=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2629/3_ppt_kekkonen.pdf
|storemode=property
|title=Personalized Persuasive Holograms: Use Case Scenario – Running with Arnold
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2629/3_ppt_kekkonen.pdf
|volume=Vol-2629
|authors=Markku Kekkonen,Eunice Eno Yaa Frimponmaa Agyei,Alexander Meschtscherjakov,Harri Oinas-Kukkonen
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/persuasive/KekkonenAMO20
}}
==Personalized Persuasive Holograms: Use Case Scenario – Running with Arnold==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2629/3_ppt_kekkonen.pdf
Personalized Persuasive Holograms:
Use Case Scenario – Running with Arnold
Markku Kekkonen1, Eunice Eno Yaa Frimponmaa Agyei1,
Alexander Meschtscherjakov2 and Harri Oinas-Kukkonen1
1
University of Oulu, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Oulu Ad-
vanced Research on Service and Information Systems, 90570 Oulu, Finland
markku.kekkonen@oulu.fi, eunice.agyei@oulu.fi
and harri.oinas-kukkonen@oulu.fi
2
Center for Human-Computer Interaction, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
alexander.meschtscherjakov@sbg.ac.at
Abstract. Next generation broadband cellular networks, e.g. 5G, will enable
technological advancements. Ultra-low latency, less packet loss and high data
rates should be able to fill the requirements for disruptive technologies such as
augmented reality and ubiquitous services. One possible concept for using new
5G enabled disruptive technology in persuasion could be real-time holograms,
for instance, using social roles as models for virtual avatars that could act as per-
sonal trainers for increasing physical activity. Just imagine celebrities such as
Arnold Schwarzenegger. Running and exercising with Arnold while getting en-
couragement might be motivating for some, whereas those open to instructive
authority could pump iron with Arnold’s hologram. Through holographic simu-
lation of oneself, one could perceive the link between the cause e.g. exercising
and effect e.g. getting fit or losing weight.
Keywords: Persuasive technology, 5G, Hologram, Physical activity, Disruptive
technology, Future technologies, Personalization
1 Introduction
Information and communications technology has changed the way we think and per-
ceive the world. People all around the world can contact others over vast distances or
share their music, art, et cetera for others to enjoy or criticize. Up to four generations
of broadband cellular networks have enabled enhanced mobile services. Now the fifth
generation (5G) seeks to offer higher bandwidth, lower delays (latency) and fewer
packet losses than the previous generation(s). Therefore, one might ask, what techno-
logical advances do 5G enable in terms of designing persuasive technologies (PTs)
when compared to fourth generation (4G) for example.
Persuasive 2020, Adjunct proceedings of the 15th Int. conference on Persuasive Technology.
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
For one, a system for continuous patient monitoring of not only few individuals, but
also even thousands at the same time [1]. Moreover, the long hyped Internet-of-Things
(IoT) could finally be more than just refrigerators ordering refills of milk and cheese.
Ubiquitous 5G IoT environment could for example support active and healthy ageing
with the help of persuasive technology by true personalized medicine, even though pre-
dicting future technology can be a long shot [2]. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented
reality (AR) can instantly benefit from 5G through the bandwidth and ultra-low latency,
because both technologies already exist up to a limit; 5G can be considered serving as
enabling infrastructure also for other technological advances e.g. autonomous vehicles
[3]. According to Yu et al. [4], “to achieve realistic services for users, hologram gen-
eration and delivery is the most desirable feature of 5G technology”. While high-speed
broadband connections do exist, they are inevitably wired, thus hardly usable in real-
life environments e.g. jogging in random outside location. Thus, portable holograms
could only be enabled through cellular broadband networks, in other words 5G.
Truly ubiquitous environment with functioning real-time holograms could make cur-
rent computers, smartphones and wearable devices seem like horse carriages; legacy
technology that was surpassed by a disruptive invention called automobiles. In the wave
of the becoming next generation cellular broadband networks, we decided to create a
scenario for a branch of technological advancement that 5G could enable via future
technology: Running with Arnold.
The next chapter introduces the background regarding 5G and holograms, whereas
the chapter after that presents a persuasive technology concept. Discussion will be fol-
lowed by conclusions.
2 Background
Holograms have long been one cherished concept of science fiction, for example in
TV-series (e.g. Star Trek), movies (e.g. Star Wars) and video games (e.g. Halo Combat
Evolved). Science fiction stories portray holograms as realistic moving images com-
posed from light. Holograms should not be confused with Pepper’s ghost, a technique
to create optical illusions [5], even though the latter can seem quite realistic with mod-
ern technology; and has been applied for example in live music shows for “bringing
back” dead musicians (e.g. 2Pac Shakur) to “perform on stage” [6].
2.1 Holography
Holography is a method of photography that makes use of laser beam rather than lens
to produce images [7], while having a wide application domain including medicine [8],
arts [9], storage of data [10], security (e.g. labels of government currency, passport and
credit cards) [11].
Pepper’s ghost. Pepper’s ghost is considered a holographic projection, which is not a
true hologram. Pepper’s ghost, as a holographic projection, has been used to enhance
the sleep of cohabiting partners. Holographic candles were utilized to offer calming
notifications and ambient feedback, thus nudging the users to go to sleep at optimal
self-set times. [12]
Holographic displays. Holographic displays could be used for helping people to adopt
healthy lifestyles. For example, in a study by Ramli et al. [13], users explored and im-
itated workout sessions by following three-dimensional (3D) animations projected
through a holographic display. Nevertheless, holographic displays and holographic pro-
jection do exist, but true animated holography, in other words 3D picture or 3D video
without the need for special glasses, requires further research and future development
[14].
Holograms. Hologram, the end product of holography, can be described as “a special
type of photograph or image made with a laser in which the objects shown look solid,
as if they are real, rather than flat” [15]. Holograms can be seen with the naked eyes,
they enable telepresence, and they can enhance the interaction between human and
computers by making it more natural and real [14]; thus may have the potential to in-
fluence or persuade people. For example, del Valle and Opalach [16], as well as Chit-
taro and Zangrando [17] have addressed AR and VR in their research for changing
peoples’ behaviors. One path of research is near-eye displays that use holography for
virtual and augmented reality [18].
2.2 5G
Holograms portrayed by science fiction (e.g. Star Wars) may very well be reality in the
becoming years, for science fiction seems to function as an inspiration for inventors,
rather than as precise prediction of the future [19, 20]. In the end, it all comes down to
technology and the ultra-low latency is one of the requirements for 3D images and hol-
ograms, and 5G should support this requirement [21]. Another requirement is high data
rates, which 5G should also be able to support [22].
The rapid developments of mobile and telecommunications network seems to have
opened new affordances and opportunities for research and industry. The fifth-genera-
tion network spokespersons tend to promise high speed, high capacity, larger data
broadcasting, and bigger phone memory for audio and streaming activities.
Although the theoretical side of 5G networks is known, its true potential is yet to be
explored regarding practice. Nevertheless, the potential can already be predicted, given
that it is built on 4G, thus assumptions of its power can be made. For example, 1) the
role of 5G in solving the challenges that previous generations of mobile networks faced
e.g. the limitations of 4G such as bandwidth for cellular communication of healthcare
systems based on IoT; 2) as well as new approaches that 5G will enable. [23]
With vendors implementing 5G fixed mobile access and test networks, use case sce-
narios have been proposed; these include but are not limited to: smart pharmacy, preci-
sion medicine, personalized medicine, remote care, surgical robots, social robots, smart
packaging of medical products, artificial organs, telemedicine, wound management,
wellness and fitness [24], drones, virtual and augmented reality, and holograms [4]. 5G
and subsequent mobile networks should enable the development of media-rich mobile
applications that support telepresence and 3D holography, including large and fast data
rates.
In essence, 5G could provide opportunities for personalized healthcare delivery via
mobile, wearables and all sorts of electronic applications [25]. These could also enable
self-management of diseases caused by lifestyle choices [26] and non-behavioral fac-
tors [27]. As such, the need to integrate theories underpins human computer interaction,
behavior change and persuasion strategies into the design and development of such
health applications.
However, it should be noted that 5G might not be enough for truly multiple-view
holographic experience, which may instead require much higher data rates that would
require yet another generation of broadband cellular networks, which is actually already
on its way [28].
2.3 Holograms and Persuasion
Persuasive strategies can be embedded implicitly or explicitly into technologies as au-
thoritative or non-authoritative agents [29]. These strategies can be used to support the
user to perform tasks that lead to behavior change, interaction between the user and
technology, the credibility of the system, and communication with other users of the
technology [30]. Holograms can be used as substitutes for persuasive agents such as
instructors, friends, state of human organs, and animated characters using direct, emer-
gent, or virtual or augmented reality [31].
Persuasive effects of presence. Presence provides direct experiences, which have been
found to be more persuasive; it has an impact on the cognitive and emotional perception
of a person [32]. There is evidence that presence has an impact on attitude change [32,
33]. The extent of presence afforded by persuasive technologies affects the perceived
persuasiveness of the technology.
Virtual presence technologies (e.g. VR and AR) provide affordances of real envi-
ronment compared to text, audio, video and hence are more persuasive [32]. Social
influence, presence and persuasion are also closely connected [33]. Presence in aug-
mented and virtual reality could “take” the user into another environment, while holo-
grams could interact with the user in their real authentic environment. This unique at-
tribute should have the tendency to persuade the user.
Social actors. Computers are persuasive social actors [34], and holograms could be
seen as an analogy for computers. As such, the affordances of computers as social actors
could be leveraged for holograms, and thus holograms could persuade and influence
users. Holograms as social actors could provide social support, and model a target be-
havior, among others.
Persuasive potential of holograms. To persuade a user to adopt a healthy lifestyle e.g.,
quit smoking, lose weight, or self-manage a health issue, to name a few, there is a need
to understand the goals of the user, context dependent features, and the medium to sup-
port behavior change [30]. Holograms as social actors could support the user to commit
to changing a health behavior for example by motivating, persuading and providing
helpful information.
We suggest a few ways in which holograms could persuade users to change their
behavior given visual, interactive, engaging, and immersive appeal.
• Reduction: e.g. a hologram that provides and demonstrates simple tasks and
instructions for exercising
• Simulation: e.g. a holographic recording that demonstrates the cause and
effect before they take an action;3D hologram to display an obese reflection
of individual - resulting from poor eating habits
• Personalization: e.g. a 3D holographic personal coach
• Rehearsal: e.g. a hologram that enables users to rehearse new behaviors
• Reminder: e.g. a hologram that pops up to discourage children from going
close to cooking tools
• Social role: e.g. a hologram that support virtual (tele)presence of celebrity
or friend who provides some form of motivation or social support
• Cooperation: e.g. a hologram that collaborates with the user to perform tar-
get behavior
• Competition: e.g. a hologram that competes with the user to perform a be-
havior (as in scrabble or chess competition between a computer and a hu-
man)
To demonstrate the concept of personalized persuasive holograms, a scenario, which
we call “Running with Arnold” will be presented. In this scenario, a hologram of Arnold
Schwarzenegger is the medium for persuasion.
We present a case, in which individuals need to adopt the fitness lifestyle to manage
health condition or change health behaviors. Arnold is called into the rescue to moti-
vate, persuade, and assist the users to reach their goals. Arnold Schwarzenegger is a
recognized celebrity in the fitness industry, idol to many, and as such could play the
role of a coach, an (un)authoritative instructor, or simply support the user with praises
and/or suggestions.
With ‘running’ as one of his many talents, we present some in the hologram of Ar-
nold, which could persuade users to change behavior(s) or adopt new behavior(s).
• Instructing users to run, giving helpful information about good postures for
running, demonstrating how to run, rehearsing, etc. based on the perfor-
mance of the user.
• Providing feedback to users via praise, reward (e.g. handshake), reminding
the users about their goals, suggesting ways in which running can be im-
proved based on the performance of the user.
• Leveraging his credibility as a fit person to influence users. The hologram
could be decorated with awards that he has earned from the fitness industry,
which could be used to increase the trustworthiness and hence persuade the
users (although in the case of Arnold, most people would know his accom-
plishments anyway).
• Providing social support by competing or cooperating with the users in run-
ning tasks such as a marathon.
With social features, one could imagine that the hologram of Arnold would be instruct-
ing, competing or cooperating to perform a task with a group of people who are Ar-
nold’s fans. Arnold’s hologram could be customized, thus personalized for an individ-
ual user with or without other users regarding social features.
Personalization potential of holograms. Personalization, for example providing per-
sonalized content or services, can increase persuasive potential of systems [30]. How-
ever, the personalization context of systems may often be left weak e.g. targeting groups
not individuals, or even fake e.g. using one’s name without further personalization fea-
tures [35]. Similarly, if persuasive holograms would be produced as “bulk”, e.g. only
using the appearance and voice of a celebrity with pre-defined phrases, it should not be
counted as strong or true personalization, even if the said celebrity would be users’
idol. As regards strong personalization, in-depth user modeling, based on the actions
and reactions of the targeted user, would be required; and would likely request high
computing power [35] as well as low latency (for responses from the hologram). With
cloud computing seemingly being the trend manufacturers are moving towards, ena-
bling lightweight terminal devices with significant computation capacity, high data
rates would be needed between hologram terminal and cloud, which 5G should enable.
As users may change their behavior, similarly systems should adapt to the change to
provide true personalization [35]
3 Concept and Scenario
For the sake of concept and scenario regarding this paper, we assume that engineers
and scientists will eventually figure out all the details when it comes to functioning
real-time holographic images. Therefore, the point of this paper is not to solve the tech-
nical problems, but instead examine the possible use of a becoming potentially disrup-
tive technology as regards to persuasion: persuasive holograms.
3.1 Concept
Stepping away from traditional persuasive technology, holograms could be the next
step after computers, thus truly disruptive technology for the next generation of person-
alized persuasion via technology. For this paper, we drafted a concept of how holo-
grams could be utilized in persuasion.
Personal trainers have long been popular with people, for either instructing gym-
goers with proper exercise moves or pushing them to the limit [36]. Similarly, one can
perceive for example friends training together, whether it be jogging, guided gymnastic
exercises or lifting weights at gym. It seems that depending on their self-concordance,
the optimal mode of goal-striving, people enjoy challenges, or may need social interac-
tion to persuade them to be more active physically [37].
For example, it may be more difficult to stay at home, when you have booked an
appointment with a personal trainer to the gym or settled a competitive exercise date
e.g. tennis with a friend. Thus, the motivation for being physically active may be de-
rived from both intrinsic, e.g. enjoying challenges and extrinsic e.g. social interaction
complemented with positive feedback.
Given the possibility in technological advancements, what if one could train with
someone s/he looks up to; and could receive encouragement and positive feedback from
that person in first-hand experience. What would happen, if one could go jogging to-
gether with Arnold Schwarzenegger, the original running man? Could one be persuaded
for example to be more physically active together with holograms of other, perhaps
famous or well-known, people; or in the case of children, with one’s favorite cartoon
character? Furthermore, the interaction of the hologram should be truly personalized
by utilizing user modeling as regards to the preferences of the user to avoid personali-
zation myopia [35].
3.2 Scenario
On a bright sunny day, one is ready to go for a run, but lacks motivation. Arnold
Schwarzenegger, idol of the user, enters as a hologram and encourages the user to get
up, go out and start jogging “with him”. User can start running together with Arnold,
being personally encouraged all the way and feel good afterwards. Thus, holograms
could act as personal trainers, or in other words, the system adopts a social role and
serves as truly virtual avatar to support and motivate users [30].
If the user wants to go to the gym later on, once again, Arnold can appear there as a
hologram to instruct and encourage the user in pumping iron. Some people might ben-
efit from authoritative instruction style [29], and it is difficult to image a stricter per-
sonal trainer than seven-times Mr. Olympia.
The use of holograms for increasing physically active lifestyle could include other
styles of persuasion, as well. For example, simulation, where the user can observe the
link between cause and effect regarding exercising, could be very persuasive [30]. If
the user could see a hologram of oneself from different angles and from a certain peri-
ods of time, while having access to previous self-monitoring data regarding exercising,
one could reflect on the link between the cause (exercising) and effect (losing weight,
better physical condition, more muscles et cetera).
How about cooperation [30], if new technology could provide for example for
friends to jog together, even if they are in different continents? It would seem quite
persuasive, if you would not have to stop exercising with friends, even though they
should happen to move elsewhere. If both could see each other as real-time holograms
while jogging, it could feel like they are still running together.
As for competition [30], there would not be any reasonable obstacles for friends to
have a friendly competition regarding who runs faster, even if they are physically else-
where. Once again, hologram could fit in; or why not compete with someone famous,
maybe not Usain Bolt, but perhaps Arnold Schwarzenegger for one. Even if his holo-
gram “loses”, you would still know that he would be back for another round.
In the case of children, would it be efficient if their most favorite cartoon character
would nudge them towards positive behaviors, for example anti-bullying, instead of
authorities. Through liking [30], the hologram of SpongeBob SquarePants for one could
encourage children to take better care of their pets e.g. goldfish in a bowl.
4 Discussion
The possibilities of uses for new technological advances in persuasion could be some
of the previous presented, or none of them. Only time will tell, whether we can run with
Arnold, or not. One should not shy away from thinking or imagining uses for potential
technological breakthrough, in this case possibly enabled by next generation broadband
cellular networks. As the past has shown us, science fiction prototypes could very well
become reality in the future technology by some means or another [19].
However, regarding persuasion, models, theories and frameworks, some of the pre-
vious ones could be adapted or modified to support new disruptive technologies, but it
can be difficult or in some cases somewhat impossible. Transforming previous theories
directly into platforms e.g. IoT, AR, VR, ubiquitous environments, or holograms that
differ radically from the previous ones (e.g. computer and smartphones), may not be
the right way to deal with disruptive technologies. New inventions will surely surpass
old legacy technologies eventually; therefore, there should be a need for starting to
consider the aspects that new frameworks and theories for persuasion could end up
having.
Technological features such as reduction in the form of simple tasks and instructions,
or simulation, rehearsal et cetera are certainly not new ideas or groundbreaking aspects
as regards PT. The same could be said about virtual avatars e.g. hologram of Arnold
Schwarzenegger. The ideas about aforementioned persuasive features per se are not
new, but in the case of technological break-through, true virtual 3D real-time holograms
would be something new that should have an influence on how the research community
perceives persuasion.
While high-speed broadband connections do exist, they are inevitably wired, thus
hardly usable in real-life environments e.g. jogging in random outside location. Thus,
portable holograms could only be enabled through cellular broadband networks, in
other words 5G.
As regards virtual environments, immersion can be considered as a belief that one is
present in the virtual word, and presence (being in the virtual world) is consequence of
immersion [38]. As regards holograms, it could be considered that holograms could
turn the initial setting the other way around; virtual world being present in the real one,
which could make holograms unique as truly immersive experience when compared to
other persuasive technological solutions e.g. mobile or web apps, 3D virtual glasses et
cetera. Thus, holograms could most certainly be an example of disruptive technology
that could change how we perceive persuasion in the future – bringing the virtual world
into the real one. As for the concept and user scenario we have presented, it could up
to some point tried out with the technologies we have now. However, would a
smartphone’s screen with an image of Arnold Schwarzenegger or clumsy VR equip-
ment be as immersive and present, as a moving hologram of him present in real-world
environment?
How then, could we consider persuasion with the help of new technology, if we still
lack the actual functioning technology? We may start by looking up what becoming
technologies may enable, as well as how that technology has been presented in previous
mediums, for example science fiction. Fiction may have been something that has
brought us from near-river campfires into cozy modern houses with indoor fireplaces
and running water, because the power of human imagination may very well forge the
reality: with courage to dream that the world could be a better place; we ourselves may
be persuaded to work towards that goal.
5 Conclusions and Future Work
The aim of this paper is not advertisement or marketing new cool and hype technolo-
gies, quite the opposite. What we were trying to do was taking into account the emer-
gence of 5G, what it could enable in the future and through a concept scenario show
what one direction of the future for persuasive technology could be.
Predicting future is more like threading on thin ice in the middle of a frozen lake
while hoping of not getting one’s feet wet, than paving the road into a set location.
While it may be true that predicting the future is uncertain at its best, science fiction for
example has inspired inventors in the past to change the future. Without the courage to
dream, the future could end up being more like a dystopia, rather than a utopia.
The things we have presented in this paper are derived from sources that have been
applied for technology that exists today, but still could be “transformed” to apply into
potential new disruptive technologies. Thus, our findings, concept and scenario could
be seen as stepping stones for considering what the future of PTs could be like. Fur-
thermore, without anyone trying to imagine what the future could be like and without
others inventing those disruptive technologies, our present time could have ended up
being dull, but at least our legacy technologies such as horse carriages would be superb.
With currently ongoing advancement of information technologies because of next
generation broadband cellular networks, the future world could seem like one from sci-
ence fiction novel for the people of present age. Similarly, as the present age would
seem for someone from the beginning of the new millennia.
Therefore, the contribution of this paper is to open the minds and thoughts of the
research community to research possibilities for disruptive technologies and imagining
what the future could be like. We propose that as soon as suitable technology is avail-
able, a working prototype should be built. We would be more than willing to participate
in the process and research effort and we would want to invite other researchers to join
in this endeavor.
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank our colleagues at Oulu Advanced Research on Service and Infor-
mation Systems (University of Oulu) and at Center for Human-Computer Interaction
(University of Salzburg).
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