=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2608/paper19
|storemode=property
|title=Application of the universal meta-formalism to substantiate and research intelligence properties
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2608/paper19.pdf
|volume=Vol-2608
|authors=Alexander Sosnitsky,Anatoly Shevchenko
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/cmis/SosnitskyS20
}}
==Application of the universal meta-formalism to substantiate and research intelligence properties==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2608/paper19.pdf
Application of the Universal Meta-Formalism to
Substantiate and Research Intelligence Properties
Alexander V. Sosnitsky1[0000-0001-6468-9060], Anatoly I. Shevchenko2[0000-0002-0095-538X]
1
Berdyansk State Pedagogical University, Schmidta St., 4, 71110, Berdyansk, Ukraine,
sosnitsky.ukr@yandex.ua
2
Institute of AI Problems of the MES and NAS of Ukraine, Mala Zhytomyrska St., 11/54,
01001, Kyiv, Ukraine
ipai.kiev@gmail.com
Abstract. A formal scientific definition of Intelligence is a topical problem not
only of the synthesis of AI but of the world science as a whole as a product of
exclusively intellectual activity. It is due to the fundamental shortcomings of
the modern general scientific paradigm that is limited to particular dogmatic
concepts. This problem is solved by the transition to the universal general scien-
tific paradigm by increasing the level of knowledge abstraction. Achieving a
uniform initial Universal Axiom, in principle, allows you to deduce a complete
system of Universe’s concepts and get a Universal Definition and Formalism of
Intelligence from it, which are supposedly applicable to all Universe’s phenom-
ena. The paper presents the main provisions of the new approach and deduces
the initial components of the Universal Formalism of Intelligence, which fol-
lows directly from the Universal Axiom and is represented by exclusively the
highest Universe’s meta-concepts that can solve the said problem. Such Formal-
ism for the first time qualitatively allows us to formally derive and objectively
evaluate any of the innumerable properties of Intelligence, the initial of which
are given in this paper. The obtained results are pioneering in this area and have
important general scientific significance and the initial application in many
technical and humanitarian research and development.
Keywords: The Universe, Universal Theory, Intelligence, meta-definition,
meta-formalization, universalization
1 Introduction
Despite the enormous efforts, modern science cannot give a formal definition of Intel-
ligence, which delegitimizes all research in this area and science in general as a prod-
uct of exclusively intellectual activity [1].
This state has not been changed since the pioneering Dartmouth workshop in 1956,
when, for the first time, J. McCarthy admitted: “The problem is that we cannot yet
characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures we want to call intel-
ligent. We understand some of the mechanisms of intelligence and not others” [2].
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative
Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
As a result, in the 1980s, J. Searle's compromise philosophical hypothesis about the
essential unity of any Intelligence was supported, which allowed us to divide it into
two different concepts: 1) weak (private, machine) Intelligence, which performs sepa-
rate intellectual functions that can be formalized and implemented now, and 2) strong
(general, natural) Intelligence, similar to human, the formalization (understanding) of
which is postponed until future [3].
However, such a division did not eliminate, but only transferred the said uncer-
tainty to the problem of distinguishing intellectual functions in the diversity of all
actions of living beings. The McCarthy-Searle paradigm has advanced, but has not
legalized the above-mentioned works, and a person remained an informal general
scientific standard of Intelligence, according to the well-known Turing test [4].
Obviously, the problem of a scientific definition and formalization of Intelligence
is a consequence of the fundamental shortcomings of modern science and it can only
be solved by substantiated development of a general scientific paradigm [5-6].
For the first time this was done by the authors by increasing the level of knowledge
abstraction and moving from the modern system of particular Universe’s axioms (in
more general terms – dogmas), producing limited systems of concepts in the corre-
sponding fields, to the uniform initial Universe’s Axiom (Dogma, UA), producing the
entire pyramid-like system of concepts/categories of the Universe (UAP) as the uni-
form Universal (Meta-) Formalism (UF, UMF). If particular conceptual areas can
describe only simple phenomena that fit entirely into one area, then the UMF must
obligatory describe all phenomena, up to the most complicated ones, which the Uni-
verse and its Intelligence are (Fig. 1) [6-10].
The initial Universal Axiom (Dogma)
Definition Deduction of
of a concept concepts
The Universe’s UAP
categories (UAP)
Concretization
…
of a concept The Abstract
Unknown World
categories Joint induction- hierarchy
The system deduction of
The system concepts
of axioms of separated b
(dogmas) partial
knowledge
c Induction
of concepts
Known categories a
(concepts)
The phenomena of Scanning of domain
the Real World phenomena
Fig. 1. The development of the world science scheme from dogmatization to universalization
of knowledge. Directions of action: a - induction, b – deduction, c - joint induction-deduction
The UMF is a new scientific concept and its construction is problematic, however,
it is simplified by the supposed homotropy and constancy of the categories of the
Universe, allowing them to accumulate copies to form a uniform stable externally
(with the Universe) and internally (among themselves) consistent system of concepts
that is then tested in practice. Naturally, such a UMF must be only one because our
Universe has such a character, and the alternative attempts to create it must lead to a
single result.
Thus, for the first time, it was possible to build the UMF and deduce from it the
Universal (Meta-) Formalism of Intelligence (UMFI) that consistently coincides and
extends the observed properties of Intelligence as its new cognition. The UMFI be-
comes a new standard of Intelligence instead of human, allowing for a deeper formal
study of the origin, properties and classifications of the latter. Substantiation of the
deduction of Intelligence concept is the goal of this work.
2 Universal Meta-Formalism of Intelligence
2.1 Initial Ontology of Intelligence
Intelligence comes from the concept of relation, which, by all the signs of an axiom,
is accepted as the UA (Fig. 2). Thus, Universe’s entities presumably have a structural
nature and are adequately represented by exclusively multiple set-theoretic and ER-
formalisms.
Entity - Direction of Entity -
object relation subject
Relation
as an object copy in a subject
Fig. 2. The scheme of a meta-concept relation
Definition. A relation is a copy of a certain entity (object) in another entity (sub-
ject).
Definition. An entity is part of the Universe, singled out by a certain relation as a
unitary whole.
Definition. The Universe is a complete set of directly or indirectly related entities.
Consequence. The Universe and its entities have a structural nature that is ex-
tremely infinite into breadth and depth.
Consequence. The Universe is its entity.
Consequence. The Universe is a self-determined entity.
Definition. Knowledge is a copy of an entity.
Definition. Cognition is the establishment of relations with entities.
Consequence. Cognition of the Universe is the establishment of relations by its en-
tities with it as a unitary whole.
Consequence. The Universe is a mutual cognition of its entities.
An elementary combination of relations generates the initial ontology of cognition.
The advancement of an object copy generates 4 stages of cyclical cognition of a
subject: 1) on the border of a subject (information), 2) inside a subject (knowledge),
3) coordination of the copy with other knowledge of a subject (understanding) and 4)
additional cognition of an object (research) (Fig. 3).
Information Knowledge Understanding
Object Relation
Subject
Environment
Research
Fig. 3. The scheme of meta-concept cognition
Cognition of a multitude of objects gives rise to the scheme in Fig. 4.
SubUAPs Outgoing
Object 1
relations
Incoming
relations
Object 2
Subject
…
Object 3
…
Fig. 4. The scheme of mutual meta-concept cognition
Transferring a copy of an object through an intermediate subject is teaching (Fig.
5).
An object Copy 1 of an Copy 2 of an
subUAP object subUAP object subUAP
An absolute
subUAPs of
an object
Subjective
subUAPs
of an object
A direct An indirect
copy of copy of an
an object object
An object A subject 1 A subject 2
(teacher) (student)
Fig. 5. The scheme of meta-concept teaching
Virtualization of a copy of an object within a subject (virtualizer) is an excess of
the categories of an object on their copies (Fig. 6).
Virtualization (exceeding) Result of virtualization
of object copy in subject (exceeding) of an object
Virtualized
object
Virtualizer
Copy of an object
Fig. 6. The scheme of meta-concept virtualization
2.2 Abstract / Real Dichotomy of the Universe
According to Plato and Aristotle, the Universe is divided into the World of categories
(Abstract World (AW)) and the World of phenomena (Real World (RW)), which,
according to the modern understanding, have the scheme in Fig. 1. According to the
universal ideas, the AW begins in the UA and develops further into a pyramid-like
system of categories/abstracts/concepts, built into the RW in the form of Space-Time-
Matter Complex (STM-Complex), consisting of interrelated Complexes of Space,
Time and Matter, the initial properties of which are generally understood (Fig. 7).
Definition. The World is a relatively integral part of the Universe.
Definition. A category (abstract) is an entity of the AW.
Definition. A phenomenon is an entity of the RW.
Definition. A Complex is a phenomenon that is present in all the RW phenomena.
Definition. Space is a regular and invariable Complex of the RW.
Definition. Time is a regular and variable Complex of the RW.
Definition. Matter is an irregular Complex of the RW.
Definition. A thing is an invariable part of the Matter Complex.
Definition. A process is a variable part of the Matter Complex.
Invariability Variability Abstract and
its negation
The Space The Time Regularity
The Things The Processes Irregularity
The Matter
Fig. 7. The scheme of the Complexes ontology
The RW (STM-Complex) consists of interrelated phenomena with built-in catego-
ries that determine their properties. The existence of phenomena is determined solely
by its categories. Presumably the categories of phenomena do not have internal con-
tradictions. The nature of the category carriers is unknown, but it does not prevent
formalization.
Consequence. Concepts are cognition of the abstract part (categories) of phenom-
ena.
Consequence. Facts are cognition of the real part of phenomena.
Consequence. Due to indirect actions (through other categories), the categories are
poorly recognized by phenomena.
Consequence. Due to the direct action, phenomena are strongly cognized by phe-
nomena.
Hypothesis. The system of categories is the same throughout the (infinite) Uni-
verse.
Consequence. Facts determine the activated categories of phenomena.
Consequence. Knowledge is the concepts of facts and categories of phenomena.
Definition. A formula (formalism) is the system of categories / concepts of an en-
tity.
Definition. An axiom (definition) is initial formula of an entity.
Definition. SubUAP is an abstract part of an entity.
2.3 Universal Harmonic Classification of Phenomena
Phenomena 1) exist in an STM-Complex and 2) are divided into 3 non-empty groups
of relations: internal, external and intermediate among them (Fig. 8). Additionally,
these relations are divided into the Past, Present and Future (Fig. 9).
Special states of internal relations development give rise to the universal harmonic
classification of phenomena, the simplest (initial) of which is shown in Table 1.
External
relations
Internal
relations Border
relations
Fig. 8. The scheme of a phenomena harmonic structure
Object into virtual Object into virtual
Past Future
Harmony Object into real
volume of Present
object
Virtual Time Cannel
Time
Past Present Future
Virtual the Past - Present - Future Time interval
Fig. 9. The scheme of a phenomenon dividing into the
Past, Present and Future and its Virtual Time Cannel
Definition. A virtual relation is a copy of a real relation.
Class 1 (Thermodynamics) has relatively weak real intermediate relations and ex-
ists exclusively at the point of the Present, continuously moving from the Past to the
Future.
Class 2 (Mechanics / Natural selection) has real intermediate relations comparable
to internal and external ones at the point of the Present and is supplemented by virtual
relations with the Past that make up an internal structure of a phenomenon (a copy of
the Past in the Present of the phenomenon). Mechanics inherits and develops Ther-
modynamics.
Class 3 (Life / Intelligence) inherits Thermodynamics and Mechanics and is sup-
plemented by virtual relations with the Future (the forecast of a phenomenon) by pre-
dicting the development of a phenomena over a certain time interval.
Class 4 (the Highest Reason) inherits Thermodynamics, Mechanics and Life and is
supplemented by real relations along the entire axis of Time.
Thus, Classes 2-4 are directly related to Intelligence, have specific formalisms,
definitions, properties, and further are concretized into the following subclasses. Class
2 conditionally got into this group due to the importance of natural selection for living
phenomena.
Table 1. Universal harmonic classification of phenomena
Class Name Internal struc- Harmonious Harmony Characteris-
ture Resource Type tic quantity
1 Quasi-chaos No Real relations in Starting Entropy
(Thermodynamics) the Present
2 Natural selection Present + virtual relations during Passive Energy
(Mechanics) the interval in the Past
3 Life Copy of STM- + virtual relations during Active Harmony
(Intelligence) Complex the interval in the Future
4 The Highest Real STM- + real present on Highest Harmony
Reason Complex all Time axis
5 The Harmon Absolute Absolute connectedness Absolute Harmony
6 Absolute Chaos No There are no relations No No
2.4 Virtual Time Channel, Basic Dependencies and Characteristic Values of
Classes
Intelligence sequentially forms and develops a Virtual Channel in Time (VTC), which
is fundamentally different from the Shannon channel in Space [11] and provides addi-
tional internal (subjective) Time commutation of phenomena, creating a harmonious
superiority of the upper Classes over the lower Classes (Fig. 9). The VTC is a key
indication of Intelligence, in contrast to purely logical phenomena.
The VTC radically changes the interaction of phenomena (Fig. 10). Thermody-
namic phenomena almost do not interact with external relations and pass them with
small changes. Mechanical and living phenomena strongly influence external rela-
tions with an increase in the VTC and from the passive turn to active and destabilizing
ones. The Universe is completely self-determined and depends only on internal rela-
tions.
Non-interaction Output =
input
Class 1:
(ideal gas) Input Phenomena
Internal action Result
External action action
Classes 2-4:
Phenomena
Self-definition
Class 5, the Universe:
Fig. 10. Classification of the phenomena Classes inter-
action
The VTC radically changes the characteristic quantities of phenomena from pas-
sive entropy (that tends from complex to the simplest states) and conservative energy
(that preserves phenomena) to active harmony that gathers itself back from the sim-
plest to the highest states and thereby creates complex phenomena (Fig. 11).
Class 1 Heat Cold
Class 2 Physical Invariants Physical Invariants
Class 3 Harmony Disharmony
Fig. 11. The scheme of action of characteristic quantities on
phenomena Classes
Accordingly, Class 1 destroys, Class 2 saves, and Class 3 develops phenomena
(Table 2).
The VTC and additional Time harmony correspond to the desired negative entropy
of E. Schrödinger [12].
Table 2. Characteristic Quantities of Harmonic Phenomena Classes
Class Class name Characteristic Degree of phenomena
quantity harmony
1 Quasi-chaos (Thermodynamics) Entropy Degradation
2 Natural selection (Mechanics) Energy Conservation
3 Life (Intelligence) Harmony Development
2.5 The Harmony, Meta-Law and the Harmon
Cognition is embedded in the definition of the Universe and its UA, and therefore the
highest Universe’s characteristic quantity (that is based on connectedness) is naturally
assumed. Let us call it ‘harmony’, the exact formula of which has not yet been sub-
stantiated (deduced), but it is qualitatively confirmed everywhere. The initial (Meta-)
Law of the Universe assumes its successive increase (harmonization): all entities tend
to increase their harmony.
The Meta-Law is the initial functionally complete method of harmonization that
provides all the opportunities for ubiquitous increase in the connectivity of Universe’s
entities, the particular case of which is cognition.
The limit of an entity harmonization is the state of complete connectivity (local
harmon) – a complete graph built on the components of an entity (harmony), the
added arcs of which are the chaos of an entity (Fig. 12).
Local harmon Phenomenon Phenomenon
harmony disharmony (chaos)
=
Fig. 12. The scheme of a dichotomy of a phenomenon into har-
mony (solid lines) and chaos (dotted lines) for n = 6
Definition. Harmony is connectedness of entities.
Definition. Chaos is the lack of connectedness of entities.
Consequence. Chaos is a resource of harmony of entities.
The limit of harmonization of the Universe is the state of the Harmon as the Com-
plete Infinite Oriented Graph CIOG(CIOG) = lim COGn(COGn), number of vertices n
→ ∞, whose vertices are the same graphs (Fig. 13). Harmon is a central concept of the
Universal Theory as an initial and final Universe’s entity, the study of which is be-
yond the scope of this topic [9].
Relations
Entities
Fig. 13. The scheme of the Harmon (for n = 6), n → ∞
2.6 The Universal Cognition Methodology
Harmonization begins with the cognition of phenomena, which in itself is an act of
harmonization through the access of a subject to an object and copying its real and
abstract parts. The real part activates the categories of an object, and the abstract part
selects and transfers them into the concepts of a subject. This is implemented by vari-
ous combinations of the available means of a subject at all stages of harmonization:
access, selection, copying, formation of the VTC-representation, search and imple-
mentation of the required harmonic state of an object.
Due to the direct invisibility of the AW in the RW, the biggest problem is the ab-
straction of an object, which performs a subject with logical induction (a) and deduc-
tion (b) operations (id-operations (c)) that are understood to mean generalization and
combination of selected concepts respectively (Fig. 1).
As a result, two opposing flows of inductive and deductive concepts arise in a sub-
ject, which coincide in nature and must coincide in a subject. The coinciding concepts
form a certain subjective system of concepts, and the mismatched concepts are sent
for additional cognition as initiators of new knowledge (Fig. 14).
Induction concept flow
Facts Information
Highest Object
achieved No
Inquiry
Concepts comparison
concept Yes
Accumulation
of matching
Deduction concept flow concepts
Fig. 14. The scheme of a conditioned reflex
This scheme corresponds to a conditioned reflex [13-14] and determines a typical
dichotomy of the brain into two hemispheres [15], specializing in induction and de-
duction, which fundamentally ensures complete cognition, starting with the zero cog-
nitive ability of any subject, which any Universe’s phenomenon is (Fig. 15).
Fig. 15. Typical brain dichotomy
(https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Brain)
Consequence. Knowledge is subjective.
Consequence. Knowledge is hypothetical.
Definition. A hypothesis is a statement, the falsity of which has not been proved.
Consequence. The elimination of external (with the Universe) and internal (with
themselves) contradictions of knowledge is a necessary method of cognition because
our Universe has such a character.
Definition. The truth is the Universe.
Consequence. The criterion of the truth is the value of externally and internally
consistent knowledge.
Consequence. A conditioned reflex provides unlimited knowledge of the Universe,
starting with the zero ability of cognition.
A conditioned reflex and the elimination of contradictions substantiate the deriva-
tive method of sequential concretization of concepts by introducing additional hypo-
thetical concepts with the supposedly overcome distance between the conflicting con-
cepts to achieve the target formalization, which are then verified by the subsequent
factual analysis as any consciousness does. The volume of such a system of concepts
is the main measure of the truth of the required formalism (Fig. 16).
Relations A system of a phenomenon concepts
of concepts
Overcoming
distance between
concepts Known concepts Unknown concepts
Fig. 16. The scheme of a method of sequential concretization of concepts
2.7 The Universal Meta-Definition of Intelligence
The Universe has 3 main divisions: 1) Abstract (AW, RW), 2) Time (Past, Present
and Future) and 3) Categorical (categories as limiting harmonization), which are
overcome only together under the influence of the Meta-Law through virtualization
using the above-mentioned harmonization tools that make up the initial formalism
(definition, relation) in the UMFI as an important tool of the Universe, further devel-
oped by the Highest Reason (Fig. 17).
Definition. Intelligence is a universal active joint harmonizer of the Abstract, Time
and Categorical divisions of the Universe.
UMFI ontologically includes all of the above properties and mechanisms of action,
suggesting further concretization and materialization to a variety of RW conditions.
The Universe
The Time
division
AW/RW
division
Category
division
Fig. 17. Illustration of the Universe Abstract, Time
and Categorical divisions
2.8 Concretization and Materialization of Intelligence
The UA is directly included in the definition of Intelligence, which is further speci-
fied, presumably, in all places of the Universe through an endless hierarchy of eco-
logical niches of existence (ENE) with different categorical systems up to materializa-
tion at the lowest real level of abstract hierarchy.
Accordingly, the UMFI receives numerous additional concretizations up to and in-
cluding materialization, which are consistently complicated various low-level formal-
isms up to the achievement of the status of phenomena that makes it possible to cog-
nize the entire Universe (Fig. 18).
The Universe
An ecological
niche of existence
Intelligence
Universal Мета-
Formalism of
Intelligence
Concretization of
UMFI to an ENE
Fig. 18. Intelligence concretization scheme
3 Properties of Intelligence Formalisms
3.1 Ecological niches of Intelligence existence
Each category divides the Universe and creates a new ecological niche for the exis-
tence of Intelligence, the concretization of which effectively harmonizes this division
under conditions of this niche with a harmonic advantage over the lower Classes of
phenomena in it.
Definition. The division of the Universe is any difference from the state of the
Harmon.
Thus, 1) the hierarchy of categories generates 2) the hierarchy of divisions, gener-
ating corresponding 3) hierarchies of ecological niches and further 4) the hierarchies
of formalism 5) regarding its concretization and 6) materialization of Intelligence. As
a result, a system of these hierarchies is formed, which is subsequently concretized
and complicated as they become more detailed from the UA up to the RW (Fig. 19).
Intelligence ontologically originates from the UA, but, as far as categories are con-
cerned, it arises at the level of the STM-Complex during the joint virtualization of the
triad of divisions of 1) the AW/RW, 2) the UAP categories and 3) Time, and is further
concretized up to the RW. Through meta-cognition, it is also able to virtualize the
highest divisions up to the UA and thus achieves and harmonizes all Universe’s divi-
sions, which is fundamentally important for the Universal Cosmology.
All the said hierarchies sequentially inherit and develop their properties as the
components are concretized. Intelligence formalisms develop from the UMFI to the
RW with a loose mutual intersection of formalisms in conceptual and real niches with
the obligatory inclusion of the UMFI, otherwise harmonization becomes unintellec-
tual due to a fundamental reduction in harmonization resources (Fig. 20).
Hierarchy of intellectual hierarchies The Universe
UA
Concretizations hierarchy
Materialization hierarchy
Intelligence
formalisms
Formalisms hierarchy
Divisions hierarchy
Category hierarchy
Niches hierarchy
UMFI
The Real World
Fig. 19. The scheme of hierarchy of Uni- Fig. 20. The scheme of concretization of
verse’s intellectual hierarchies IMFI
3.2 Intelligence naturalization
Each niche is 1) a (maximal) simplification of the Universe, 2) including a niche har-
monized separation and 3) a means of its harmonization 4) that also follow from the
Universe. Obviously, intelligent formalisms inherit the Universe (macrocosm) and are
its reduced copies (microcosms), which confirms the well-known philosophical hy-
pothesis [16].
All the properties of Intelligence come exclusively from the Universe as a result of
the naturalization of concepts, which explains and expands the base of mutual re-
search of the Universe’s phenomena and is part of universalization.
Naturalization obliges us to conceptually deduce any concept used from the suffi-
ciently substantiated properties of the Universe, taking into account the fact that any
knowledge is hypothetical and its truth is determined solely by the volume of the
externally and internally consistent system of concepts and is relative to this system.
Since any knowledge is incomplete and possibly contradictory, it is always ready to
develop and eliminate contradictions.
The analogy of the Universe, brain, computer and program is shown in Table 3 to
confirm naturalization.
Table 3. Mutual correspondence of the components of the Universe, brain, computer and a
program text
The Universe Brain Computer Program text
Space Neurons RAM Data area
Time Biorhythms Clock & command sequence Algorithm
Matter Neural network Data Data
Entity Connected group of neurons Variables Variables
Relation Neuron connections Data structures Data structures
Change of neu- Data change / command Data change / func-
Movement
rons/connections flows tions call
Categories Properties and rules Machine commands Language operators
Goal Desires Desired result Desired result
3.3 Universal intellectual harmonization mechanism
The UMFI projects the Meta-Law on three reduced components of an object that are
hardly visible in the RW: 1) the AW (UAP), 2) the RW (STM-Complex) and 3) the
UAP categories.
The AW is copied to the RW by means of induction / deduction according to the
scheme of a conditioned reflex. Categories are copied by means of abstraction / con-
cretization into the concepts of a subject. The STM-Complex is copied by the extreme
simplification of only relevant components to take into account the goal of harmoni-
zation.
The UMFI cyclically harmonizes an object by the following stages: 1) observing
the object over a certain time interval, 2) building a model of an object's process, 3)
predicting the development of the model over the next time interval, 4) predicting the
required harmonic state of the object taking into account the target of a subject, 5)
calculating the control action on the object, 6) returning from the subjective into real
time, 7) implementing the control action on the object, 8) comparing the predicted and
actual state of the object and 9) correction of the process model (Fig. 21).
2. Building an
object model 3. Model
development Subjective Time
Real
predicting Time
1. Observation Thinking 7. Object control 8. Comparison
of an object time implementation of the predicted
and actual
object states
6. Return from 5. Object 4. Prediction
subjective to control of an object 9. Model
Real Time calcula- goal correction
Reverse Time movement
Fig. 21. The scheme of thinking act
3.4 Classification of states of object disharmonization
As a result of the UMFI operation, the following classification of the discrepancy
(disharmonization) of the predicted and actual state of an object occurs (Table 4).
Table 4. Classification of the degree of internal disharmonization of an object
Name The degree of internal disharmonization of an object
Coincidence No difference between the prediction and the fact of object harmonization
Difference Little difference between fact and prediction for an object
Evolution The loss of goal harmonization, which can be removed by the resources of an
object-subject pair
Problem The loss of harmonization of the goal, which is hard to remove by the resources
of an object-subject pair
Contradiction Nonremovable by the resources of an object-subject pair loss of harmonization
of the goal, which can be removed by the resources of environmental means
Crisis Balance of harmonizing and disharmonizing forces of an object
Revolution Object downgrade
Disaster Destruction of the definition of an object and the cessation of the existence of
the object
3.5 Intelligence as an active converter of chaos into harmony
Class 1 reduces (clears of weak harmony), Class 2 preserves (accumulates), and Class
3 increases the harmony of the Universe under the influence of the Meta-Law and the
built-in VCT (Fig. 10-12).
Thus, Class 1 is a passive transducer of harmony into chaos, Class 2 is a preserver,
and Class 3 is an active transducer of chaos into harmony. Since these Classes inherit
the previous Classes, they can establish mutual relations.
Class 3 harmonizing ability depends on both 1) the VCT transmission capacity and
2) the state of environmental harmony, which together perform 3) various non-linear
positive / negative / oscillating harmonization of objects with a general prevalence of
the former up to self-reinforcing explosion-like transition into a limiting state of the
Harmon (anti-Big Bang), characteristic of Class 4 and important for the Universal
Cosmology (Fig. 22) [9].
Harmony
Class 4
Environment
Harmony
Class 3
Subject Object
Cognition Class 2
Control Class 1
Time
Fig. 22. The directions of phenomena harmony change of under the Classes 1-4 control
3.6 The prevalence of Intelligence in the Universe
The harmonious advantage of Class 3 over the other well-known Classes of phenom-
ena should increase the presence of the former until the complete filling of the Uni-
verse, which is not really observed today. One of the reasons may be natural invisibil-
ity or a conscious hidden character of this Class under conditions of the infinity of the
Universe in space and time, according to the hypothetical Universal Cosmology
[9,17].
3.7 Intelligence as a subjective world
Living subjects move Harmony towards their subjective goal that must coincide ex-
actly with the most harmonious state of an object. However, under conditions of al-
ways incomplete cognition, a goal is usually chosen causally approximately in this
direction, or even vice versa if harmonization is included in the goal.
Under conditions of dogmatism, the goals are chosen inside subjects (the scheme
of egoism), and under conditions of universalism – inside the society of subjects (the
scheme of collectivism), between which there arise multiple combinations with the
corresponding properties, the initial of which are given in Table 5. Thus, Intelligence
creates multiple subjective worlds that ensure its special existence in real ecological
niches.
Table 5. Classification of goals of subjects
Target class Target location Object of harmonization
Egoism Inside a subject Subject
Altruism Inside an object Object
Collectivism Inside a society Society
Centralism + reasonable condensation Society without duplication
of goals by special subjects of control
3.8 Intelligence Aggressiveness
Living Classes (3-4) both produce and consume harmony from all the Classes with
lower harmonizing ability. The social nature of Class 3 supports the interaction of
living subjects with the transition of harmony to more harmonious subjects. Then they
redirect harmony according to their goals.
Subjects contain multiple incoming/outgoing active relations and the correspond-
ing flows of harmony/disharmony, the total amount/difference of which has a posi-
tive/zero/negative resulting value. Harmony is extracted from the environment/partner
and is reciprocal for the latter, which determines the aggressiveness of subjects, which
grows with intellectualization.
Society is usually very heterogeneous and ranked according to degree of harmony
of its subjects with singling out of leading and decelerating subjects (Fig. 23). With a
significant difference in their harmony, the former exploit the latter and increase this
difference. Purely dogmatic societies are self-destructing and universalization con-
solidates society into a unitary organism.
The highest level of harmony achieved
Society of individuals
Harmony
Minor Group of
harmony leading
difference subjects
Suppressed by 1 leader Decelerating
group
Suppressed by 1-2 leaders
Significant
Fig. 23. The scheme of exploitation of decelerating,
Suppressed by 1-3 leaders less harmonious
harmony
subjects by leaders
difference Suppressed by 1-4 leaders
Suppressed by 1-5 leaders
Homogeneity and heterotrophy of Intelligence
Due to homogeneity of the AW and heterogeneity of the RW Intelligence has a sup-
posedly single UMFI in different places (heterotrophy) of the Universe under any
conditions, but in the order of successive filling of ecological niches (Fig. 24).
Homogeneity and heterotrophy generate Intelligence dichotomy on individuals and
societies. Harmonization involves a variety of extremely important consistent actions
and an individual must contain all of them (local Intelligence) in order to avoid their
self-destruction. Society is a set of interacting individuals that can exist when part of
individuals is lost.
Definition. An individual is a unitary whole Intelligence.
Definition. A society is a set of interacting individuals.
A society expands conceptual systems of individuals through the unification and
distribution of individual concepts of all the members of a society and is, therefore,
more harmonious (Fig. 25).
Formalism of
Intelligence
Environment
Homogeneity → Individuals
Heterotrophy → Society
Fig. 24. The scheme of homogene- Fig. 25. Scheme of expanding a system of
ity/heterotrophy of Intelligence concepts of society regarding individuals
3.9 Passionarity of dogmatic Intelligence
Dogmatic Intelligence irregularly cognizes and causally identifies the higher con-
cepts, the deduction from which, unexpectedly for a subject, produces new areas of
knowledge and real possibilities for harmonization that are usually poorly understood
but act strongly and change radically the activity of subjects like hit (impetus) (Fig.
26). This property is called passionarity that exercised a decisive influence on the
formation of Eurasian ethnic groups and the development of world civilization [18-
20].
Passionarity gives rise to unstable revolutionary oscillatory development of sub-
jects and is the cause of the self-emergence/disintegration of peoples, states and em-
pires for no apparent material reasons (Fig. 27).
A new UAP
cognized a
Harmony of object
Unknown
concepts b
The current level
of phenomena
cognition d c
A new
subsystem Cognized
of derived concepts Time
New real scope
Fig. 27. The scheme of ascending (a), stag-
Fig. 26. The scheme of a passionary impe- nating (b) and descending (c) oscillation or
tus annihilation (d) of passionary processes
3.10 Instability/stability of dogmatic/universal Intelligence
Cognition begins with partial low-level dogmatic knowledge (Fig. 1) that naturally
gives rise to 1) an unstable causal additional cognition with 2) a chaotic change in the
direction of development/degradation, 3) an absent position of sustainable existence
and 4) insoluble internal contradictions, 5) the only possible the method of resolving
of which is the mutual suppression of all the opponents, except one.
On the contrary, universalization stabilizes cognition and the existence of subjects
at the expense of the use of higher unifying concepts. On the one hand, it develops
dogmatization, and, on the other – it radically changes knowledge up to the opposite
one, so dogmatic and universal Intelligence can be considered different subclasses of
Intelligence (Fig. 28).
True direction of phenomenon logic True direction of phenomenon logic
A phenomenon A phenomenon
Directions of Directions of
knowledge logic knowledge logic Stages of
Stages of
knowledge knowledge
Fig. 28. The scheme of an instability of dogmatic phenomena cognition and its stabilization by
universalization
4 Conclusion
Universalization uses additional resources of cognition and, for the first time, substan-
tiates the Universal Meta-Formalism of Intelligence that allows to formally study and
explain its basic properties and classifications. This is achieved exclusively by the
transition from the particular dogmatic to the universal paradigm of cognition, reveal-
ing the highest universal meta-concepts and methods of cognition that change many
traditional dogmatic conceptions. The meta-conceptual part of this work deduces the
UMFI components, which are further concretized for different niches of materializa-
tion with the identification of important specific meta-properties that have their own
fundamental practical and theoretical significance. Due to the special structure of the
Universe, great originality and unusual nature of the topic and its content, this paper
uses structural ER-formalisms that unambiguously allow both a natural verbal inter-
pretation and set-theoretical representation up to the materialization of the obtained
formalisms. This study has great scientific prospects and its further development leads
to a full-fledged strong formalization of the living world in different environments
with the execution on modern logical machines.
This study was carried out according to the plan of AI Problems Institute of the
MES and NAS of Ukraine.
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