=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2740/20200146
|storemode=property
|title=Digitalization of Science as a Modern Trend of the Information Society Development
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2740/20200146.pdf
|volume=Vol-2740
|authors=Valentyna Pleskach,Andrii Semenchenko,Dmitry Gololobov,Oleh Kalmykov,Viktor Krasnoshchok
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icteri/PleskachSGKK20
}}
==Digitalization of Science as a Modern Trend of the Information Society Development==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2740/20200146.pdf
Digitalization of Science as a Modern Trend of the
Information Society Development
Valentyna Pleskach1 [0000-0003-0552-0972], Andrii Semenchenko2 [0000-0001-6482-3872],
Dmytro Gololobov3 [0000-0003-4732-0071], Oleg Kalmykov4 [0000-0002-1811-5880],
Viktor Krasnoshchok5 [0000-0002-0967-9131]
1
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Applied Information Systems,
Ukraine
2
The Institute of Senior Management of National Academy of Public Administration
under the President of Ukraine
3
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Applied Information Systems,
Ukraine
4
Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky State Pedagogical University named after Grygory
Skovoroda, a Doctoral student, Ukraine
5
National Academy of Internal Affairs, Department of Information Technology and
Cyber Security, Ukraine
(v_pleskach@ukr.net,
andrii.semenchenko@gmail.com, vobd@ukr.net,
olegkalmykov@ukr.net, kivinme@ukr.net)
Abstract – This research is aimed to analyze the state of science digitalization in
Ukraine and also identifies the main problems and priority directions for the fur-
ther development of science digitalization as a major factor in the information
society development and digital economy in our country. The authors propose
definitions of digitization in general and digitization of science in particular. It is
noted that the problems of digitalization in Ukraine are directly related to the
general problems of national science, which in its turn are caused by the difficult
and unstable economic and social situation in the country. One of the main prob-
lems hampering the digitalization process is the gradual reduction in the cost of
science funding over the last years, which is illustrated by official statistics, lead-
ing to a reduction in overall scientific activity. The authors have developed a list
of recommendations for overcoming existing problems and further development
of the digitalization of science in Ukraine.
Key words: Science digitalization, open science, science funding, development
strategy, science cloud, repository, state policy.
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
1 Introduction
The digitalization of social relations and the economy is one of the most important
trends in the world society development, which requires the development and imple-
mentation of science-based public policy at the international, regional and national lev-
els, because any technological progress, including in the field of digital and infor-
mation-communication technologies, along with new additional benefits for society
and its citizens, simultaneously is a source of new threats to their livelihoods.
The role of science, first of all, is to justify the best ways for digital transformation
policy formalized in relevant concepts, strategies, programs, etc.
On the other hand, science itself is an important digitization object, the results of
which largely depend on the efficiency and effectiveness of the digitization processes
of other sectors and social life spheres.
The science digitalization is a part of the overall process of the society and the econ-
omy digitalization and the aticle is devoted of this research. From the experience of the
European Union or the British Scientific Council in Ukraine, the following directions
of development of open science and its digitalization can be applied, in particular: sci-
entific publications available in open access; open access of software for scientific ac-
tivities (OpenOffice Pro, etc.), open access data, etc. Unfortunately, there are no official
statistics on the digitization of science in Ukraine, but one of the most important indi-
cators for assessing the level of digitization of science is the total of its funding, which
is currently absent.
2 Related Work
The problems of digitalization of the economy and society are covered in many articles
of domestic and foreign scholars. So in [1] the author reveals the problems and per-
spectives of science in the context of the digital economy, explores the application in
the digital space of the new bibliometric tool, shows its problematic, compares valua-
tions provided by the western researchers. Issues of identification of the characteristic
features and problems of digital economy creation in Ukrainian regions, strategic pri-
orities formation of digital development at regional level were considered in [2], as well
as investigating the multifaceted and multidimensional nature of the definition of “dig-
itization”, outlining of the basic digitization principles (laws, provisions and driving
forces for the promotion of information and communication technologies in the daily
life of the state, enterprises, and society), justification of the benefits of digitalization
of the real sector of the economy, devoted to society and the population [3]. However,
the problem of science digitalization is to be explored so far.
3 Theoretical Backgroud
The purpose of the article is to investigate the state of science digitalization in
Ukraine, to identify the basic problems and priority directions for the further develop-
ment of science digitalization as a major factor in the development of the information
society and digital economy in our country.
4 Main material
In the Concept of Development of the Digital Economy and Digital Society of Ukraine
for 2018-2020 and the Action Plan of Measures for its implementation [4], among the
priority areas of digital transformations, “harmonization with European and world sci-
entific initiatives” was identified, which provides for:
─ creation and development of interoperable digital infrastructures as a basis for har-
nessing the benefits of the digital world in everyday life and a platform for achieving
economic efficiency in general, including the needs of education and science insti-
tutions, connection to the GEANT education network and distributed computing,
data collection, storage and processing European grid infrastructure;
─ creation of demand and shaping the need for digitization among citizens, including
access to data and publications which made through public funding, technological
roadmaps creation for public-private partnerships, commercializing scientific devel-
opments for industry and social challenges;
─ development of open and interoperable digital solutions for launching and develop-
ing innovation ecosystems in different sectors of industry, development and use of
open standards, and platforms for new products and services;
─ development of citizens' digital competences to ensure their readiness to use digital
opportunities;
─ development of digital business, creating appropriate (including analog) infrastruc-
ture to support and develop innovation, etc.
At the same time, the emphasis is placed on the importance of participation of the
national scientists in such strategic projects of the European Union as:
─ promising future technologies (Future Emerging Technologies), included in the field
of organic electronics, photonics, cyber-physical systems, complex calculations,
"reasonable" production;
─ future network (Future Networks) with the creation and development of the own
scientific digital infrastructure and its integration into the European research and in-
novation area;
─ future Internet research and experimentation (Future Internet Research and Experi-
mentation), including quantum technologies for the distribution grid and cloud in-
frastructures in areas such as software engineering (application for the Internet of
things, big data and artificial intelligence);
─ initiatives to study the human brain.
At the same time, the lack of access to global scientific digital infrastructures - to the
world base of knowledge, computing services, consulting, research in fundamental and
applied spheres - has a negative impact on Ukrainian science as a whole and is a sig-
nificant limitation for Ukrainian scientists, engineers, and government officials. It gives
an opportunity to evaluate the possibilities of Ukrainian science, to look for ways of
cooperation in the framework of international projects, etc., in particular in those areas
related to digital technologies.
The authors propose the definition of digitalization as a process of integration and
convergence of digital and information-communication technologies through digitiza-
tion of real-world objects, in which digitized objects and their parameters, characteris-
tics or properties have digital meaning, and digitization is understood as the process of
information transformation in a digital format, in which information is organized in
bits, qubits, Curtis, etc. Digitization results in the presentation of an object, image,
sound, document or signal by generating a series of numbers. Digital data can be easier
to share, access and store.
The Concept of Development of the Digital Economy and Digital Society of Ukraine
[4] defines the understanding of the saturation of the physical world with electronic-
digital devices, tools, systems and the establishment of electronic-communication ex-
change between them, which in fact makes it possible to integrate virtual and physical,
that is, create cyber physical space.
Then it is expedient to define the digitalization of science as the sphere of human
activity in obtaining new objective knowledge by means of digital, information and
communication technologies about the studied subject sphere. The digitalization of sci-
ence is directly related to the emergence and development of the digital innovation
economy, which should include the basic principles: high technological standards (V-
VII); high and competitive standard and quality of life; high index of economic free-
dom; high level of the development of education and science; high cost and quality of
human capital; high competitiveness of the economy; knowledge industry and export
of services related to information and knowledge.
According to the new methodology of the World Economic Forum, Ukraine took
83rd place from 140 countries. Ukraine’s place has been improved by 6 positions. In
order to be able to compare the dynamics of indicators, rating developers calculated the
position of countries based on the data of the previous period. Thus, one can track the
annual changes in a particular “new” indicator and component that form the country’s
overall rating in 2018. As a result, according to the new methodology, compared to the
previous year, Ukraine’s positions deteriorated in 11 components, and only one (Busi-
ness Dynamics) recorded positive dynamics. Ukraine received the most points in such
components as “Skills” (45th), “Market Size” (47th), “Infrastructure” (57th) and “In-
novative Capacity” (58th). Such components as “Macroeconomic stability” (131st),
“Financial system” (117th) and “Institutions” (110th) pull Ukraine down.
Analyzing the trends of Ukrainian innovation policy on support of innovation pro-
cesses in recent years, we note the following. In 2018, 950 organizations performed
scientific and technical works (in 2010 - 1303), including in the public sector - 457,
business sector - 351, higher education sector - 142. The main indicators of postgradu-
ate activity in 2018: the number of scientific institutions and institutions of higher edu-
cation with postgraduate studies - 431 (in 2010 - 530), the number of postgraduate stu-
dents - 22829 (in 2010 - 34653). We observe the dynamics of falling quantitative indi-
cators (Fig.1).
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Fig. 1. Number of research and development organizations
The dynamics of the share of the total amount of financing of expenditures for scientific
and technical works to the GDP of the country is shown in Fig. 2.
The Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in Ukraine identifies
the priority area “Science and Innovation”, which states that in the modern world the
competitiveness of states is increasing, first of all, as a result of the development of
science and innovation, which is ensured by the accelerated introduction of information
and communication technologies, creation on their basis of new technologies. re-
sources, methods, tools, technologies and the necessary prerequisites for this:
─ to stimulate the development of scientific and scientific-technical researches through
the introduction of the latest information and communication technologies, including
the technologies of the development of a scientific network of URAN, connection to
the world computer networks, including the scientific network GEANT, stimulation
of the supercomputer fleet updating;
─ to accelerate the development of a national system of digital scientific and technical
information, by ensuring the digital resources and electronic databases of scientific
and technical information;
─ to provide access to digital resources of foreign and international electronic data-
bases of scientific and technical information;
─ to stimulate the development of the Ukrainian segment of networks of scientific co-
operation and research teams;
─ to provide support for public-private projects in developing electronic research re-
sources with public access.
According to the Concept of Development of the Digital Economy and Digital Society
of Ukraine and the Strategy of information society development in Ukraine the Ministry
of Education and Science of Ukraine approved a “road map of Ukraine’s integration
into the European Research Area (ERA-UA)” [5], which defines Sub priority 5 b.
“Open Science and Digital Innovation” and noted the creation of an infrastructure for
open access to scientific publications; formation and development of the National Re-
pository of Academic Texts, Institutional Repositories of Higher Education Institutions
and Scientific Institutions, Open Access Journals; creation on the basis of the National
Repository of Academic Texts of the national system of information and analytical sup-
port of scientific-technical and innovative activity, participation in the creation of the
European Open Market Cloud of the European digital market with the need for appro-
priate digitization of all branches, including science, creation of a consultative and ad-
visory body - Council for the Development of digital infrastructures for science and
innovation, which would work under the Ministry of Digital Transformation, approval
of the Government Resolution Strategy the “National Initiative Cloud” with the devel-
opment of digital infrastructures, creation of data centers (hubs) for science, education,
innovation, their integration into the National Hub, which is connected to National Hub
of the European Open Science Cloud based on FAIR principles with appropriate pro-
vision of its interoperability and joining the EOSC (European Open Science Cloud)
Memorandum.
But in spite of these and other normative acts, which set priorities, strategic goals
and expected results in the field of science digitalization, remain a problem of their
declarative nature, lack of necessary resources, first of all financial, personnel, intellec-
tual and information support, as a whole in science, and measures for its digitization in
particular. Digitization of science, if it happens, is mainly due to international technical
assistance, which does not always reflect the national interests of our country. For ex-
ample, the dynamics of expenditures financing for scientific and technical works (Fig.
1) shows a catastrophic tendency to reduce the cost of science, which contradicts the
similar trends in this sphere of the leading countries of the world.
The dynamics of the share of the total volume of financing the expenditures for sci-
entific and technical works to the GDP of the country are shown in Fig. 1.
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
%
0.4
0.2
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Fig. 2. Dynamics of the share of financing the expenditures for scientific and technical works
to GDP during 2000-2018
Other legislative acts of the Government: “On Approval of the Library Development
Strategy for the Period up to 2025”, “Qualitative Changes to Libraries to Ensure Sus-
tainable Development of Ukraine” and “On Creating a National Repository of Aca-
demic Texts” created the open access to scientific information through the development
of electronic archives. The Vernadsky National Library has its own digital infrastruc-
ture which is connected to the world’s e-resources: the Springer Link portal, the Amer-
ican Physical Society Electronic Archive of Scientific Publications, electronic products
on the EBSCO platform, foreign databases of scientific information Scopus and Web
of Science, archive of Ukrainian periodicals LIBRARIA, Archives of the Institute of
Physics Publsihing, electronic products on the EBSCO platform, ELSEVIER electronic
products, ProQuest scientific databases, Cambridge University Press, Wiley’s scientific
information products: Wiley Full Collection, Polpred.com Database (Media Review),
the ARDI (Access to Research for Development and Innovation) collections, electronic
resources of the Institute of Physics Publishing, electronic library of theses of the RSL,
etc.
It is important to note the availability of scientific resources in the main library of
the country, in particular: electronic archive of scientific periodicals of Ukraine, scien-
tific electronic library, which covers the polythematic collection of electronic docu-
ments formed by priority areas of science, education, culture, economy, production,
management, digital library historically - cultural heritage, which includes digitized
documents of the NBU’s historical and cultural funds: books, periodicals, old printed
books, manuscripts, notes, maps, fine materials, abstract and the database “Ukrainika
Scientific”, which covers information about the results of scientific activity of the do-
mestic scientists and specialists, abstracts of dissertations in which electronic full-text
collections of abstracts of dissertations are presented, catalogs of libraries of institutions
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, integrated search in the catalogs of
libraries-institutions of NASU dissertations, catalog of scanned catalog cards, sources
of scientific information, Internet navigator of electronic sources of scientific infor-
mation, electronic repositories, scientific electronic p VTS open access and more. There
are also other digital resources in the form of electronic exhibitions, electronic libraries,
information, and analytical materials, databases.
And another state scientific institution “Ukrainian Institute of Scientific and Tech-
nical Expertise and Information” (UkrINTEI) presented a single automated fund and
database of research (design) works, technologies, and theses.
UkrINTEI is connected to the International Environment Program Information Sys-
tem and the International AGRIS / CARIS-FAO System. It created the National Repos-
itory of academic texts, which forms a single information space providing efficient ac-
cess to the national information resources of scientific and technical information. In
2016 began the process of establishing the National repository of academic texts
(NRAT) [9]. On July 22, 2016, the CMU issued an order “On the creation of the Na-
tional Academic-Text Repository” [10]. The Regulation on the National Repository of
Academic Texts [11] was approved by the CMU Resolution from July 19, 2017, and
on July 4, 2018, by the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, the
“Regulation of the NRA” was approved [12]. At the current time the multistage process
of filling the database NRAT continues that is in the national system of information and
analytical support science, technology and innovation.
The following activities are available on the UkrINTEI website: national repository
of academic texts, state registration of scientific and technical studies, theses, state reg-
istration of non-classified completed technologies, scientific and scientific-technical
expertise, scientometric and patent research, registration of international scientific and
technical programs, projects and grants, foresight in Ukraine, international cooperation.
On the specified site from 2018, there is an opportunity of online registration of scien-
tific and technical works and theses with the possibility of their electronic tracking and
reporting. The challenge of time is the formation of scientific repositories of higher
education institutions and research institutes, etc.
For the digitalization of science, it is important to develop digital infrastructure and
e-services for research and innovation and to facilitate open access to scientific publi-
cations.
An important measure for knowledge transfer and connection to the international
scientific digital infrastructure is to participate in the creation of a European open sci-
ence cloud of the European Digital Single Market, with the need for appropriate digit-
ization of all fields of knowledge, effective work of the Council for the development of
digital infrastructures for science and innovation, accession to the EOSC Memorandum
identification for transnational access to digital research services. Another measure to
support the scientific activity of scientists was the creation of the National Research
Fund of Ukraine, whose purpose is directly carrying out scientific researches and elab-
orations, promotion of scientific cooperation, scientific mobility, in particular scientific
internship of researchers, including abroad, development of the material and technical
base of scientific researches and elaborations, development of the research infrastruc-
ture, support for young scientists’ projects, popularization of science.
The digitalization of science also involves the formation of a single digital space of
science. In particular, the European Commission prepared its EOSC vision in April
2016 at the European Cloud Initiative. EOSC is envisaged to be a fundamental imple-
menter of the Open Science and Digital Science Transformation concept, offering any
scientist (single research infrastructure, consortium, etc.) the ability to access and reuse
all research data obtained through the publicly funded research restrictions on borders
and scientific disciplines. The creation of the EOSC was driven by the intention of the
European Union (EU) to gain a leading position in the world in the field of Data Sci-
ence. The basic principles for its implementation were set out in the EOSC Declaration.
The EOSC is expected to become a federation that will integrate Europe’s research
infrastructures into a single virtual scientific space, where each EOSC member-re-
searcher will be given access to:
─ currently available scientific data collected at public expense, with the ability to use
them in their own research (catalog data);
─ information on available services and capacities of research e-infrastructures with
the possibility of their use (catalog of services market);
─ information on existing research infrastructures, on existing programs and projects,
on existing and established consortia with the possibility of involvement and coop-
eration (catalog of research infrastructures).
In doing so, the researcher will have the right to provide information about those ser-
vices which he can provide based on his capacities (catalog of services market); to sub-
mit proposals for their own projects and search for interested partners within the Fed-
eration (directory of research infrastructures).
Federation EOSC can not be considered as purely e-infrastructure, even though its
implementation is provided on the existing base of European e-Infrastructures, as it
contrasts with the vision EOSC as a traditional “cloud” created just for the digital pro-
cessing of scientific data (calculations, analysis, storage etc).
However, in Ukraine today there is insufficient resource provision (financial, intel-
lectual, informational) for the formation of the own digital infrastructure for open sci-
ence cloud [13]. In 2019, a draft Concept for the Development of Ukrainian Research
Infrastructures Based on Communication Technologies by 2021 was drafted, which
aims to integrate National Digital Infrastructure for Distributed Computing Ukrainian
National Grid (UNG); National Academic Text Repository (NATR); Ukrainian Scien-
tific and Educational Telecommunication Network (URAN) and Ukrainian Academic
and Research Network of IFKS NAS of Ukraine (UARNET) [14].
“The Ukrainian Scientific and Educational Telecommunication Network URAN”
(further - URAN) was created by decision of the Ministry of Education and Science of
Ukraine and the NAS of Ukraine with the support of universities, institutes following
the Joint Resolution of the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
and the Board of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine from June 20, 1997.
The main purpose of the URAN network is to provide the institutions, organizations,
and individuals in the fields of education, science and culture of Ukraine with infor-
mation services based on the Internet technologies for the realization of professional
needs and development of these industries. Such services include, in particular, prompt
access to exchange, dissemination, accumulation, and processing of information for
scientific research, distance learning, use of telematics methods, the functioning of elec-
tronic libraries, virtual laboratories, teleconferences, implementation of remote moni-
toring methods, etc. ” [15]. In 2007, an agreement was signed in London to connect the
URAN Network with pan-European GEANT-2 Science and Education Network.
The state enterprise such as scientific and telecommunication center “Ukrainian Ac-
ademic and Research Network” IFKS of the NAS of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as
“Uarnet”) was created by the Decree of the NAS of Ukraine Presidium No. 405 from
November 20, 1998, based on the Laboratory of Information Technologies and Com-
puter Networks of the Institute of Condensed Matter Physics of the NAS of Ukraine.
At present, Uarnet is the only 100% state-owned enterprise in the telecommunications
market of Ukraine, and is one of the largest Internet providers in Ukraine. It has its
backbone data network based on the fiber optic technologies, as well as its external
channels of access to global information networks. Uarnet has full technical facilities
(sites) in all regional centers of Ukraine, as well as in Frankfurt (Germany) and Warsaw
(Poland) [16].
In March 2019, the Main Organization of the Basic Coordination Center of the Na-
tional Grid Infrastructure (UNG) signed an affiliate agreement for EGI (European Grid
Infrastructure). Affiliates have a provisional membership status (12 to 24 months)
equivalent to associates who do not yet have a national e-Infrastructure Development
Strategy and adequate financial support from the state and want to evaluate the interest
of scientific communities in such e-Infrastructures. Since 2018, EGI coordinates the
European Open Science Cloud (EOSC-hub) project, which brings together a broad
group of national and international service providers into a single hub for European
researchers and innovators.
The signing of the EGI Council Participation Agreement (Leading European e-In-
frastructure) is a logical step in fruitful cooperation under the Memorandum of Under-
standing at the technological level signed between UNG and EGI in December 2011.
ENG is an e-infrastructure for distributed computing and data processing through co-
ordination and resource management of 26 Ukrainian scientific institutions and univer-
sities. UNG has 14 clusters fully certified and integrated into the EGI Federation since
June 2012. Ukrainian resources are available to researchers through 9 virtual organiza-
tions. The main advantages of Ukraine’s accession to the EGI Council are:
─ the ability to offer stable digital services for calculating, processing and storing re-
search data for users - both academics and industry and SMEs (small and medium-
sized enterprises);
─ more opportunities for collaboration between researchers and industry of Ukraine
and the EU through joint projects and coordination and participation in the Strategic
Innovation Fund and EGI, stimulating innovation projects consistent with the mis-
sion and vision of the Federation EGI;
─ technological and resource support for Ukraine’s participation in the European Open
Science Cloud (EOSC), the possibility of implementing a pilot project to create a
thematic, institutional and National EOSC Hub in Ukraine ”[17].
On September 5, 2019, in Kyiv, a memorandum on the establishment of the Ukrainian
National Digital coalition “Coalition of digital transformation” was signed; it includes
46 public and private institutions and organizations, educational institutions, non-gov-
ernmental organizations.The main areas of cooperation under the memorandum should
be:
─ dissemination of information on modern digital technology and practices of its use;
─ creation and development of the appropriate infrastructure for acquiring and improv-
ing the digital skills of youth and society in general to increase the employment rate
of the population and the effective use of digital opportunities;
─ harmonization with the Digital Agenda and the Digital Single Market of the Euro-
pean Union;
─ improvement of access to digital infrastructure and the Internet;
─ integration of digital technologies into production processes or digitization of indus-
try; promotion of digital development in settlements and regions;
─ digitalization of science, development of Ukrainian e-infrastructures;
─ promotion of creative industries, cybersecurity systems [18] and other areas of the
digital transformation of Ukraine;
─ development of international cooperation in the field of development of digital tech-
nologies and digital skills [19-20].
We will also note that it is necessary to upgrade the equipment at the resource centers
of Ukrainian National Grid and deploy a unified cloud infrastructure in the regional
resource centers and the central coordination center which connected to the National
Hub with the appropriate certification in the EOSC Hub and EGI; update the equipment
and control system of fiber-optic channels Uarnet; develop and implement a mechanism
for using EUDAT data exchange and storage services for the network of equipment
sharing centers; introduce training in the profession of "data integrator" to reduce the
digital gap between scientists and providers of digital science infrastructure, organize
the representation in EOSC, creating and providing a model of ongoing funding, joint
resource management for further integration and deployment of other research and cre-
ate e-infrastructures in the Forum of science digitalization stakeholders (providers, us-
ers, etc.), which reflects the EOSC working groups, and the board of National Cloud
Open Science should be headed by the Minister of the Ministry of Transformation.
5 Conclusions
Thus, among the priority directions of the state policy on digitalization of science in
Ukraine are the following: Implementation of the current legislation in this area, to
ensure the real implementation of financial, intellectual, information, material and
human resources.
1. Development and approval by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, Mintsyfry,
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, the National Academy of Sciences
of the public-target program for the development of science digitization and ensure
its financing.
2. Providing a comprehensive and systematic solution to the chronic problems inherent
in the current state of science and its digitalization in particular, namely: degradation
of fixed assets and the neglected state of industry as a major customer of scientific
research market for Ukraine, however, opened the Ukrainian market for Europe, that
is why, due to the lack of protectionist policy on the side of Ukraine regarding
European products, it made it impossible for Ukrainian goods to compete with a high
quality, often cheaper European goods, and the availability of quotas for Ukrainian
products made it impossible for Ukrainian manufacturers to enter the European
market); very low level of science funding from the state; lack of orders from the
state and its monopoly (with drawings of tenders preference to foreign entities and
companies, including offshore), as a result of corruption in respective structures;
degradation of the material and technical base of science; low level of salaries for
highly qualified scientific staff (located at unskilled employees supermarkets, public
transport conductors, handymen sphere of construction, etc., sometimes below the
latter); high level of emigration of scientists, especially young people; aging of
scientific staff. It should be noted that the last two issues – the emigration of young
scientists and the aging of scientific staff are not isolated problems, but only a con-
sequence of the above and caused by the unattractiveness of a scientist’s career in
Ukraine.
3. To approve and implement the draft of the “Concepts of the development of Ukrain-
ian research infrastructures based on communication technologies by 2021".
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