=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2693/paper2
|storemode=property
|title=The Semantics of Historical Knowledge. Labelling Strategies for Interdisciplinary and Digital Research in History
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2693/paper2.pdf
|volume=Vol-2693
|authors=Esther Travé Allepuz,Pablo del Fresno Bernal,Alfred Mauri Martí,Sonia Medina Gordo
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ecai/AllepuzBMG20
}}
==The Semantics of Historical Knowledge. Labelling Strategies for Interdisciplinary and Digital Research in History==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2693/paper2.pdf
Proceedings of the Workshop on Hybrid Intelligence for Natural Language Processing Tasks HI4NLP (co-located at ECAI-2020)
Santiago de Compostela, August 29, 2020, published at http://ceur-ws.org
The Semantics of Historical Knowledge.
Labelling Strategies for Interdisciplinary and
Digital Research in History
Esther Travé Allepuz1 and Pablo del Fresno Bernal2 and Alfred Mauri Martí3 and Sonia Medina Gordo1
Abstract. 1 This short paper aims at introducing some labelling a must-use tool to speed up data gathering and exploitation
concepts developed and used by the authors. Indeed, developing a processes and to open a brand-new field for historical research in
conceptual framework for interdisciplinary research in history is a which new and more complex questions can be asked to past
much-needed strategy in order to ensure that historians use all vestiges. In doing so, research itself acquires a FAIR character
vestiges from the past regardless their origin or support for the
[32], ensuring the reliability and traceability of past construction.
construction of historical discourse. Fixing the semantics of
historical knowledge is the first unavoidable step to build a new Furthermore, available tools should allow us to deal with massive
scenario in which NLP tasks enable more efficient data gathering datasets, some of which have been disregarded until recently as
and exploitation. marginal or non-significant.
This new scenario requires an effort from different disciplines in
order to explore common languages and codes which become able
1 INTRODUCTION to identify, register and exploit common and exchangeable units of
information regardless of the specificity of our areas of expertise,
Historical knowledge is a construction of the past built from its
scientific domain or sources used. According to these needs, we
vestiges, thoroughly examined and assessed in order to purify them
offer a brief layout of interdisciplinary Semantics of Historical
from its potential bias. In vestiges left from former époques,
Knowledge and the main concepts that have proved to be
historians search for information related to two key interdependent
operational in our domain in order to develop an integrated
concepts: time and change. These are ontological concepts for past
historical approach.
construction –in K. Thibodeau’s terms [28]– because the particular
coordinates of both determine the existence of events. In other
words, historical facts are a continuum of elements balanced 2 DATA MODELLING AND LABELLING
between permanence and change, what we call Historical Time [3]. CATEGORIES
Data related to time and change might be present in any written,
material or immaterial vestige. Hence, data gathering and One of the most common practices in History when approaching
exploitation must surmount the academic fragmentation of archival capital is to read ancient documents endless times until
information sources in order to build an integrated discourse. The you get an exact idea of their content and implications. Frequently,
spatial and material turns in history have led historians to a more historians take brief notes about the information discovered or
complete and accurate reflection of the past. Nonetheless, the write down the archival reference of the set of files concerning the
digital turn occurred in many Social and Human Sciences still finds researcher’s specific field of interest. Apparently, there is nothing
an unreceptive reaction when coming to History, and data wrong in doing so and, definitely, accurate dissertations and essays
managing strategies have been widely discussed [11]. have been written through this method.
Far from being overwhelmed by the unknowns of this domain, a Unfortunately, as time passes by, references and notes are no
few exceptions deal with different ways of representing historical longer used and successive generations of historians need to go
information [18-19] and the semantic definition of historical back again to the original file in order to increase our knowledge of
ontology building [12, 24, 29]. Recent experiences focus on past societies, or to review historical discourses under the
quantitative data analyses [5] and, predominantly, on written perspective of a new state-of-the-art, or to address new questions to
historical texts [1, 16]. Some of them struggle to find the best ways written vestiges. In addition, non-normalized data obtained through
to deal with bias [9] and uncertainty [25]. Despite this, a this procedure are hardly ever comparable to other sources of
normalized user-friendly code to exploit vestiges of different information, particularly if a published reflection is missing.
nature and support is still missing and historical knowledge seems According to M. D. Wilkinson and colleagues, historical science as
to be restricted to its written apparel. We acknowledge the such would certainly not be FAIR [32].
capability of hybrid intelligence for natural language processing as Archaeological method [8] as performed nowadays forces
archaeologists to keep a standard register [15] of what they
1
History and Archaeology department, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain, excavate, since the very same act of digging out a site destroys its
esther.trave@ub.edu; smedingo12@alumnes.ub.edu materiality. Archaeologists will never be able to read the site
2
Sistemes de Gestió de Patrimoni SCCL; Spain, pdfsgp@gmail.com
3 again, as it will cease existing after the fieldwork is completed. As
Centre d’Estudis Martorellencs, Spain, bnn@heraclit.net
*
Corresponding author: Esther Travé Allepuz archaeologists and historians ourselves, we are concerned about
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
17
having common codes and units of information not only to get the proposals [22] (p. 203). Our labelling proposal owes considerably
right balance between written and material evidences when to the interpretation of the analyst, which might seem paradoxical,
building the historical discourse, but also to include many other due to the existence of automatized tools such as XML text
sources of historical data. Indeed, iconography, linguistics, encoding [6]. Nevertheless, only through the identification and
journalism, literature… deal with vestiges of the past and registration of UT, Ac and their attributes, we are capable of
specialists on these domains contribute to the development of exploiting historical data regardless their written, material or non-
historical knowledge within a co-creation scenario. material character.
As a result, we used several semantic concepts that define the
minimum informative data present in vestiges regardless of their
origin, purpose, nature, and support. These are Unit of Topography
(UT) and Actor (Ac). Both are ontological concepts to identify
historical facts: entities existing and changing all the time, and
events as an expression of what alters permanence. Even though
the concept of UT owes so much to Harris’ Unit of Stratigraphy
(US) [15] (p. 42), researchers from all kinds of Social and Human
Sciences could identify and label these in any source of
information whether textual, material or audiovisual. That would
lead to the opening of promising interdisciplinary challenges. Figure 1. UML diagram of ontological concepts –UT, Ac and their
relations– for integrated historical research.
2.1 Units of Topography and Actors 2.2 Procedure and examples
As defined by K. Thibodeau [28] (p. 7), an Entity is something that In the following section, we provide several examples of UT/Ac
existed and an Event is something that happened or was done. identification and labelling as a brief demonstration of
Entities and Events have relationship of involvement, as every methodological procedure and the potential of data exploitation.
event involves at least one entity that might be the participant in Examples include multiscale and interdisciplinary primary or
the event, its observer, the mechanism for the event to happen, or secondary sources related to the site of Arévalo (Ávila, Spain).
the object altered by the event itself. In terms of data-labelling, the These examples have been selected in order to represent how
categories Unit of Topography and Actor, as defined by A. Mauri different UT and Ac can be identified in different textual and non-
[22] (p. 45), and their relations, provide the unique and univocal textual sources and exploited accordingly.
identifiers for historical facts regardless of their link to permanence
(Entity) or change (Event), or the nature and support of the vestige.
2.2.1 Cartographic sources
• Unit of Topography (UT): It is the evidence of an action
or situation that can be located in space and time, The first example is the location map of the site and the immediate
regardless of the specificity of the information source and neighbourhood represented in figure 2 [17]. We identified and
its biotic, non-biotic or anthropic attributes. Each UT has labelled UT through image processing software. Notice that UT
a specific location and date. Location can be expressed as identification can be as exhaustive as required by the sphere of
a UTM coordinate or as an administrative delimitation interest determined by the researcher. In this case, only urban areas
that might have changed through time. and historical buildings have been recorded.
• Actor (Ac): It is the individual or corporative, active or Example 1 Cartography of Arévalo (Ávila, Spain)
passive, protagonist of an action identified as a UT. If
being an individual, its attributes are their name, gender,
religion, citizenship, date of birth and death, etc. Different
individual actors gathered for a given period of time with
a particular purpose and under determinate conditions can
act as corporative actors.
Several types of relationships can be set between UT and Ac. A UT
can include, link or delimitate another UT. Hence, Inclusion,
Delimitation and Link are classes of the UT-UT relation. An Actor
always plays an active or passive role within a UT, so Role is the Figure 2. Map 1:50.000 and aerial view transparency of Arevalo and its
only class of Ac-UT. Actors can relate to other actors through neighbourhood [17]. UT are identified and labelled as polygons.
familial, political, social or economic Ac-Ac relationships. Some of
them can turn an assemblage of individual actors into a corporative
2.2.2 Photographic vestiges
one. Being the two the main labelling categories, written sources in
particular can provide information about values or prices that are The church had some attached chapels, misfortunately demolished
labelled accordingly by means of a Value (V) label. Values usually during the refurbishment works carried out in 1969 and 1970.
are mechanisms for the Actors to perform new UTs. Ancient pictures taken before the chapel’s demolition are the last
According to our data modelling, the UML diagram shown in vestiges of their architectural features, and we selected them as the
figure 1 expresses the ontological concepts and their relations [13] second example. Photographic record of the past and present
as classes, which does not get into contradiction with other existing building together with UT identification is shown in figure 3.
18
Example 2 Photographs of the Church of Saint Mary modo aliquid valeat vendicare. (…) , Sancte
Romane ecclesie ,
. [4] (p. 13-15)
2.2.4 Bibliographic reflections
Figure 3. View of the Church of Sant Mary before 1969 –left [2] and As many medieval buildings, the church has been object of detailed
centre [14] (p. 9)– and after the latest refurbishment work on the right [26]. analyses from several perspectives, which are considered
reflections in Thibodeau’s terms [28] (p. 14). Example 4 is a short
2.2.3 Written primary files excerpt of an art-architectonic study of Saint Mary’s church. We
labelled data using the same code and exploited them accordingly
Medieval documents provide information about the organization of to demonstrate the validity of UT and Ac as interdisciplinary
the Ávila territory. In 1140, Pope Innocent II confirmed the ontological concepts.
possessions of the Bishop of Ávila, named Íñigo. He also gave him
and his successors control over the churches in Ávila, Arévalo, Example 4 6 Probably, was one of
Olmedo and Alcazarén 2 [4] (p. 3-4). Almost eighty years later, in the first in 7 the in the
Bishop of Ávila –named Sancho– in a similar document 3. Then, he , and its was
gave him and his successors control over the churches in Ávila, probably . The
Arévalo and Olmedo and over some other monasteries. We in the other
accordingly identifying UT and Ac on the excerpt transcript below. buildings of great architectural value such as and the . , the
servus servorum Dei>, venerabili fratri 5 , and the
UT27 Abulensis episcopo>, . The
successoribus> substituendis in perpetuum. church an
(…) Ea propter venerabilis in Christo frater episcopus tuis iustis the
postulationibus clementer annuimus et , et a Deo auctore, preesse dinosceris sub Beati Petri (p. 4)
et et pre-
sentis privilegio> , , 2.3 Data gathering and exploitation
quecumque bona eadem ecclesia in presentiarum iuste et canonice We have shown several vestiges on different supports and
possidet aut in futurum concessione pontificum, largitione regum identified the historical data contained within them. Vestige
vel principum, oblatione fidelium seu aliis iustis modis Deo labelling is just a strategy to make UT/Ac identification easier, as
propitio, poterit adipisci, firma vobis vestrisque successoribus et the process has a strong historical interpretative component
illibata permaneant>, in quibus hec propriis duximus exprimenda attributed to the analyst. Information is then included in a database
vocabulis , et , , , et in habere dinosceris et libertatem omnium in columns and observations in rows [31]. Tables 1 and 2 below
ecclesiarum tui episcopatus, quas pleno iure possidet ecclesia tua, show the data extracted from the examples labelled above
et nulla alia in eis persona vel ratione patronatus vel quolibet alio regardless of the support or nature of the source.
2
AC (Archive of the Cathedral of Avila), Section ‘Documentos’, num. 1, Table 1. Simplified Ac dataset gathered from examples 1 - 3.
Original Document. Ac Id Name Type Attributes Related UT/Ac
3
AC (Archive of the Cathedral of Avila), Section ‘Documentos’, num. 6, 01 Alexander III Individual Bishop, Pope UT19; UT21; UT22
Original Document. 02 Sancho Individual Bishop Ac03; UT23; UT26
4
Labelling code:
03 Bishopric Corporative Bishop; canonical election Ac02; UT23; UT26
. Relations are labelled in accordance with concepts
04 Albert Individual Priest; Cardinal; Chancellor UT20
related: . A semicolon
separates different UT, Ac, Attributes, or Relations identified through the 05 Briceño Corporative Family; Lineage UT17; UT37
same word or syntagmatic expression.
5
Notice that the word fratri here cannot be interpreted as a familial
6
relationship between both Ac (Pope Alexander and Bishop Sancho), as it English translation from the Spanish reference by E. Travé.
7
is a religious vocation. Hence, this is an illustrative example of the Texts can occasionally be ambiguous, particularly reflections. Here it is
interpretative task of the analyst in order to understand the text carefully, not clear if the term «Arévalo» refers to the urban nucleus or to the
and identify correctly these relations in order to complete the database. municipality.
19
historical Harris-like [15] matrix created for the Church of Saint
Mary, in Arévalo (Ávila, Spain), which has been the main object of
our example selection.
Figure 4. SGIR 2.0 database screen view. Labelled example 3 is shown on
the screen and forms for UT (left), Ac (centre) or Relation –UT-UT, Ac-UT
and Ac-Ac– (right) can be displayed alternatively for data introduction.
Figure 5. Historical matrix of the Church of Saint Mary in Arévalo Ávila.
Table 2. Simplified UT dataset gathered from examples 1 - 3.
It can be completed and enlarged through further research [7].
UT Id Brief description Related UT/Ac Location Attributes Date
01 Arévalo (Urb. nucleus) UT02, 03, 07, 09, = UT29 Urban area
29, 39 3 DISCUSSION, FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
02 Plaza de la Villa UT03, 35, 36 = UT01 Urban layout
03 Church of Santa María UT10, 11, 12, 13, Longitude Structure 1179
AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
14, 16, 17, 32 Latitude 8 The most striking point of using Units of Topography and Actor as
04 S. Mª de la Lugareja UT23 Ávila (Prov.) Structure 1179 ontological concepts of Historical semantics is that they allow for a
05 Santa María la Real UT29 Ávila (Prov.) Structure
truly interdisciplinary and integrated construction of the past. In
06 Tornadizos de Arévalo Ávila (Prov.) Place name
recent years, data modelling and database construction has allowed
07 Industrial Quarter UT29 Ávila (Prov.) Urban layout
08 Martín Muñoz de la D. Ávila (Prov.) Place name
us accordingly to develop integrated approaches [21, 30] and
09 Las Dunas (Urban area) Ávila (Prov.) Place name
software [10] overcoming the traditional inconveniences arising
10 (SM) South Façade UT03 =UT03 Structure 12th C. from the fragmentation of sources of information.
11 (SM) Chapel 1 UT03 =UT03 Structure 12th C. The proposal of UT/Ac gathering is an adequate compromise
12 (SM) Chapel 2 UT03 =UT03 Structure 12th C. solution in order to develop an ontology for past construction in
13 (SM) Chapel 3 UT03 =UT03 Structure 12th C. which entities and events are located within precise spatiotemporal
14 (SM) Bell Gable UT03 =UT03 Structure 12th C. coordinates. This actually implies more interpretative knowledge
15 Chapel’s demolition UT11, 12, 13, 16 =UT03 Destruction 1960’s on the historians’ part, as it is not always possible to detect these
16 Building refurbishment UT03, 15, 17 =UT03 Construction 2004
data units through mere automatic data labelling applications yet.
17 (SM) Tower Ac05 =UT03 Structure 12th C.
Despite TEI [27] being one of the most successful XML
UT03, 16, 38
18 Ávila’s Church UT19 Ávila (Prov.) Entity 1179
experiences [6] in the linguistics domain, the process does not
19 Pope’s protection UT18 =UT28 Political action 1179
seem to be proficient enough in the identification of entity and
20 Privilege scripture UT31 =UT31 Scripture 1179 events as required by historical knowledge. Units of Topography
21 Privilege concession UT19, 23 =UT31 Political action 1179 and actors are represented in too many different shapes, and all
22 Pope’s privilege UT23 =UT31 Political action 1179 supports must be considered, not only textual –even if textual
23 Bishop’s possessions UT04, 22, 24, 25 Ávila (Prov.) Ownership 1179 sources are the most abundant.
24 S. Mª de Burgohondo UT23 Structure 1179 Hybrid intelligence would be, to our perception, a challenging
25 Churches UT26; 27, 28 Ávila (Prov.) Structure 1179 field to explore the possibilities of historical knowledge to become
26 Ávila (Urban nucleus) UT25, 28 =UT28 Urban area 1179
digital and interdisciplinary, and to develop appropriate UT/Ac
27 Olmedo (Urb. nucleus) UT25, 30 =UT30 Urban area 1179
recognition patterns. Ontology-mediated databases are key to
28 Ávila (Municipality) UT25, 26 Ávila (Prov.) Place name 1179
29 Arévalo (Municipality) UT01, 05, 07, 25 Ávila (Prov.) Place name 1179
ensure data exchange. Nowadays, our research team is working on
30 Olmedo (Municipality) UT27 Ávila (Prov.) Place name 1179
SGIR 2.0 development, a database for UT/Ac gathering and
31 Lateran UT20 Rome Place name 1179 management. The short summary we offered aimed at introducing
32 Santa Maria’s Building UT03 =UT03 Construction =UT33 the main ontological concepts in use and showing data gathering
33 Repopulation Ávila (Prov.) Political action 12th C. procedure according to the wide variety of sources available to us.
34 Tower’s Building UT35 =UT03 Construction =UT33
35 Church of San Martín UT02, 34 =UT02 Structure =UT34
36 Casa de los Sexmos UT02 =UT02 Structure ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
37 Mausoleum Ac05 =UT03 Burial
38 Arch UT17, 39 =UT17 Structure =UT34
This study is part of the current research tasks carried out by the
39 Street UT01, 38 =UT01 Road Medieval and Postmedieval Archaeology Research Group
GRAMP.-UB (2017-SGR-833-GRC) of the University of
When gathering and storing data in this way, we can represent Barcelona, to which the authors belong, and it is included in our
relations quite easily through flux diagrams and matrices to Landscape Archaeology research line. Theoretical development,
establish the temporal sequence of activities, and their permanence conceptualization, and applied methods are part of a funded
or transformation, in a visual way. Figure 5 shows an extract of a research archaeological project developed by the Centre d’Estudis
Martorellencs (CLT009/18/00036 – DGPC/exp. 35). The authors
8
41º 03’ 58.61” N; 4º 43’ 11.69” W wish to thank Ms Noemí Travé for language edition and review.
20
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