composition, age, bonitet, diame- Define all trees’ properties and parameters from
ter, height, stock, average increase in stock. the scanning results.
Create a taxation characteristic by the pattern. Make a taxation characteristic by the pattern from
the collected data.
Determine the type, degree and extent of dam- Define all trees’ type, degree and extent of damage
age. from the scanning results.
Create a forest pathological characteristic by the Make a forest pathological characteristic by the
pattern. pattern from the received information.
1 UAH 19 900 0
Analyst, special Recommendations for improving trees' condition
comm ission & Damage detection Analisys Rules
moderator Signs that trees are weakening
3
Signs that trees are dying User
Signs that trees are sufferinf
2 The result of laser scanning from old / fresh dryness
Hyperspectral/ The result of hyperspectral scanning
Analyze Options for im proving trees'
multispectral The result of multispectral scanning trees' condition
camera, LiDAR
condition
Healthy trees signs
Damage prevention options
for trees
Statictical observations
Request to find trees prevention options
Request to find the trees damages
Requesting options for improving trees' condition
Plant passport
N ODE: TITLE: N UMBER:
Analyze trees' condition
Fig. 4. DFD context diagram by Gane and Sarson notation.
New templates
Feature templates 1 Forest managment instructions Tree disease symptom
The result of 2
classification
hyperspectral scanning
The result of U AH 5 000 1 Data lists for characteristics
multispectral scanning Forest pathological List of disease 3 Forest Sanitary Rules
Make trees'
characteristics symptom
The result of laser characteristics
according Treatments and cutting
scanning New disease symptom New rules 4
to the pattern Sanitary Rules
Requirements for
Tree status selective cuts
Taxation characteristic U AH 1 500 2
categories New rules of treatment
Plant passport Compare the scale
Statictical observations obtained data
Signs that trees are weakening
U AH 2 400 3 Signs that trees are dying
Comparative data
Request to find the trees damages Analyze the data Signs that trees are sufferinf from old / fresh
for damage dryness
Damage detection Analisys Rules detection Healthy trees signs
U AH 11 000 4
Options for improving
trees' condition
Find options
Requesting options for improving trees' condition Damage prevention
for improving
Request to find trees prevention options options for trees
trees' health
Recommendations for improving trees' condition
N ODE: TITLE: N UMBER:
Analyze trees' condition
Fig. 5. Decomposition diagram level 1.
Processes decomposition: “Make trees’ characteristics according to the pattern” (Fig.
6), “Compare the obtained data” (Fig. 7) and its activity definition (Table 3), “Ana-
lyze the data for damage detection” (Fig.8) and its activity definition (Table 4), “Find
options for improving trees’ health” (Fig.9) and its activity definition (Table 5).
New data for taxation characteristic List of important data for forest
Data lists for
5 pathological characteristic
List of important data for taxation characteristics
characteristic
New templates for taxation characteristic
UAH 1 000 1 6 Feature templates
The result of Template of
laser scanning Determine
the composition, taxation
age, bonitet, diameter, characteristic Template of forest
height, stock, average New data for forest pathological characteristic
UAH 1 500 2
increase in stock pathological
Create a taxation characteristic Taxation
characteristic characteristic
Collected by the pattern
data
U AH 1 000 3 New templates for
The result of forest pathological
multispectral Determine the type, characteristic
degree and extent Recieved
scanning
of damage information
The result of
hyperspectral U AH 1 500 4
scanning Create a forest Forest pathological
pathological characteristics
characteristic
NODE: TITLE : N UMBE R:
Make trees' characteristics according to the pattern
Fig. 6. Decomposition diagram level 2 for process “Make trees’ characteristics according to the
pattern”.
2 Tree disease symptom classification
New disease
symptom
U AH 500 1
Plant passport
Statictical observations Define List of disease
previous symptom
researches
Data of
previous
studies
U AH 1 000 2
Forest pathological characteristics Compare Comparative data
new and
Taxation characteristic
previous data
N ODE: TITLE: N UMBER:
Compare the obtained data
Fig. 7. Decomposition diagram level 2 for process “Compare the obtained data”.
Table 4. Activity definition for process “Compare the obtained data”
Activity Name Activity Definition
Define previous researches Define previous damages, trees’ state and its properties from plant
passport and statistical observations.
Compare new and previous data. Compare characteristics with plant passport, tree disease symptoms
and obtained data of previous studies.
New rules
Request to 3 Forest Sanitary Rules
Request to find the U AH 200 1 collect all
trees damages necessary
Process data
user
Tree status
requests
categories scale
U AH 200 2
Collected
Comparative data Collect all data
necessary
data for analysis The result
of the
U AH 1 000 3
analysis
Analyze
Damage detection Analisys Rules
the data Signs that trees are weakening
UAH 1 000 4 Signs that trees are dying
Detect Signs that trees are sufferinf from old
trees / fresh dryness
damages Healthy trees signs
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:
Analyze the data for damage detection
Fig. 8. Decomposition diagram level 2 for process “Analyze the data for damage detection”.
New rules of
Sanitary Rules of
treatment 7 Requirements for
preventions
selective cuts Sanitary Rules of
8
selective felling
Rules of
treatment New requirements for
Healthy trees Damage
signs selective felling prevention
U AH 6 000 1
Define options options for trees
Request to find trees
prevention options to prevent tree' List of requirements
disease of clean-cutting
Sanitary Rules of
9
clear-cutting
UAH 2 500 2
Signs that trees are weakening
Determine New requirements
Requesting options for improving trees' condition Defined of clean-cutting
the selective
Recommendations for improving trees' condition felling
felling
U AH 2 500 3
Options for improving
Signs that trees are dying Define trees' condition
clear-cutting
Signs that trees are sufferinf from old / fresh dryness
Fig. 9. Decomposition diagram level 2 for process “Find options for improving trees’ health”.
Table 5. Activity definition for process “Analyze the data for damage detection ”
Activity Name Activity Definition
Process user requests Verifying user's request and proceeds to the appropriate step.
Collect all necessary data for analysis Collect all data as characteristics, comparative data, plant pass-
port and statistical observations.
Analyze the data Analyze collected data for damage detection.
Detect trees damages Detect trees damages such as weakening, dying, old/fresh dry-
ness or healthy signs.
Table 6. Activity definition for process “Find options for improving trees’ health”
Activity Name Activity Definition
Define options to prevent tree If trees are healthy, it is necessary to define prevention to avoid tree
disease disease
Determine the selective felling If trees are weakening, it is necessary to determine and do the selec-
tive felling for removing trees’ damages and making them healthier.
Define clear-cutting If trees are dying or suffering from old/fresh dryness, it is necessary
to determine and do the clear-cutting for removing all trees because
there is no better way.
Node Tree diagram by displaying the lower level in the form of list (Fig. 10).
UAH 19 90
00
Ana lyze
tree s'
con dition
UAH 5 000 1 UAH 1 500 2 UAH 2 400 3 UAH 11 00 0 4
Make trees'
Ana lyze the data Find options
cha racteristics Com pa re the
for da ma ge for im pro ving
acc ordin g obtained d ata
detec tion tree s' health
to the p attern
Determ ine the Define Process user Define options
com p osition , age, previou s reque sts to pre ven t tree
bon itet, d iam eter, resea rch es Collect a ll disease
heigh t, stock, ave ra ge Com pare nec essary da ta Determ ine the
increase in stock new an d for an alysis se lec tive felling
Create a taxation previou s data Analyze the data Define
cha ra cte ristic by the clear-cutting
pattern Detect trees
dama ges
Determ ine the typ e,
deg re e a nd exten t of
dam a ge
Create a forest
patho lo gic al
cha ra cte ristic
Fig. 10. Node Tree diagram by displaying the lower level in the form of list.
FEO diagram that has the other point which shows the analysis trees’ condition when
input data are information about fire damage, technogenic impact, damage due to
natural and man-made phenomena. So there is the same process “Find options for
improving trees’ health” (Fig.11).
Forest management Treatments and
instructions cutting Sanitary Rules
Forest
Information about fire damage pathological
Make trees'
Information about technogenic impact characteristics
characteristics
Information about damage due to according
natural and man-made phenomena to the pattern
UAH 0 1
Taxation
characteristic Options for improving trees'
Find options condition
Requesting options for improving trees' condition Damage prevention
for improving
Recommendations for improving trees' condition options for trees
trees' health
Request to find trees damage prevention options
U AH 0 2
Special
Moderator User commission
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:
Analyze the condition of trees
Fig. 11. FEO diagram
IDFE3 diagram of decomposition level 3 for process “Define options to prevent tree
disease”. There are two types of intersections: asynchronous OR in branching because
all processes can begin in different way and synchronous OR in the merge because all
active process must end together for activating the next process (Fig.12). IDFE3 Sce-
nario diagram (Fig.13).
U AH 1 000
Request to find tree Define fire
prevention options prevention options
2
U AH 1 500 U AH 1 000 U AH 1 500
Define possible Define unfavorable Draw up
threats for trees' O conditions for O a project of forest
sanitary condition pest propagation protection options
1 J1 3 J2 5
U AH 1 000
Define unfavorable
conditions for
disease spreading
4
Fig. 12. IDFE3 diagram of process decomposition.
Request to find tree
prevention options
U AH 1 500 U AH 1 500
Define possible Draw up
threats for trees' a project of forest
sanitary condition protection options
6 7
NODE: TITLE: N UMBE R:
Define prevention
Fig. 13. IDFE3 Scenario diagram
Activity cost report. In this case, the total cost is determined by 1 m2 of trees planted
(Fig.14).
Fig. 14. Activity cost report.
6. Conclusions and Development Prospects
The proposed tree monitoring system has a great deal of functionality. There are the
analysis of the obtained images from the cameras, the comparison of the data and the
analysis for the detection of damage to the green space, which is especially important
for the tree monitoring. In addition, the system will find measures to improve the
condition of trees formed on the basis of the requirements and guidelines of the spe-
cial commission, and will not need to involve additional experts in the field of for-
estry. The data collected is an up-to-date information for the study of green space,
which will allow to further create statistical observations and find new solutions to
tree damage.
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