=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2667/paper48
|storemode=property
|title=Structural-parametric modeling in human healthy nutrition system
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2667/paper48.pdf
|volume=Vol-2667
|authors=Marina Nikitina
}}
==Structural-parametric modeling in human healthy nutrition system ==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2667/paper48.pdf
Structural-Parametric Modeling in Human Healthy
Nutrition System
Marina Nikitina
Center of Economic and Analytical Reserch and Information Technologies
V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food System of RAS
Moscow, Russia
nikitinama@yandex.ru
ORCID 0000–0002–8313–4105
Abstract—The article presents a fragment of the on all biochemical and physiological processes in the human
generalized structural and parametric model of adequate body. It is this fundamental influence that underlies any diet
nutrition of a healthy person, describing in a matrix form a therapy – therapeutic nutrition – for the treatment and
priori known data and knowledge about characteristics of a prevention of various diseases. When recommending a diet, a
person's condition and their relationship with environmental nutritionist should use not only biochemistry data (protein,
factors and dietary and nutritional parameters. The algorithm carbohydrate and lipid statuses, immune indicators,
of identification of an abnormal condition of a person and biochemical blood analysis), physiology (weight deficit,
search for the root cause of deviation from norm is shown. To activity and injury factors), nutrition hygiene (volume,
assess the adequacy of diet options in the information
weight, consistency and temperature of food), but also take
technology of its structural optimization, it is proposed to use a
quality functional reflecting the weighted average total
into account individual parameters (age, anthropometric
deviation of actual values of the chemical composition data).
parameters from FAO/WHO norms. The use of information The mathematical apparatus is widely used in the
technologies implemented by multicriteria optimization and analysis of nutrition problems [3 - 9], principles of food
mathematical programming methods will make it possible to combinatorics in the design of combined food products [10,
adjust and optimize diets according to various quadratic 11]. To solve the issue of adequate nutrition, corresponding
criteria of minimum deviation from the reference structure of
to the needs and capabilities of the human body and balanced
a variety of indicators of nutritional, biological and/or energy
in all indicators of nutritional and biological values it is
value. The resulting set of alternative dietary options shall be
structured to establish an optimal diet of a given quality,
necessary to process large data sets.
composition and properties, taking into account biomedical Actual and reliable information on the chemical
requirements addressing parameters of a certain group of composition of food products and dishes should be stored in
people, structural relationships and limitations at the databases. The structure of a database should provide for the
component, elemental and monostructural levels. division into clusters, for example, “Porridge”, “Soups”,
“Vegetables”, etc. Clusters are necessary for the subsequent
Keywords—structural-parametric model, adequate diet,
distribution of food and dishes included in the diet into
functional, partitioned matrix, identification algorithm,
multicriteria optimization, criteria, healthy nutrition, database,
individual meals according to the time. Along with this, it is
information technologies necessary to take into account the division into clusters
according to different characteristics, for example,
I. INTRODUCTION allergenicity (does the product contain an allergic
component), etc.
According to the World Health Organization [1], adult
overweight and obesity rates are increasing in almost all This article presents the methodology of construction of
countries and regions; in 2016, 1.3 billion people were the structural and parametric model of adequate nutrition,
overweight, of whom 650 million (13% of the world reflecting the variety of existing known and unknown links
population) were obese. Obesity is a serious risk factor for between the factors of a person's health condition and
diabetes; cardiovascular diseases (mainly heart disease and characteristics of his/her diet; development of information
apoplectic attack); musculoskeletal disorders (especially technologies in the system of healthy adequate nutrition for
osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease with severe defined groups of people taking into account the metabolism
disabilities); and certain forms of cancer (including of nutrients (ethnic affiliation, cultural preferences, health
endometrium, breast, ovary, prostate, liver, gallbladder, status, lifestyle, and clinical factors) of the available
kidney and colon cancer). traditional products for the region. Creation (selection) of an
individual (personal) diet and dietary regime is carried out on
According to a WHO report [2], increased attention must
the basis of models and methods of multicriteria structural
be paid to ensuring optimal diet at every stage of human life.
and parametric optimization and objective evaluation of the
It is estimated that 3.7 million lives can be saved by 2025 by
adequacy of proposed options with the help of computer
allocating necessary resources to address nutrition problems.
technologies of processing and formalization of knowledge
In the human body, there is practically no organ or system
with finding optimal solutions.
which normal functioning does not depend on nutrition.
The Russian Federation has a number of legislative II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
documents that provide guidelines for the organization and Structural and parametric modeling of systems [12, 13]
monitoring of the nutritional status of the country's of any physical system and social nature is reduced to the
population. Support and promotion of human health is development of interaction matrices between the grouped
impossible without adequate nutrition. Constant disruption of parameters of state and purpose of individual functional
dietary regimen inevitably leads to pathological changes in blocks of the system similarly to the parametric adjacency
vital functions. This is due to the deep influence of nutrition
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Data Science
matrix. At that, the main task is to find comparable All physiological characteristics can practically be
characteristics of the relationship between parameters of a determined in the process of medical examination of a
person’s condition of health with the subsequent particular person or a specialized group of people. For
development of a situational model of the state of the system example, biochemical blood test is necessary to determine
with the algorithmization of procedures for its identification carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism.
and forecasting.
Finding all the indicators within the limits of the
The structural and parametric model of adequate nutrition permissible norm indicates that a person receives necessary
reflects the functional relationship between characteristics and sufficient amount of food substances, nutrients and
(parameters) of a person's condition and his/her diet, energy with food.
reflecting many specific factors and links that determine the
goals, purpose and use of developed diets and dietary The parametric description of a diet contains a set of
regimes for specific defined consumer groups. parameters of food, biological and energy values, as well as
indicators of carbohydrate, vitamin and mineral
Classification of population groups in combination with compositions.
characteristics of physiological condition, anthropometric
data, parameters of motor activity and biomedical III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
requirements allows developing the information map of the Fig. 1 presents a fragment of the structural and
condition of a person, reflecting his/her parametric parametric model of adequate nutrition in the form of
description with selected groups of characteristics and partitioned matrix for subsets of controlled and most
properties. interrelating factors.
Fig. 1. Fragment of structural and parametric model of adequate nutrition.
The parameters of two main blocks of the system of conversion algorithms may be used as formalized
adequate nutrition – health condition of a person х1÷х16 and characteristics of relationships.
his/her diet х17÷х29 in the form of main integral
characteristics, indicators of chemical composition and For example, Fig. 1 demonstrates that the metabolism of
properties are placed along the main diagonal. carbohydrates, heart and lungs functions depend on the
intake of vitamin B1; the content of vitamin B6 influences the
If the state parameters are independent or if there is no metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids and the functions
reliable information about possible relationship between of the nervous system; folic acid (folate) influences the
them, the corresponding non-diagonal cells of the matrix maturation of red blood cells, synthesis of DNA and RNA;
remain empty. If there is relationship between the calcium makes impact on blood clotting, functions of the
parameters, the non-diagonal elements marked in Fig. 1 by nervous and muscle systems, heart function; phosphorus
points reflect the presence of links between the parameters of influences functions of the muscle and nervous systems;
a particular person's condition (height, weight, heart magnesium - energy generation, acid-base balance, etc.
function, etc.) and the characteristics of the nutrition system,
both within the group and between groups (non-diagonal From [14] it was established, for example, that
blocks). Expert estimates, correlation and multiple regression parameters of nutritional value х17÷х19 affect a person's
coefficients; impact estimates found in the result of active anthropometric data, performance, functions of the central
experiments, as well as possible functions, ratios and nervous system, immunity and recovery (renewal) of cells.
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Energy value has an impact on all factors of a person's To find the influence of other factors on the next k-th
condition x1÷x16. consequence, the first maximum contribution to its deviation
is set equal to zero and the next largest element of the k-th
A. Identification algorithm line is selected, i.e. the next largest contribution to the k-th
Identification of the state of a person's nutrition system consequence.
comes down to diagnosing the causes of its occurrence,
predicting its further state, analyzing and evaluating All abnormal values of indicators are kept in the array of
possibilities of achieving the goal. deviations from the norm and based on the knowledge base a
person is provided with the initial selection of products in the
The identification algorithm contains (Fig. 2) a block of recommended diet, which compensates for existing
formation of the situation matrix and the procedure for deviations taking into account individual characteristics of
finding the causes of the anomalous state of the system. the patient and social conditions (personal perception of
certain product, presence of allergies, as well as availability
of specific products due to material or geographical factors).
If there is insufficient compensation for deviations by
selecting the desired products and dishes included in the diet,
a search should be made for their optimal quantitative ratios
(structural optimization) with the possible introduction of
additional products and dishes depending on the current
deviations of parameters from the norms or the development
of an individual combined product that minimizes residual
deviations.
B. Quality functional
The structural and parametric model (Fig. 1) includes the
adequacy functional (x30), which assesses the degree of
deviation of the current diet from the reference models of a
particular type of diet: children, school, student, adult,
elderly nutrition, etc. Taking into account the breakdown of
many factors into groups of properties, the adequacy
functional of the diet is as follows:
mk m nj
1
a i 1
2
G 1 zk ij ij
2
b z (1)
k 1 i 1 n j 1
x ij x ij
0
z ij
x ij
0
Fig. 2. Block diagram of the algorithm for diagnosing the abnormal state of where zij is the relative deviation of the j-th factor in the i-th
nutrition system. group; х𝑖𝑗 , 𝑥𝑖𝑗0 , 𝛥𝑥𝑖𝑗0 is the actual, reference and permissible
The procedure is a cycle of iteration of independent deviation from the norm of the j-th parameter in the i-th
deviations, within which the maximum element in a line is group, respectively; 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , 𝑏𝑖𝑗 are the factors of significance of
searched for, its ordinal number p is remembered and the i-th group of factors and the j-th factor in the i-th group,
transition to the p-th line takes place followed by a new determined by methods of expert estimates or by factor
search for the maximum element of this line [13]. experiment; 𝑧𝑘 is the relative deviation of the k-th factor of
the critical group, which deviation beyond the tolerance turns
To detect possible looping of cause-effect relationships, the functional to 0.
an array of tl indices of diagonal elements included in the The functional varies from 1 with full adequacy of the
interaction trajectory is formed, and when two elements of diet to 0 at the limit of the allowable area and turns to 0 when
this array match, it is followed by a “cycle” signal. In this any parameter of the critical group exceeds the maximum
case, the cause may be inside or outside the cycle circuit. To allowable value.
exit the cause-effect cycle and continue to search for the
original cause, the last link of feedback is broken, i.e. Thus, the structural and parametric model of adequate
element Sgp=0, with its value fg=Sgp and addresses nutrition reveals the structure of links between parameters
memorized in index arrays Indg1; Indg2. Then when iterating and factors affecting the health of a particular person, the use
over the elements of the g-th line, the procedure will either of which is necessary to develop or correct certain indicators
stop at the last link of the cycle (if the reason lies within the of the daily diet and recommendations for a person’s dietary
cycle circuit) or go further through the steps of a new cycle regime.
(Fig. 2). When moving to the detection of the causal chain of
The procedure for assessing the diagnosis of a person’s
the next k+1-th consequence, the interrupted link of the j-th
condition comes down to the formation of the structural and
cycle of the previous trajectory of the links is restored, i.e.
parametric situational model [12] of an abnormal condition
SIndj1, Indj2=fj.
of a person and the search for reasons for deviations of
his/her condition parameters from the FAO/WHO standards.
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Based on the maximum deviation of the parameter of n
alb 0 alb i min
2
condition from the norm (for example, ∆х7 - function of the (8)
i 1
nervous system), it is necessary to identify all causes of this
deviation (for example, fat, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, calcium, where n is number of patient observations; alb0 is standard
magnesium) and choose the most significant one (e.g. fat). albumin levels in a patient’s blood; 30 (g/l) ≤ alb0 ≤ 35 (g/l) -
This is followed by a change in diet with a selection of foods mild deficiency; 25 (g/l) ≤ alb0 ≤ 30 (g/l) - moderate
and dishes that minimize the identified imbalance with deficiency; alb0 < 25 (g/l) - severe deficiency; albi is albumin
maximizing the functional adequacy of the diet. levels in a patient’s blood at the i-th observation (g/l);
C. Mathematical problem statement of adequate diet - transferrin deficiency criterion
structural-parametric multicriteria optimization n
Trf 0 Trf i min
2
As the objective function a hierarchy of quadratic criteria (9)
i 1
of the minimum deviation from the reference structure of a
where n is number of patient observations; Trf0 is standard
variety of indicators of food, biological and/or energy values
transferrin levels in a patient’s blood; 1.8 (g/l) ≤ Trf0 ≤ 2.0
presented in a generalized form as an adequacy criterion is
(g/l) - mild deficiency; 1.6 (g/l) ≤ Trf0 ≤ 1.8 (g/l) - moderate
used:
deficiency; Trf0 < 1.6 (g/l) - severe deficiency; Trfi is
2 transferrin levels in a patient’s blood at the i-th observation
n 0 m
B k b kj y j min (2) (g/l);
k 1 j 1 - lymphocytes deficiency criterion
where yj is mass fraction (volume) of the j-th product in the
n
diet; bkj is specific content of the k-th chemical composition
Lmf 0 Lmf i min
2
(10)
component in the j-th product; 𝐵𝑘0 is standard content of the i 1
k-th component in the diet; where n is number of patient observations; Lmf0 is standard
under limitations: lymphocytes count in a patient’s blood; 80 (106/l) ≤ Lmf0 ≤
90 (106/l) - mild deficiency; 70 (106/l) ≤ Lmf0 ≤ 80 (106/l) -
- by total volume of daily ration V moderate deficiency; Lmf0 < 70 (106/l) - severe deficiency;
m
Lmfi is lymphocytes count in a patient’s blood at the i-th
yj V (3) observation (106/l);
j 1
In (7) - (10) cases, it is necessary to establish
- by allowable change of the mass fraction (volume) of the j- relationships between the criterion estimates and chemical
th product in the diet composition parameters of the diet and the products
yj
min
yj yj
max
; j 1, m (4) included, similar to criteria (2) - (6).
As criteria or limitations one can also use digestibility, Minimization of possible discrepancy between standard
action selectivity, adequacy of chemical composition and and proposed rations' parameters is reduced to multicriteria
energy value of nutrition to the volume of diet and age- optimization with the formation of a Pareto-optimal set of
related needs of human body, etc. as follows: solutions according to the above formalized criteria.
- protein digestibility criterion D. Algorithm of diet structured optimization
The algorithm of diet structured optimization by partial
2
m
criteria:
jb j y j
0 j 1 n
P min (5) 0
B k b kj y j min; k 1, m (11)
m
bjyj
j 1
j 1 includes a sequential determination of the imbalance by the
k-th element under limitations (3)-(4) and its minimization
where π0 is protein digestibility in a reference product, mg. of (in case of deficiency) by increasing to the upper limit the
tyrosine/g. of protein; πj is digestibility of the j-th component mass fraction of one product yl with a maximum specific
protein, mg. of tyrosine/g. of protein; 𝑚𝑎𝑥
content of 𝑏𝑘𝑙 of the deficient element and corresponding
- protein nutrition adequacy criterion reduction to a minimum the mass fraction of another product
𝑚𝑖𝑛
with a minimum specific content of 𝑏𝑘𝑟 of the k-th element.
AZOT
PBA 100 % max
M
(6) In case of redundancy, the structural shift is vice versa.
AZOT OB
By redistribution of mass fractions of the selected product
under pair to 𝑦𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝑦𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 we obtain a new improved value of
BELOK VVED the partial criterion (5). The size of redistribution of mass
AZOT AZOT 4 max (7)
M BAL fractions of components is selected based on the limitation
6 . 25
(4) by the given limits 𝑦𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝑦𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 , as well as restrictions
where PBA is protein activity indicator (%); AZOTM is blood
on the total volume of the diet (3),
urea nitrogen (g); AZOTOB is total nitrogen (g); AZOTBAL is
nitrogen balance (g/day); BELOKVVED is introduced protein; min y , y
k
max
k
min
,yk (12)
- albumin deficiency criterion
VI International Conference on "Information Technology and Nanotechnology" (ITNT-2020) 222
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where y kmax y lmax y l is permissible increase of the l-th regimes taking into account human metabolism. The authors
propose the creation of a computer system of optimization of
product mass fraction; y kmin y p y min
p is permissible the current diet and preparation of a new diet for a person
reduction of the p-th product mass fraction. (user) based on the principles of adequate nutrition,
mathematical methods and information technologies.
New values of mass fractions are determined as
' '
The information basis of the system is a database (DB) of
y l y l ; y p y p ; the procedure is repeated with the products and dishes, being most common and sold in large
next pair of products being found to redistribute their mass cities and metropolises. The construction of
fractions until a local minimum is found by the k-th element. multidimensional parametric models begins with the creation
The procedure continues until all the possibilities of and filling of a database (DB) of reference information
redistributing the mass fractions of the components are necessary both for constructing parametric and mathematical
exhausted, resulted in obtaining an alternative diet with a models of healthy food products and for assessing adequacy.
minimum deviation of the k-th element from the specified The database structurally displays physical and chemical
standard value in the adequate nutrition assortment parameters of raw materials, products of animal and plant
structure. The choice of the optimal alternative from the origin, optimization criteria and adequacy assessment,
found Pareto-optimal solutions set corresponds to the recommendations and norms of food nutrients and energy
minimum value of the global adequacy criterion (2) or the consumption, ensuring the selection of raw materials that
maximum of the quality functional, which estimates the meet the specified requirements.
total residual deviation of the resulting diet structure
indicators from the standard option on a scale from 0 to 1. The structure of the information subsystem has been
developed - a database of the main physicochemical
E. Project for the development of a computer system of characteristics of food products, such as calorie content,
healthy diet vitamin quantitative composition, chemical composition
In order to support a healthy lifestyle and maintain (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals), fatty acid
health, it is necessary to develop a decision support system compositions, and essential amino acids per unit mass of
for the development and correction of adequate dietary products, which is presented in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Logical structure of the database.
IV. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENT
With each day, the integration of nutritional science with This article is published as part of scientific research
engineering sciences, in particular with food technology, is theme No. 0585-2019-0008 under the state assignment of the
increasing, which creates opportunities for the development federal state budgetary scientific institution ‘V.M.
of new progressive methods and techniques for developing Gorbatov’s Federal Research Centre for Food Systems’ of
products with a given chemical composition, specialized RAS.
products, as well as personalization of diets [15]. Application
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