=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2683/paper8
|storemode=property
|title=Carbon Footprint Calculation and Optimization Approach for CFOOD Project
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2683/paper8.pdf
|volume=Vol-2683
|authors=Piotr Milczarski,Bartosz Zielinski,Artur Hlobaz,Zofia Stawska,Piotr Kosinski,Pawel Maslanka,Krzysztof Podlaski
}}
==Carbon Footprint Calculation and Optimization Approach for CFOOD Project==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2683/paper8.pdf
Carbon Footprint Calculation and Optimization
Approach for CFOOD Project
Piotr Milczarski Artur Hłobaż Paweł Maślanka Bartosz Zieliński
Faculty of Physics and Faculty of Physics and Faculty of Physics and Faculty of Physics and
Applied Informatics Applied Informatics Applied Informatics Applied Informatics
University of Lodz University of Lodz University of Lodz University of Lodz
Lodz, Poland Lodz, Poland Lodz, Poland Lodz, Poland
piotr.milczarski@uni.lodz.pl artur.hlobaz@uni.lodz.pl pmaslan@uni.lodz.pl bartosz.zielinski@uni.lodz.pl
Zofia Stawska Krzysztof Podlaski Piotr Kosiński
Faculty of Physics and Applied Faculty of Physics and Applied Faculty of Physics and Applied
Informatics Informatics Informatics
University of Lodz University of Lodz University of Lodz
Lodz, Poland Lodz, Poland Lodz, Poland
zofia.stawska@uni.lodz.pl krzysztof.podlaski@uni.lodz.pl pkosinsk@uni.lodz.pl
Abstract—In the paper, the study of carbon footprint The growing population also needs more food especially
optimization process is shown in order to receive low-carbon processed food due to increased urbanization [4][5]. That
products. A short description of the Carbon Footprint needs more supplies, raw materials and resources e.g. energy
standards is provided. Basing on the conducting project ones. Hence, not only governments or institutions e.g. the EU
CFOOD subsided by Polish R&D Agency the optimization commission impose higher demands on lowering the usage of
boundaries are discussed and presented. In the paper, the the energy resources (coal, fuels, electricity and gas) but also
methods of carbon footprint are discussed. Basing on life cycle companies e.g. the food processing ones. The companies in
assessment (LCA) the model for carbon footprint is presented their food processes are interested in implementing low-
and discussed. LCA is then implemented to assess carbon
carbon technologies or solutions from economic reasons i.e.
footprint at the manufacturing and transportation stages in the
food processing industry.
the less energy the cheaper product. It must be connected with
the keeping-up the food standards [6].
Keywords—carbon footprint; process optimization; expert The problem of the process optimization is widely known.
systems; product life cycle assessment; food processing; global In the agricultural and especially food processing industry
warming potential; different techniques are used starting from human-based
experience through expert systems to implementing artificial
I INTRODUCTION intelligence [6][7][8]. The whole agricultural industry can use
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate the whole variety of standards and good-procedures in their
Change (UNFCCC) [1], the Kyoto Protocol [2] and the Paris business. The example of such standards might be:
Agreement [3] are well known examples that our world and • PAS 2050 [9] - Specification for the assessment of
governments are trying to divert climate changes. The climate the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and
changes have taken place several times in the Earth history services ;
also in the recent eon e.g. 10000 years in the northern
hemisphere. • ISO/TS 14067:2018 [10] -Greenhouse gases - Carbon
footprint of products - Requirements and guidelines
Nowadays, the climate changes are regarded as one of the for quantification;
greatest environmental, social and economic threats facing
our planet. It is a result of the industrial revolution and • ISO14040:2006 [11] - Environmental management-
statistically shows rapid increase in the average global life cycle assessment: principles and framework;
temperature due to the increase in the atmospheric
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) concentration, weather changes, • ISO14064-1:2018 [12] - Greenhouse gases - Part 1:
draught etc. Specification with guidance at the organization level
for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas
emissions and removals.
The paper is written as a part of the project CFOOD that is supported by The
National Centre for Research and Development, Poland, grant number
BIOSTRATEG3/343817/17/NCBR/2018.
Copyright © 2019 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
In our CFOOD project, the research is aimed at estimating Carbon footprint is typically calculated by considering
carbon footprint (CF) for basic basket of frozen vegetable carbon emission factors and activity data, which could be
food by applying developed method and software (CF expert evaluated by life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA is based on
system, called CFexpert) as well as to develop innovative life cycle inventory (LCI), which is a repository that includes
technologies for CF reduction by utilization of vegetable the data of resource and energy consumptions as well as
outgrades into valuable products. In the CF calculation task emissions to the environment throughout the global product
we take into account PAS 2050 and ISO/TS 14067:2018 to life cycle, see Fig. 1. What is equally important, the problem
calculate/estimate CF and later on in the following of uncertainty associated with all phases in the LCI is
optimization task of the food processing. important to make LCA-based decisions correctly according
to the standards not common sense.
For individuals that are curious how to evaluate the CF in
their common deeds we can recommend using some formulas In the Tab. I Global Warming Potentials (GWP) [14] used
provided by IBM in [13] as well as some CF calculators that for the CF calculations are shown. The values of global
can be found in Internet. warming potentials for GHGs to be used in calculations shall
be in accordance with Tab. I.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section II carbon
footprint calculation and its different definition and
approaches are presented widely. Life cycle assessment
(LCA) and its stages is discussed in Section III. In the next
section carbon footprint formulas for the acquisition of raw
materials, manufacturing, transportation, usage, and recycle
and disposal LCA stages. CFOOD project is shortly presented
in the Section 5 as well as the optimization issues emerging
and solutions applied to the project. The conclusions are
shown in the final section.
II CARBON FOOTPRINT CALCULATION
In the paper, to estimate carbon footprint (CF) for a given
product we take into account PAS 2050 [9] and ISO/TS
14067:2018 [10] as mentioned in Sec. I. . The terms carbon
emission and carbon footprint are widely used as an indicator
of environmental performance, which is derived from
ecological footprint. The carbon footprint of a company, a
building, land, a structure, or a retail location is measured in
tons/kilograms of CO2 per year, called equivCO2.
Product carbon footprint refers to the emission of a variety
of GHG gases in a product life cycle. All GHGs specified by
IPCC 2007 [14]– includes carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4), nitrous oxide(N2O) plus families of gases like
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs),
fluorinated ethers (see examples in Tab. I).
TABLE I. DIRECT (EXCEPT FOR CH4) GLOBAL WARMING
POTENTIALS (GWP) RELATIVE TO CO2
Industrial designation or Chemical GWP for 100-year time
common name formula horizon
Carbon dioxide CO2 1
Fig. 1. Life cycle assessment (LCA) in carbon footprint (CF) estimation.
• Methane CH4 25
• Nitrous
N2O 298
oxide III LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT IN CARBON FOOTPRINT
• CFC-11 CCl3F 4,750 CALCULATION
• CFC-12 CCl2F2 10,900 LCA is a widely used approach to assess the actual
environmental impact of a product caused by its production
• CFC-13 CClF3 14,400
and use. The standards to evaluate the product carbon
• Carbon footprint in the LCA are mainly PAS 2050 and ISO/TS
CCl4 1400
tetrachloride
14067.
The life cycle is defined as a series of consecutive stages where Mi, Gi, Mik, Cik, Gim and GWPim differ at acquisition of
of a product by ISO 14040 [12], including acquisition of raw raw materials, manufacturing and transportation stage and
materials (in our case vegetable crops), manufacturing (food have different meaning and they are summed up in Tab. I.
processing), transportation, usage, and recycle and disposal. Generally speaking:
The LCA framework includes the determination of the
objective and scope of the evaluation, inventory analysis, life • M stands for materials, manufacturing or
cycle impact assessment, and life cycle interpretation [12]. transportation;
PAS 2050 uses the LCA framework to evaluate GHG • G is the number of direct GHG emissions at each of
emissions from products, either business-to-consumer or these stages and the transportation stage this factor
business-to-business. Its main goal is to to minimize carbon as well as the corresponding ones are more
footprint. The potential environmental impacts of a sophisticated than in other two stages.
production system, either for the entire life cycle of the
product or a specific stage, could be effectively assessed In the transportation stage the generated carbon footprint
through the LCA of the product. depends on many other factors. The lorries can have different
loads, fuels, as well as during the combustion different GHGs
In the paper, a carbon footprint calculation is proposed to might be present. It might be summarized by the value of
quantify the carbon footprint for all stages of production. activity data at the transportation stage that is estimated for
The LCA is divided into four stages, see Fig. 1: i=t as
1. Functional units selection – their selection should be
the same for stages of life cycle. ()
2. System boundary determination – to indicate the where:
calculation scope; some factors that constitute to less
than 1% of total value can be omitted in some cases • Ttj is the quantity of transportation shipment
e.g. input of human and animal power. including materials, parts, products, waste, etc. in
the k-th transportation stage;
3. Data collection - to calculate carbon footprint include
activity data and carbon emission factors in the • Ltk is the transportation distance in the k-th
product life cycle as well as their accuracy. transportation;
4. Carbon footprint calculation – it is described in the • EItk is the energy intensity of the k-th
subsection II.B. transportation mode. EItk in other words can be
briefed as the energy consumption per unit of
IV CARBON FOOTPRINT CALCULATION energy quantity and per unit of distance in the k-
th transportation mode.
According to the definition of product life cycle and the
analysis of product carbon footprint given in the PAS 2050
[9], the contribution of carbon footprint is divided into five TABLE II. COEFFICIENTS INTERPRETATION IN ACQUISITION OF
RAW MATERIALS, MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORTATION STAGE
stages for the entire product life cycle: acquisition of raw
materials, manufacturing, transportation, usage, and recycle Stage
Coeffi
and disposal. Hence, the total CF for a given product or its cients Acquisition of raw
Manufacturing Transportation
unit value can be expressed in following formula: materials
the number of raw the number of the number of
material types manufacturing, transportation
r consumed at the processing and stages, including
Mi
CF = CF
i =a
i () acquisition of raw
material
assembly activity
processes
road, railway,
flight, waterway,
etc.;
the number of the number of the number of
where i is each of the stages of product life cycle, i= a, m, t, u direct GHG direct GHG direct GHG
and r are for the acquisition of raw materials, manufacturing, emissions types at emission types at emission types at
Gi
the acquisition of the manufacturing the transportation
transportation, usage, and recycle and disposal stage, raw materials stage and processing stage
respectively. stage
the consumption of the consumption of the consumption of
Carbon footprint of product at the acquisition of raw the k-th raw the energy in the k- the energy in the k-
materials, manufacturing and transportation stage can be material th manufacturing, th transportation
calculated with very similar formula that is as follows: Mik
processing and chain of the
assembly activity process
processes
Mi Gi the carbon the carbon the carbon
CFi = M ik * Cik + Gim * GWPim () Cik,
emission factor of
the m-th raw
emission factors of
the energy
emission factor of
energy
k =1 m =1 material consumed in consumption in the
Stage CFi ( p1, p2 ,..., pn )
Coeffi Si = (4)
cients Acquisition of raw
materials
Manufacturing Transportation pi
manufacturing, k-th transport mode
processing and
In the CFOOD project the measure system for the raw
assembly process materials and energy resources as well as the transportation
the emission of the the emissions of the emission of the are especially prepared. The data from the various elements
m-th type GHG at the m-th type GHG m-th type GHG at are united in one information, data acquisition system
Gim the acquisition of at the the transportation CFOOD_AS and the knowledge database (KDb). The data
raw materials stage manufacturing and stage in the whole
processing stage chain
about raw materials (vegetables) as well as the usage of some
the global the global the global energy resources as coal, gas etc. are inputted by the staff to
warming potential warming potential warming potential the KDb system.
GWPim of the m-th type of the m-th type of the m-th type
GHG GHG GHG in the whole The production line elements are connected to the
transport chain CFOOD_AS and the data from the sensors and meters is
stored in KDb in the real time. Some data is also derived from
the accountant system as shipment data.
Carbon footprint of product at the usage and disposal
stages can be also calculated in similar way to the previous
ones. CONCLUSIONS
The CFOOD project is at the initial stage. The whole
V. CFOOD PROJECT OPTIMIZATION APPROACH acquisition system is connected and the first real-time tests
are conducted. The business partner has started 2019
One of the aims of the CFOOD project is to use outgraded production campaign and the data for products from the
materials in the production of the new products e.g. vege- chosen product basket is gathered by the acquisition system
burgers. The outgrades can appear at different stages of the and stored in the knowledge database. From the other hand,
production line and they are 100% healthy and usable raw the expert system and optimization system is tested and tuned
materials that can be used in manufacturing. That is why on two products from the production line.
instead of treating them as the waste/disposal they would be
used to develop innovative technologies for CF reduction by In 2019 the developed by the authors CFExpert system is
utilization of vegetable outgrades into valuable products: planned to be combine with the data acquisition system. The
frozen vege-burgers, frozen pastes and lyophilized bars first process optimization will be done to reduce CF in the
(lyobars), enriched in fiber, with improved health and products, mainly by lowering the energy resources and water
nutritional value. consumption as well as the usage of the outgrades in the new
products, that appear during the production in around 5-10%.
Different approaches in optimization problem in the
measuring CF are used e.g. expert systems, machine learning
and artificial intelligence. Well mathematically based ACKNOWLEDGMENT
approaches sensitivity analysis is used in [16]. The other TABLE II. We would like to acknowledge the whole
approach is green supply chain network design is used [16]. consortium of the CFOOD project especially IBPRS
Artificial intelligence and computer vision examples are department from Lodz, that is the leader of the whole project
shown in [17]. One of the problems in CF calculations is for their great and successful effort to combine
assessment of water usage named water footprint and it is multidisciplinary but very distant research areas in CFOOD
shown in [18][19]. LCA approach is also shown in [20][21]. project.
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