We propose a research direction into the role of the peak-end rule to engage people into Augmented Play Spaces (APS). The peak(s) and ending of an experience are defining moments for how an experience is remembered afterwards. An important factor contributing to the likelihood of engagement in an APS is a positive previous experience (with the same or a similar system). Augmented Play Spaces (APS), especially (spatial) exertion interfaces and interactive projection mapping installations, have the potential to facilitate social interaction and physical activity. Both are important health goals in current society [9]. Although such systems show promising effects in a lab setting (where participation can be considered obvious), people's engagement depends on many factors. In order to achieve the positive effects of APS, it is important to gain insight in how to persuade people to engage with them.
Within an event, two factors determine someone’s recalled experience [4]; the affective experience of its peak moments as well as its end, this is known as the ‘peak-end’ rule (Figure 1) [4,5,13]. 2 The peak-end rule has previously been studied in the context of physical pain [8,10], film clips [8], noise [11], material goods [3], physical exercise [6] and leisure [1].
Within HCI, researchers have shown that the peak-end rule affects interactive experiences in casual screen based games [5] and interaction sequences [2]. 3
Conclusion & Further Work When designing APS, much attention is paid to attracting people to an interface and the usability and user experience during interaction. Although research shows a difference between the experience during an event and looking back afterwards (aka. 'the experiencing self' versus 'the remembering self' [7]).
The peak(s) and ending of an experience are defining moments for how an experience is remembered afterwards. And therefore, an important factor in whether someone wants to experience the same or a similar experience again (Figure 2). This is however seldom looked at in HCI research. Our ongoing work focuses on researching the (design) factors that contribute to engagement with and user experience of APS, within which the peak-end rule could be an important factor. We aim to gain more insight into this through observations and multivariate testing of existing APS and (pilot) prototypes.
Acknowledgements This PhD research is funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO) doctoral grant for teachers (023.013.062) and supervised by Prof. dr. ir. Fons Verbeek (Leiden Institute for Advanced Computer Science, Universiteit Leiden, the Netherlands), dr. Sanne de Vries (Research Group Healthy Lifestyle in a Supporting Environment, the Hague University of Applied Sciences, the Netherlands) and dr. ir. Joost Broekens (Leiden Institute for Advanced Computer Science, Universiteit Leiden, the Netherlands). 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Chien-Chung Chen and Yu-Sung Liao. 2019. From satisfaction to satiation: the gradation model of satiation in casual leisure. Annals of Leisure Research 22, 2: 233– 246.
Andy Cockburn, Philip Quinn, and Carl Gutwin. 2015. Examining the peak-end effects of subjective experience. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings, Association for Computing Machinery, 357–366.
Amy M. Do, Alexander V. Rupert, and George Wolford. 2008. Evaluations of pleasurable experiences: The peak-end rule. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 15, 1: 96–98.
Barbara L Fredrickson. 2010. Extracting meaning from past affective experiences: The importance of peaks, ends, and specific emotions Extracting meaning from past affective experiences: The importance of peaks, ends, and speci® c emotions. . Carl Gutwin, Christianne Rooke, Andy Cockburn, Regan L. Mandryk, and Benjamin Lafreniere. 2016. Peak-end effects on player experience in casual games. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, Association for Computing Machinery, 5608–5619.
Elaine A. Hargreaves and Kate Stych. 2013. Exploring the peak and end rule of past affective episodes within the exercise context. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 14, 2: 169–178.
D Kahneman. Thinking, Fast and Slow. .
Daniel Kahneman, Barbara L. Fredrickson, Charles A. Schreiber, and Donald A. Redelmeier. 1993. When More Pain Is Preferred to Less: Adding a Better End. Psychological Science 4, 6: 401–405.
Danića Mast. 2019. Social interaction in spatial augmented exertion interfaces. CHI PLAY 2019 - Extended Abstracts of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, 29–34.
DA Redelmeier, D Kahneman - Pain, and undefined 1996. Patients’ memories of painful medical treatments: Real-time and retrospective evaluations of two minimally invasive procedures. Elsevier.
Charles A. Schreiber and Daniel Kahneman. 2000. Determinants of the remembered utility of aversive sounds. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 129, 1: 27–42.
Colin Shaw, Qaalfa Dibeehi, Steven Walden, Colin Shaw, Qaalfa Dibeehi, and Steven