This paper addresses the importance of the curation of cultural heritage data that bear the content of the visual interfaces. Digital curation is an operational process that has been recently appointed as a practical method for the account of digital data that arise in cultural heritage projects. The goal of the paper is to state the importance of digital curation for the archaeological projects and to illustrate how it works in the case the Beyond Archaeology (BeArchaeo) project, an on-going European project, where all the interfaces that allow for the interactions with the digital objects will be based on a centralized database. Here we address all the phases that concern the archaeological activities, from the excavation to the exhibition of the findings, and we show how we develop the centralized data repository that undergoes the development of the communication interfaces.
• Human-centered computing → User interface management systems; Collaborative interaction; Human computer interaction (HCI); • Information systems → Data management systems.
The development of visual interfaces for cultural heritage (CH)
projects more and more relies on large repositories of data [
This is especially true for archaeological projects: the
collaboration of diverse scientists onto the same digital data requires a
unique virtual space alongside with targeted interfaces that help to
document the irreversible processes of the excavations and creation
of the metadata for the transparency of the reconstruction
processes for physical CH objects; also, it would be desirable to provide
accessibility during the processing, interpretation, dissemination,
and communication of data [
Recently, there has been some efort in providing interoperable repositories of CH projects and collections. For example, Europeana is a web portal that features over 58 million cultural heritage items from around 4,000 institutions across Europe organized from crowdsourced collections 1. Also, in the archaeological field, we can mention the Digital Archaeological Record (tDAR)2, an international digital repository for the records of archaeological investigations. However, there is not an accepted systematic procedure for organizing the vast amount of digital data that are collected during an archaeological project and that are the content base for the several targeted visual interfaces.
Although most of the CH institutions have similar problems
when it comes to bringing the archaeological heritage content to
life, there are some one-of projects that use digital archaeological
data through a variety of advanced interfaces such as web-based
publishing of the collection [
2https://www.digitalantiquity.org/wp-uploads/2011/07/20110930-BuildingtDAR.pdf (last visited on 12 May 2020)
CH Domain
Raw data
Processed data
Metadata
advanced user interfaces to present archaeology data [
Related to these needs, digital curation emerged recently as an
operational schema for the management of CH information,
addressing the challenges of the selection, preservation, maintenance,
collection, and archiving of digital assets related to
archaeological excavations as well as the added value for future exploitation
[
Digital curation involves “actively managing data [...] with the
aim of supporting reproducibility of results, reuse of and adding
value to that data, managing it from its point of creation until it is
determined not to be useful, and ensuring its long-term
accessibility and preservation, authenticity and integrity” (Digital Curation
Center - DCC - website3). It supports bridging research, practice,
and training across nations, disciplines, institutions, repositories,
and data formats [
In the context of archaeology, curatorial work with digital
technologies is often far less linear and scientific processes frequently
cut across traditional organizational boundaries [
Fig. 1 shows the major tasks that compose digital curation. For
the sake of exemplification, we address the interdisciplinary,
multiteam excavation of Çatalhöyük4, the 9,000-year-old Neolithic
settlement in the Konya plain of Turkey, because it has been,
antelitteram, an example of digital curation over the many years of
its development. In digitally-enabled Çatalhöyük excavation,
researchers have been engaging in a range of long-term activities
that encompass the capture, description, annotation, classification,
interpretation, knowledge enrichment and dissemination of
digital documents. A number of databases have been created by
diverse CH specialists who have worked in diferent areas during
the diferent time periods alongside with diferent modalities of
reporting [
In general, the digital curation process of an archaeological project starts as soon as some asset is acquired (e.g., the identiifcation of a significant stratum in the soil - a so-called stratigraphic
Bringing Digital Curation to Archaeological Projects: Evidence from the BeArchaeo Project unit - or some archaeological finding , i.e. a container with a cup shape or an animal bone). As soon as this happens, some digital asset is built and recorded. The digital asset can be acquired from the asset itself (e.g., by photograph or scanning) or created from the scratch. This will produce some data, that we can generally name raw data, because they do not include an interpretation model yet. For example, the use of video recording equipment on Çatalhöyük allowed archaeologists to narrate their experience. These data were enriched with metadata that included one interpretation of the asset at some level (e.g., region of the video, identified via a path joining the pixels, label with the tag). Raw data and metadata are processed to enrich the data (processed data) and used for the interpretation process, which builds a coherent model and knowledge of the archaeological site history and findings ( CH model or knowledge in the Figure1). All data and metadata are addressed through working interfaces that allow for the inserting and checking data in the database, while both the media produced and the interpretation results are the content that will be published through the interface designed for the final exhibition, both online and on site.
Given this prolonged usage of the data, also susceptible to revisions (theories change, and so are the interpretation models) and targeted to diferent goals (3d models for the interpretation are at a diferent resolution with respect to 3d models for the exhibition), there is a need for a centralized and active control of data and metadata. The data interpretation part of the digital curation process not only allows the researchers to use appropriate standards and working interfaces, but also supports the development and the evolution tracking of the database. For example, unit sheets and plans, once completed and checked by the area supervisor, were immediately digitized and inserted into the site database and became available to all on-site researchers. Once the field season was over, the database information was incorporated into the oficial Çatalhöyük website and then available to external research (Fig 2). The Living Archive project of Çatalhöyük has then been used in many publications (e.g. paper, conference presentations, field reports etc.) and exhibitions, e.g., "The Curious Case of Çatalhöyük" exhibition in Anamed (the Koç University Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations in Istanbul, Turkey)5. The latter is one example of the third type of interface required for a modern archaeological project.
The digital curation framework is being applied in an ongoing EU project named Beyond Archaeology (BeArchaeo)6 which consists in the excavation of the archaeological site, the archaeometric analyses of the site and the excavated materials, and the interpretation/dissemination of the results about the Tobiotsuka Kofun (Soja city in Okayama Prefecture), together with other Kofun burial mounds and the related archaeological material in ancient Kibi and Izumo areas (present Okayama and Shimane Prefectures), in Japan. A preliminary achievement of this research has been the design and implementation of a semantic database for the encoding and storing of the digital data concerning the archaeological excavation and addressing the metadata belonging to the several disciplines though concerning the same cultural heritage object (typically, a stratigraphic unit or an archaeological finding) 7. The project aims to develop expertise and skills under new perspectives, to enable a transdisciplinary research from the archaeological site to the museum display.
The data base design has followed a Semantic Web approach. A domain ontology has been realized for the major categories that appear in the archaeological excavations, namely stratigraphic units and archaeological findings. The knowledge has been acquired from the major documentation sources available with respect to the forms that have been in use for decades by the archaeological teams. These sources are mostly published by the national organizations of cultural heritage (see, e.g. the documentation records of the Italian Central Institute for the Catalogue and the Documentation8). Also, the BeArchaeo ontology has been aligned with international thesauri (e.g., Getty AAT9) and high–level domain ontology CIDOC-CRM and its collaboration family10). The major semantic properties were imported into an installation of the webbased Content Management System Omeka-S11, which revealed to be useful for the definition of forms to be filled by the archaeologists in the field, deployed as "Resource Templates". These constitute the interface for inputting of data on behalf of the archaeologists (soon, other interfaces will be designed and implemented). For this interface, Omeka-S provides the possibility of the fast prototyping of several user interfaces for the back-end of the system. Omeka-S also provides an easy way to create the front-end (second type of) interface, where supervisors and stakeholders could explore the development of the archive and the related findings (Fig.3). Also, CMS Omeka-S has allowed for the uploading of rich media materials (currently photos and 3D models acquired from photogrammetry and scanning).
Considering the multi-cultural and multi-lingual issues of the BeArchaeo project, knowledge interoperability between Japanese and English researchers as well as data terminology is paramount. 5https://anamed.ku.edu.tr/en/events/bir-kazi-hikayesi-catalhoyuk-londrada/ (last visited on 25 May 2020). 6https://www.bearchaeo.com/ (last visited on 15 May 2020). 7https://bearchaeo.unito.it/omeka-s (last visited on 15 May 2020). 8http://www.catalogo.beniculturali.it/sigecSSU_FE/, in Italian. 9https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/ 10http://www.cidoc-crm.org/collaborations 11https://omeka.org/s/ (last visited on 15 May 2020) In order to ease the insertion of data and metadata from Japanese scientists and collaborators as well as avoid misinterpretations due to linguistic terminology, we have provided Japanese Resource Templates, i.e. the back-end interface for the Archaeological Finding and Stratigraphic Unit records, respectively. For checking purposes, the current development website distinguishes between data inserted by the Japanese and European scientists12. This because, we are still in the phase of checking the input data and aligning descriptions. However, we are going to unify the descriptions, in order to allow for a terminological search beyond the linguistic and cultural barriers. 4
We have presented an account of digital curation for archaeological projects and we have given a preliminary account of digital curation as employed in an ongoing project, named BeArchaeo. Claiming that the development of a functioning digital curation pipeline is of benefit for the field of archaeology, we take the holistic perspective of digital curation from the excavation process to the organisation of the exhibition, by implementing and maintaining a centralized database.
The BeArchaeo project, having a notable inspiration from a previous pioneering work, is going to systematize this approach and to provide a viable system for the global supervision of digital data that are generated during the very long lifetime of an archaeological project. The convergence of many disciplines on single objects as well as the usage of the same data in many interfaces provides us a stimulating challenge for the future of cultural heritage management and communication.
In particular, we are going to address a deep analysis of the potential disciplinary targets, to propose advanced specific user interfaces to the centralized data in relation to cultural heritage interpretation and for exhibition purposes.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 754511. This research is also related to a project called Beyond Archaeology (BeArchaeo) which is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie, Grant Agreement No 823826.