=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2647/paper3
|storemode=property
|title=Design and Deployment of a Low-Cost Communication Solution in Rural Areas: Case of the Central Region in Mali
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2647/paper3.pdf
|volume=Vol-2647
|authors=Adama Nantoume,Bessan Melckior Degboe,Boudal Niang,Ahmed Dooguy Kora,Samuel Ouya
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/irehi/NantoumeDNKO19
}}
==Design and Deployment of a Low-Cost Communication Solution in Rural Areas: Case of the Central Region in Mali==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2647/paper3.pdf
Design and deployment of a low-cost communication
solution in rural areas: case of the Central Region in Mali
Adama NANTOUME1, Bessan Melckior DEGBOE2, Boudal NIANG1, Ahmed
Dooguy KORA1, Samuel OUYA2
1 Multinational High School of Telecommunications, Dakar, Senegal
[adama.nantoume, boudal.niang, ahmed.kora]@esmt.sn
2 Laboratory LIRT/ESP/UCAD, Dakar, Senegal
bessanmelckior.degboe@ucad.edu.sn, samuel.ouya@gmail.com
Abstract. Nowadays the central region of Mali is in a total insecurity. Malian
army is not able to protect local population. The uses of Telecoms and IT tech-
nology can change the daily life of these populations. Each village is not able to
prevent threat alone. Neighboring villages can together resist the attacks of bad
guys. Because of barriers such as cost and skills/knowledge in ICT, operator’s
mobile technologies are not adapted for these populations. The most of villages
are connected to operator’s network. The average rate of mobile device equip-
ment is correct. Our study focuses on the provision of low-cost telecommunica-
tions services from access points running on OpenWrt. OpenWrt’s ability to
transform access points into Linux mini machines is used among other things to
integrate IP telephony and VPN services. Thanks to the judicious choice of
OpenVPN mode of operation we propose in this article to extend the functional-
ities of the Zeroconf protocol beyond a local network. This solution enables the
reduction of communication costs and access to network services without con-
figuration. Using a Wi-Fi extension of the operators' GSM networks in each
village and low-cost devices we propose a solution for increasing security alerts
between neighboring villages, developing the efficiency of the farmer’s activi-
ties and optimizing the distribution of resource.
Keywords: security, low-cost, OpenWrt, VoIP, OpenVPN, Zeroconf, Wi-Fi.
1 Introduction
Communication and information technologies play a major role in all areas of peo-
ple’s social life. It is no longer necessary to demonstrate the influence of these tech-
nologies in facilitating the everyday life of peoples. But in order to be effective and
efficient, it is important to equip each people with the means of communication
adapted to their income and skills/knowledge, that is to say to their needs. The regions
in central Mali, including the Dogon country, are today characterized by an unprece-
dented security crisis. The country’s security forces, particularly the Malian army, are
no longer able to guarantee the security of the villages located in this region. The
villages taken separately are not able to retaliate and repel the aggressors. A system of
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). IREHI-2019: International Conference on rural and elderly
health Informatics, Dakar, Sénégal, December 04-06, 2019
2
alerting and calling for help from neighboring villages in the event of a threat can
save lives. Many of these villages are connected to the network of telecommunica-
tions operators. The area’s mobile phone penetration rate is also relatively high. The
major feature in this area is that the majority of the population in this area has very
low income and skills/knowledge in ICT. The traditional means of communication
available to these populations are not effective in the event of a threat. Lack of com-
munication credit is one of the biggest problems faced by these populations. To effec-
tively meet the needs of the population, the proposed solution must be very low cost
and easy to use. We have opted for Wi-Fi access point with OpenWrt firmware and
Zero configuration networking (Zeroconf) solutions. The solution proposed in our
study is not only satisfy the primary communication needs but also allow each
adapted terminal holder by simple action on a reduced combination of keys to alert a
set of predefined structures in the short term. In the long term, this solution will be an
integrated communication system that would facilitate the daily life of the population.
This is the reason why we propose a solution that facilitate issue threat alerts between
neighboring villages, increase the productivity of farmer and make better food distri-
bution among populations.
The proposed system is based on the extension of operator networks in each village
through Wi-Fi access points.
The easiness of its implementation and the low-cost device make the efficiency of this
solution. It is beneficial for populations by giving a better access to the communica-
tion resources for daily life and security. The system can offer the following services:
• Secure voice, video and data calls;
• Caller geolocation.
The rest of this work is organized as follow:
Section II talks about the state of art;
Section III describes the proposed architecture;
Section IV presents the results;
Section V concludes the paper.
2 State of art
2.1 Security problems in the central area of Mali
Since the 1960s, the Republic of Mali has faced a series of multi-dimensional secu-
rity crisis. Since 2012, linked to the fall of the Libyan regime, the crisis has reached
an unprecedented level. Despite the intervention of the UN, African and French forc-
es, the crisis is only getting worse. Today no region is really safe in the whole coun-
try. Mainly the north and the center of the country are today in total insecurity as
shown in the Fig.1. below [1].
3
Fig. 1. Security situation of Mali
Very deadly attacks were committed on the civilian population in this central area,
particularly in the “Dogon country”. These attacks involve terrorist groups and com-
munity militias. This renewed tension has created an inter-communal crisis in this part
of Mali.
The lack of adequate means of communication and skills/knowledge in ICT of the
population does not allow the affected populations to launch SOS in real time. As is
shown below, the provision of suitable communications tools would have facilitated
the call for help and thus limited the killings.
2.2 Problems with device usage: Difficulties of configuration of devices
The skills/knowledge in ICT of the population in this area is relatively low. With
several successive years of crisis, the population is dropping out of school.
Mobile and smartphone penetration increases in the sub-region is 35% and increases
by 5% per year for Mali [2]. The evolution of operators' networks makes it possible to
4
offer innovative services. The switch from 2G to 3G or from 3G to 4G in some locali-
ties has made it possible to generalize VoIP. The use of VoIP applications such as
WhatsApp, Viber, etc. by young people revolutionized the rural world. For the con-
figuration, many use the services of other insiders in their localities, or very often in
the cities. The maneuverability of the mobile terminals becomes an additional diffi-
cult for rural users.
2.3 Overview interconnection and coverage technologies
Several solutions were developed around the world. The main systems are:
The GSM solution. An effective way to connect rural areas is the commissioning of
new BTS sites at the level of the villages still not covered and thus connected to the
network. A wide range of GSM modems make it easy to access the GSM networks of
wireless operators in one or more Wi-Fi access points, depending on the size of the
village.
Long Range Wi-Fi. Long-range Wi-Fi is an improvement in the transmission charac-
teristics of the IEEE 802.11 specifications. Long-range Wi-Fi is used for low-cost,
unregulated point-to-point computer network connections, as an alternative to other
fixed wireless, cellular networks or satellite Internet access.
Long range Wi-Fi has been used in the developing world to link communities separat-
ed by difficult geography with few or no other connectivity options. Some benefits of
using long-range Wi-Fi for these applications include:
• unlicensed spectrum ;
• smaller, simpler, cheaper antennas ;
• availability of proven free software like OpenWrt;
This solution can be used especially at villages where coverage of operator networks
is not ensured. Operators deploy their network only in profitable areas. This solution
will solve the problem of access in villages not exceeding a certain distance.
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). WiMAX is an
IEEE standard 802.16x. WiMAX is a technology standard for long-range wireless
networking for both mobile and fixed connections. While WiMAX was once envi-
sioned to be a leading form of internet communication as an alternative to cable and
DSL, its adoption has been limited primarily owing to its much higher cost compared
to Wi-Fi. This technology allows digital data transmission over different high-
frequency bands ranging from 2 to 11 GHz. Its main feature is that it supports high-
speed data over very long distances, ranging from 10 to 50 kilometers, depending on
the obstacles. The ability of WiMAX technology to prioritize the use of available
5
bandwidth between different Internet users can be of great use in multiple circum-
stances.
Microwave solution. A Hertzien beam is a signal transmission system whose func-
tion is to connect two distant points geographically. This communication passes
through radio waves with carrier frequencies ranging from 1 to 40 Ghz. Directional
antennas allow the signal to be concentrated to facilitate good reception. New genera-
tion of this type of wave is no longer sensitive to precipitation and fog. FH can be
seen as an alternative to FO to provide a high-speed link. It is an easy to install and
suitable solution for rough areas. It is possible to connect different villages by micro-
wave transmission system. It requires high towers and line-of-sight antennas. It’s not
very suitable in many communities.
Vsat solution. Very Small Aperture Terminal (Vsat) is a satellite communication
technique. It uses a parabolic antenna of relatively small diameter (1 to 3 meters) and
requires little ground resources. Vsat can therefore be useful for connecting a small
site to communication networks, whether for telephony or for the Internet. This solu-
tion relies on the ability of satellites to cover all areas, including the most remote
areas. This solution is well suited in very rugged and distant from one another areas.
TV White Space (TV WS) solution. TV White Space refers to the unused TV chan-
nels between the active ones in the VHF and UHF spectrum. It has since been re-
searched and proven that this unused spectrum can be used to provide broadband
Internet access while operating harmoniously with surrounding TV channels. White
Space broadband can travel up to 10 kilometers, through vegetation, buildings, and
other obstacles. Tablets, phones, and computers can all access this wireless internet
using White Space through fixed or portable power stations. The actual amounts of
spectrum vary by region, but White Space spectrum ranges from 470 MHz to 790
Mhz. Portable devices are not yet available, but fixed devices offer internet services in
rural areas for businesses, residences, and institutions. Google and Microsoft have
invested in TV WS technology in developing countries. Microsoft's 4Afrika initiative
is focusing on White Space technology throughout the continent, hoping to bring
millions of people online, and has projects in place in Tanzania and South Africa. TV
WS will be a good perspective for future broadband access technologies in develop-
ing countries, [3, 4].
All these solutions can be used depending on the characteristics of local area. Our
previous work focuses on long-range Wi-Fi technology for remote site interconnec-
tion technology. Local coverage will be based on Wi-Fi technology, saving us from
interworking.
6
2.4 Embedded systems: OpenWrt and Asterisk
OpenWrt is a Linux operating system for embedded devices supporting many access
points. It allows transform access points into a mini Linux machine, which has many
advantages over the original firmware. With more than 3,000 standardized application
packages, OpenWrt is not limited to applications provided by the access point’s man-
ufacturer by default. Applications available for installation include Asterisk IP Voice
Platforms. OpenWrt is used in the research world and its reliability has been proven
through several major communication projects in remote areas in England [5], in
South Africa [6], etc. The use of OpenWrt coupled with the IP telephony services it
implements allows for a low-cost communication solution with low energy consump-
tion [7]. With the sharp drop in solar panel prices and the average monthly sunshine
from 284,7 to 322,0 hours in Mali [8], the energy problem is becoming less and less
crucial.
2.5 Zeroconf and compatible devices
Zero-configuration networking (Zeroconf), IETF project, is the generic name of a set
of protocols to automatically create an IP network that can be used without any par-
ticular configuration. Zeroconf is now one of the most widely used technologies for
the discovery of services in local networks without prerequisite configuration. Zero-
conf is more and more installed on different operating systems and implemented in
many network equipment and devices such as smartphones, printers, etc. This allows
inexperienced users to connect to a network and expect it to be automatically func-
tional [9].
Multicast DNS (mDSN) and DNS Service Discovery (DSN-SD) are the protocols
used by Zeroconf.
DNS Service Discovery is a way of using standard DNS programming interfaces,
servers, and packet formats to browse the network for services.
Multicast DNS (mDSN) is a way of using familiar DNS programming interfaces,
packet formats and operating semantics, in a small network where no conventional
DNS server has been installed [10,11]. These two services are complementary.
The two main Zeroconf implementations are presented below.
Apple Bonjour. Bonjour, also known as Zero -configuration networking, enables
automatic discovery of computers, devices, and services on IP networks. Bonjour
from Apple uses mDNS and DNS Service Discovery.
Avahi. Avahi implements the Apple Zeroconf specification, mDNS, DNS-SD and
RFC 3927. Avahi had already become the de facto standard implementation of
mDNS/DNS-SD on free-software operating systems such as Linux.
Zeroconf works only on local network by default.
7
2.6 VPN Level II: OpenVPN for android and Zeroconf
VPN is a secure tunnel allowing communication between two or more entities
through insecure networks. Level 2 VPN encapsulate data in frames that will be con-
veyed in the point-to-point communication tunnel. Connected to two different local
networks, this VPN, running in bridge mode, allows customers to behave as belong-
ing to the same local network. It’s necessary to create virtual interface named bridge
interface in the VPN server. The configuration in this case requires creating a virtual
interface called bridge interface on the VPN server. The physical network interface of
the server and the interface created on the VPN server must be connected. In this
mode, VPN clients and local network machines exchange Zeroconf messages. In our
proposal, we use the OpenVPN server which not only supports bridge mode, but also
offers clients on Android. The OpenVPN Connect client supported by all Android and
IoS devices allows geographically dispersed users to connect to the server and every-
thing happens as if they are in the same local network. The choice of this particular
type of VPN allows extending the functionalities of the Zeroconf protocol, initially
intended to work only in a local network.
Users in rural areas who are not in the same geographical area and do not have good
ICT skills/knowledge will benefit from the ease of use of the Zeroconf protocol
through applications such as Wi-Fi Walkie-Talkie or Blink. Several studies have
shown that the ease of use of a technology has a positive influence on its adoption by
users [12, 13].
3 Proposed architectures
The experimental area consists of four villages around the main city of Bandiagara.
Only the village of Douro does not have good coverage in the case of our study. We
present the main coverage extension techniques for villages that have partial network
coverage or do not have access to operator networks. Once network access is guaran-
teed, Zeroconf solutions allow everyone to access all services offered thanks to the
widespread use of Wi-Fi and Internet in all villages.
3.1 Wireless Coverage Extension Techniques for Operator Networks
None of these technologies alone is able to provide optimal interconnection and cov-
erage of the study area. We propose the different options according to the geograph-
ical situation of the village.
Villages with network coverage. Depending on the size of the village, we install
Mobile Wi-Fi Hotspot dual SIM modems for security measures. Several ranges of
access points are available and for all exchanges at Ubiquiti, Netgear, Huawei,
Linksys, Dlink or TP-Link. Fig. 2 below shows the configuration of the networks of
the villages covered by GSM.
8
Fig. 2. Coverage of villages with GSM coverage
Villages without GSM coverage in the sparsely hilly area. The coverage of the
villages in the sparsely hilly area will be through Long Range Wi-Fi. The figure be-
low shows the architecture of the network of villages not covered but very sparsely
rugged. The LAN interface of our access point is connected to the LAN interface of
the long-range Wi-Fi. At the remote site, the LAN interface is also connected to the
LAN interface of the access point.
Fig. 3. Coverage of villages in sparsely rugged areas
Villages without GSM coverage in rugged areas. In the Dogon Plateau, the sudden
changes in terrain mean that the coverage requires means of transmission that guaran-
tee a total coverage. This is the case for Vsat coverage and to some extent WiMAX.
9
One of these two technologies will be used to ensure good radio coverage along the
cliffs.
The choice of radio signal transport technology in villages is made on the basis of
geographical location. In all cases, the end user connects to the network via Wi-Fi.
Once the coverage of the different villages is assured, the second step is to configure
all network equipment.
3.2 Installation of embedded systems: OpenWrt & Asterisk
We choose OpenWrt compatible Wi-Fi access points and install embedded systems
OpenWrt and asterisk as shown below.
For the proper functioning of the system, we use access points with the following
characteristics:
• At least 8 Mb of flash memory;
• 64 Mb of RAM.
OpenWrt installation. We downloaded the compatible version of OpenWrt with our
access point and installed it via the access point administration interface. Once
OpenWrt installation is complete, we process installation of asterisk. After that All
WI-FI access points are ready to receive applications based on OpenVPN and VoIP.
Below are shown screens of complete installation of OpenWrt (Fig. 4.) and asterisk
(Fig. 5.).
Fig. 4. OpenWrt complete installation screen
10
Asterisk installation.
Fig. 5. Asterisk complete installation screen
Create interconnection Asterisk GoIP. To make users be able to communicate with
operators customers, it’s necessary to create trunk between Asterisk and GoIP. GoIP
consists of VoIP GSM gateways and SIM-banks for IP-telephony. The equipment is
designed for the direct connection and a VoIP voice traffic transmission via the GSM
network. In each Wi-Fi access point after loading asterisk, create in sip.conf user’s
account.
Fig. 6. User’s account creation
Trunk’s account creation. Trunk must be created at the access point and GOIP lev-
els. Below is shown the procedure for creating trunk from the router to GOIP and vice
versa: Fig. 6. at access point and Fig. 7 at GOIP levels.
Fig. 7. Trunk’s account creation to GOIP
11
Fig. 8. Trunk’s account creation to modem router
Internal and to GoIP numbering plan definition. The definition of the numbering
plan must be at the router and GOIP levels. Below is shown configuration of number-
ing plan for calls that will be done in each router: Fig. 9. at modem router and Fig. 10.
at GoIP levels.
Fig. 9. Numbering plan at access point level
12
Fig. 10. Numbering plan at GOIP level
4 Results
After implementation of our solution, we did different use cases. Test results
demonstrate that the proposed configuration meets the need of population. We present
some of our study’s results.
4.1 Use case 1: Walkie Talkie over OpenVPN
Fig. 11. Shows screen of two Android mobile phones in different villages using Walk-
ie Talkie application to communicate. Thanks to Zeroconf and OpenVPN LAN solu-
tion is available for WAN [14].
Fig. 11. Walkie Talkie communication over OpenVPN
13
4.2 Use case 2: call between two users located in different villages
Using Blink an user from Songo village calls another one from Doucombo. They
discover each other on the network and use call service without any configuration.
This call is available thanks to our judicious choice of OpenVPN bridge mode.
Fig. 12. Call using Blink without configuration
4.3 Use Case 3: File transfer
This case allows transfer image from one village to another. By click on the name of
village you can send file or image from one village to another.
Fig. 13. Image sended by Doucombo to Songo
14
By clicking on Accept, Songo receives image as shown in Fig.14.
Fig. 14. Image received by Songo from Doucombo
4.4 Use case 4: Call using softphone
In this use case, one user calls from softphone device to mobile phone via operator’s
network. Communication is made via GoIP located in any place thanks to OpenVPN.
15
Fig. 15. Call from Softphone to operator’s user
5 Conclusion
After a detailed study of desert techniques in less favored areas, we propose a low
cost solution. This solution is based on Long Range Wi-Fi technologies for the
transport of signal between villages. The last mile is built only on Wi-Fi technologie.
All access points works with embedded software OpenWrt, Asterisk and OpenVPN.
This allows easy maintenance of guarantees low consumption.
Use Walkie Talkie application is very useful for low ICT Skills/Knowledge popu-
lation of rural area. This application allows call alerts in case of threat by simple
clicking on a touch. Thanks to OpenVPN user located in any network can benefit all
available services.
At any time or moment user can initiate or receive calls to or from any operator’s
network thanks to a GSM gateway and OpenVPN.
If, at first, priority is given to voice and video communication, other applications
will be developed very quickly to improve the living conditions of the populations in
these areas.
Prioritization of applications and users in saturation situations remains our next ob-
jective. These objectives will enable us to size the network in order to guarantee end-
to-end quality of service in line with standards. No less important factor is the aware-
ness of vulnerable populations who need reliable means of communication.
References
1. Security situation of Mali https://ml.ambafrance.org/Consignes-de-securite.
2. L’économie mobile/ L’Afrique de l’Ouest 2018 [Online]. Available:
https://www.gsmaintelligence.com/research/?file=dd7760bf439236e808ea61ee986845eb&
download
16
3. CEPT. ECC Report 236. Guidance for national implementation of a regulatory framework
for TV WSD using geo-location databases. Approved May 2015. [Online]. Available :
https://www.ecodocdb.dk/download/596d2d5c-1918/ECCREP236.PDF
4. White Space, the next internet disruption: 10 things to know [Online] available
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/white-space-the-next-internet-disruption-10-things-
to-know/
5. Ishmael, J., Bury, S., Pezaros, D. and Race, N.J.P, "Deploying rural community wireless
mesh networks." Internet Computing, IEEE 12.4 (2008): 22-29.
6. David Lloyd Johnson, Kobus Roux: Building rural wireless networks: lessons learnt and
future directions. Wireless Networks and Systems for Developing Regions 2008: 17-22
7. Asriadi, I. Pratomo, A. Affandi and D. S. Rahardjo, "OpenVoice: Low-cost mobile wire-
less communication project for rural area based on OpenWRT," 2015 International Semi-
nar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA), Surabaya, 2015, pp. 391-396.
8. Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques P.9 [Onlive]
available https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mli01f.pdf , Jun 2019.
9. Lee, W., Schulzrinne, H., Kellerer, W., and Despotovic, Z., "z2z: Discovering Zeroconf
Services Beyond Local Link," 2007 IEEE Globecom Workshops, Washington, DC, 2007,
pp. 1-7.
10. Cheshire, S., and Krochmal, M., "DNS-Based Service Discovery", RFC 6763, DOI
10.17487/RFC6763, February 2013, .
11. Cotton, M., Vegoda, L., and . Meyer, D., "IANA Guidelines for IPv4 Multicast Address
Assignments", BCP 51, RFC 5771, DOI 10.17487/RFC5771, March 2010,
.
12. Lee, W., Schulzrinne, H., Kellerer, W., and Despotovic, Z., "z2z: Discovering Zeroconf
Services Beyond Local Link," 2007 IEEE Globecom Workshops, Washington, DC, 2007,
pp. 1-7.
13. Cheshire, S., and Krochmal, M., "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762, DOI 10.17487/RFC6762,
February 2013, .
14. Android WiFi Walkie-Talkie, [Online]. Available: https://github.com/js-labs/WalkieTalkie