Our ICT age is coming with high complexity of information sharing due to the complex natures of the technologies and due to the dependencies related to the varieties of sources companies. This paper will use Mixed Research Methods to prove that Simplification of Information Sharing can be highly achieved by using these new 2 technologies: Programming of ESRI digital maps; programming of smart contracts of Ethereum blockchain. Multistage Cluster Sampling method will be used to choose samples of academic, public and private projects related to these 2 technologies. Then we can examine the level of simplification of information sharing that we can achieve for each project one after another. Using programming methodologies of these 2 technologies will give huge opportunities for humanity to build very transparent policies at the global and the national levels in all fields like business, politics, environmental management and natural resources management. We have chosen ESRI digital maps company and Ethereum blockchain company because of their highly support for sustainable development and for the global sharing mechanism. Also, these 2 companies highly support all types of programmers. These 2 example companies show that there are 3 target goals can be integrated together: 1) Sustainable development goals; 2) Business economical added value; 3)Simplification of Information Sharing.
Business of today is so far dependent on the way of visualization and securing the data. Digital maps are way of data visualization and blockchains are way of securing the data, but the more important thing that programming of these 2 technologies will help so far in simplifying the data sharing. We have chosen ESRI digital maps because of possibilities of full programming with many languages at the desktop and network levels, in addition ESRI company strongly supports sustainable development. Also, we have chosen Ethereum blockchain because it has very strong language Solidity for Ethereum Smart Contracts programming, in addition Solidity does not has any dependencies to start programming smart contracts for business.
This paper will concentrate on the tremendous amont of transparency and simplicity of data sharing and management that digital maps and blockchain programming can provide for the sustainable development and for the sustainable business.
The paper will contain: explicit and Tacit knowledge (Fig. 1); SRI Digital maps programming 3 examples projects; Ethereum Blockchain network; Integration of the 2 technologies for future projects.
events but without judgments; Information is data organized for specific special purpose (Fig. 2). Data needs these 5 processes to become information: contextualized, calculated, categorized, corrected, condensed.
Knowledge: is the specialized information which
always interact with the human experience. It comes
from human experience and it generates new
experience, a process similar to what happens in the learning
process of neural networks [
Tacit and Explicit knowledge: Explicit knowledge is the knowledge that can be transferred and shared within a systematic language. Tacit knowledge is personal, specific and complex which make it very hard to be standardized for sharing (Fig. 3). Human gains knowledge by having new experience and developing those experiences to gain another experience, so that the explicit knowledge only the visible part of the iceberg. Keep Knowledge Conversion Process: Externalization (tacit to explicit); Combination: (explicit to explicit); Internalization: (explicit to tacit); Socialization: (tacit to tacit).
Implicit Knowledge: Implicit rule-based knowledge is the knowledge that can be explicit transformed to explicit if more eforts and time are given. Implicit Know-how is the knowledge which can be shared but needs experience because it is complex. Deep tacit 3. ESRI Digital maps programing knowledge is the knowledge related to beliefs, cultures and traditions. It is very dificult to be shared because ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) is an it related to specific practices. international supplier of geographic information sys
Knowledge as social issue: Transformation from tacit tem (GIS) software, web GIS and geodatabase manageto explicit knowledge can be done by sharing the knowl- ment applications. ESRI has strong strategy to be main edge in between social networks which contain hu- partner for United Nation, national governments and man and non-human actors. other decision makers in achieving the sustainable de
ence can map and describe the relationships between the members of the organization which will achieve excellent and the best added value to the organization performance.
Computer networks as social networks: Actually, the computers networks are social networks because they are the connections between humans and their communities, organizations and others human institutes.
Knowledge Management Systems (KMS): In the information systems there is no diferences in between information and knowledge, so humans can do limited customizations and simple categorizations. But in KMS there is involvement for the humans in the continuous interactions to achieve all the processes. With KMS, the human-computer interaction is more complex with target to share not only the information but also the meaning and the knowledge.
A successful KMS gives high importance for data.
Learning processes are highly dependent on the data.
We are learning from gathering information which is
highly dependent on the data. Because of this, we find
that we can learn computer programming language by
examples faster than learning it from its theoretical
instructions, or we can learn new language by practicing
it directly instead of learning its grammars and
vocabularies.
velopments goals. ESRI ArcGIS has over 200 available searching options. Attached is a screenshot for the
geoprocessing tools. For full control of desktop digital software for very deep unlimited search in the databases
maps ESRI provides full support for these languages: using SQL language. This software can be integrated
JAVA, C SHARP, VISUAL BASIC (VB), PYTHON. ESRI’s with my digital maps’ software. This software can
restrong supports for programmers and its global sus- duce the dependencies by using XML and JSON files.
tainable development partnerships has been giving the ESRI has 200 essential geo-processing tools. The
environmental experts the ability to customize the dig- ESRI Geo-processing tool is a specialized processing
ital maps applications for full automation for the digi- tool to edit the maps attributes that targeting the
graphtal maps’ projects [
The software will focus on the most complex con- directions. If user does not select any shapes in the incepts of the digital maps which is related to full pro- put layer then the bufer will be made for the all memgramming of the digital maps and transfer it from tacit bers shapes of the layer. to explicit knowledge. For this purpose, the software is The second tool is the clipping tool, the input is two developed that can simplify to excellent level the full layers of polygons where the first layer polygons will programing of ESRI digital maps. It will shows how cut the second layer polygons to have new third layer and how much can the software methodology achieve whose polygons are a copy from the first one but it has and simplify the full programming of ESRI digital maps. the layer attributes of the second layer polygons.
The most important thing in the software is the ex- The third geo processing tool is used in the software tracting of the normal data types (text, date, numbers) is the tool that make connections to enterprise geofrom the geodatabase. Because this will lead for full database such as Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server. The automation for the data of the maps such as making inputs are data required to connect to the geo-database any calculations programming or any deep searches as administrator and the output is a file which enable on this data. you to connect to the geo-database and to all its con
The software is about programming of ESRI ArcGIS tents of digital maps. digital maps by using of VB programming language Almost l explained all the resources are used in the and Oracle, SQL-Server, Access and XML databases. software and in the following l will explain the mechaTo run the software, you need ArcGIS installed on your nism of work flow and how l made its processes types computer. The main idea of this software is to show: of geodatabase in the same way by just browsing to the Access geodatabase or to the folder that contains 1. How to extract the data from the data tables of the XML.
ArcGIS feature classes (points, lines, polygon lay- For explaining the user interface of the software for ers). The software can extract the data from Or- full programming of ESRI digital maps: Let us start acle, SQL-Server, Access and XML (Shape files) from the top of the software interface. On the top databases. The importance of extracting the maps there are 6 input controls to input the data required data is that: Any programming, calculation or for connecting to Oracle (server, instance, user name, searching process can be done for this data. password) or Microsoft SQL Server (server, instance, 2. Programming of any sequence of ArcGIS Geo user name, password, the database) in addition to comProcessing Tools can be done with same method- plete the path and the name to the connection file SDE ology used in this software. which will be generated. Then we will see the two but3. Any connection to Oracle, SQL-Server, Access, tons which they are responsible on the generating of XML databases or to folders can be created and the required files SDE to connect to the enterprise geoopened with this software. database Oracle or Microsoft SQL Server. After entering the database connection information and clicking
ESRI ArcGIS digital maps software has good but lim- one of these 2 buttons the generation of connection file ited database search options by using SQL language SDE will start with all processes messages are shown in the software. After finishing we will see that there We saw in the last step how to connect to an enis generated SDE file with the name and path of the terprise geodatabase wither it is Oracle or SQL Server. folder we chose before. But ESRI has other 2 local geodatabase types: Microsoft
We have now the required files to connect to one Access geodatabase and XML files geodatabase (file of the enterprise geodatabases Oracle or SQL Server, geodatabase or the normal folder geodatabase). We we can see in the next section of the software that can connect to these 2 files geodatabase. Then the conthere are 3 buttons to connect to the Geodatabases. necting process will start and the software will list all The first one is responsible to connect to enterprise the layers and datasets in the geodatabase. geodatabase by browsing to the generated SDE file in The last section of the software is related to load the previous step. By choosing the SDE file the con- the digital maps after we connected to one of the 4 necting process will start then the software will list all types of ESRI geodatabases; and finally running the the layers and datasets in the enterprise geodatabase. geoprocessing. The software shows how we can make sequence of 2 geoprocessing tools which are bufer- will happen which is the extracting of the normal geoing and clipping. So, we need 2 layers as inputs which database data type (text, dates, numbers) which can we will load from the connected geodatabase. We can lead for full automation for digital maps (calculations choose these 2 layers directly from the geodatabase or programming and deep searches). After the map is from a dataset inside the connected geodatabase. The loaded you can choose a city for bufering wither by selected layer for bufering will provide the software choosing from the map or from the table of items and with the one item as input as the software just allows their attributes; let us say that we chose New York city. one item to be selected. Whereas the selected layer Finally, you should enter the bufering distance in kilofor clipping will provide the software with the items meters; for example: 50 kilometers. Now everything which will be clipped (cut) by the output of the bufer- is ready to start the sequence of the 2 geoprocessing ing process. tools (bufering and clipping). When we click on run
We will see by example how we load the maps and geoprocessing the software will make new layer which running the geoprocessing. The software provides an is a circle shape around New York with diameter of example of folder xml files geodatabase which is a part 100 kilometer(2x50=100). After finishing the bufering from USA map including New York city. By clicking geoprocessing, the software will continue with clipthe load example geodatabase, you will be promoted ping geoprocessing tool with 2 input layers; the first to select the bath for where the file geodatabase will be one the circle output of the bufering tool and the secsaved. Then the software will select the cities layer as ond one is the zip code layer was chosen before. The the bufering layer and the zip code layer as the clipped generated circle layer will clip from the zip code to layer. Now you can load the map. When we start load- generate new layer which is a copy of the circle but ing the map the most important thing in the software just has the attributes of the zip codes layer; this means the final result new layer will be a 100 kilometers circle software for pollution monitoring and environmental is cut from the zip code layer around New York city. management for the biggest coastal river in Syria. In that time Mr. Mounzer Saijare was the Syrian coor3.2. Syrian coastal rivers environmental dinator for the UN MEDPOL Mediterranean Sea Promanagement by using digital maps gram. A database and a Geo-database were designed for this project. This digital map project helped us to This project was between United Nation Mediterranean visualize all data gathered in a single application for Pollution Monitoring Program UNEP/MAP-MEDPOL, the support of decision making. Before gathering the the Syrian Environment Ministry and Syrian Ministry information of the river basin, we designed the survey of Communication and Remote Sensing (2010-2012). after many long meetings with the related authorities The project was about digital maps using ESRI ArcGIS in the Syrian government. We used many qualitative and quantitative research methods and tools to find 3.3. African Parks Project, GIS Tracking the suitable important indicators to be included in the to Combat Poaching and Protect survey. After finishing the survey, Mr. Mounzer and Animals 2 other GIS specialists doctors had visited all places along the river basin to collect the required data. We As mentioned in the introduction about ESRI the digused GPS technology to specify all locations of munic- ital maps company, it has 2 very strong strategies for ipalities, villages, industrial activities, agriculture ac- supporting all programmers and for supporting all entivities and tourism activities in addition to collect all vironmental projects and experts. required data. Also, we used interviews and observa- These 2 strategies were applied in Garamba National tions to collect the data. Park reserve in Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The final maps, after the filtering step performed in When African Parks control room was updated with
order to remove the noise [
In the control room of the Garamba park all data of the sensors are streamed together where they are ma- Blockchain Ethereum network does not need any denipulated and analyzed in near-real time which pro- pendencies for your computer, you can start directly vides a comprehensive image for the park manage- writing Solidity smart contracts programs with online ment staf. Hence all type of threats will be shown in Remix IDE and Chrome extension MetaMask. the GIS screen like fires and shootings, making more In Ethereum Blockchain you can program transfersupport for the human resources management of the ring and sharing all type of transaction in the same rangers and patrols. Elephants have clever remote sens- way ing for threats like poachers and others, The GIS actu- 1. transferring Ethereum (money) ally helps to get use of this cleverness in the protection 2. transferring data of these clever animals themselves. 3. transferring contract software
GIS helps the park authorities in dealing with local (will have address the same as web services) farmers population and distinguishing poachers from refugees coming along with borders of Sudan.
As more data are gathered from the park, the artiifcial intelligence will reveal patterns and all together with GIS will help fighting against poachers. Also, ma
ess-to-Consumer (B2C) marketing. No needs for servers.
Ethereum network will share your database, your data, your applications and your Ethereum accounts (money) directly. This will give huge opportunities to sell small personal software because each software will have to files on Ethereum, we store the MD5 hash code of these work with private Ethereum wallet and private con- files. Like on the Ethereum documents verification [10, tract software address. Ethereum blockchain will be 11]: We need 20 k gas to store 256 bit (32 bytes) word. perfect solution to share, store and search information. This means 1 k bytes = 32 word 1 k bytes = 640 k Because it reduces a lot of dependencies (Human and gas. This means 1 mega bytes =640 million gas= 0.64 Technology). Ethereum blockchain will be perfect so- Ether at gas price (1/billion) Ether. Instead of storing lution to share, store and search information for digi- the files on Ethereum, we store the MD5 hash code of tal maps application. Transparency of Blockchain will these files. Like on the Ethereum documents verificamake it the perfect solution for sharing global infor- tion software. mation about environmental pollutants regardless of national and international political issues and policies.
Environmental Economics science is the best way to 5. The integration of digital achieve the Sustainable Development and the Sustain- maps software and Istanbul able Economic Growth. Transparency of Blockchain is very necessary to share sensitive national informa- Ethereum tion that are needed in calculation with Environmental Economics projects. The performance of Ethereum The new very fast Istanbul Ethereum with ESRI digiblockchain network depends on the gas price speci- tal maps programming can be integrated in an applicaifed for the transaction to smart contract. It is be- tion for the real estate business. Also, another example tween 1 billion gas and 50 million gas for one Ether. that these 2 technologies transparency can be used in An Ethereum database sample is developed with track- pollution monitoring of international water like revers ing of all blocks and transactions for all actions in the and seas. smart contract. With this database sample we can mea- The developer who will made integrated Esri digisure the economic eficiency of Ethereum blockchain tal maps-Ethereum blockchain software can give users network. For example, the costs of 1000 records are free software, then the developer can get percentage in between 0.11 and 0.15 Ether. Instead of storing the from each transaction will be made via the software transferred from the users’ wallets to the developer’ [10] Ethereum, 2020. URL: https://ethereum.org/. wallet, these processes and the percentage should be [11] Solidity ethereum smart contracts, 2020. URL: declared very clearly in the software information. This https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.6.4/. methodology will give huge opportunities for all developers whether they work as individuals or as they work in companies.