=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2744/paper12
|storemode=property
|title=Spherical Visualization Database Prototype for Education and Scientific Research: Designing and Managing
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2744/paper12.pdf
|volume=Vol-2744
|authors=Sergey Presnyakov,Grigory Boyarshinov,Anastasia Odintsova,Alena Rybkina
}}
==Spherical Visualization Database Prototype for Education and Scientific Research: Designing and Managing ==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2744/paper12.pdf
Spherical Visualization Database Prototype
for Education and Scientific Research: Designing and
Managing *
Sergey Presnyakov1 [0000-0001-8710-5494], Grigory Boyarshinov1 [0000-0003-0062-4350],
Anastasia Odintsova1 [0000-0002-5037-4778], Alena Rybkina1,2 [0000-0002-9223-5936]
1Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
119296, 3 Molodezhnaya st., Moscow Russia
2The Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPE RAS),
Moscow, Russia
{s.presnyakov|g.boyarshinov|a.odintsova|a.rybkina}@gcras.ru
Abstract. The article describes methods for spherical visualizing of data as
global geophysical, environmental, atmospheric processes on the surface of plan-
ets and different kinds of processes on the surface of spherical bodies. Such data
can be demonstrated through virtual globes and spherical screens. Volumetric
visualization significantly increases the degree of visibility, comprehension and
assimilation of the demonstrated content and may be used in the scientific and
educational process.
The main goal of this research is to develop database requirements for spher-
ical visualization. The requirements are based on the modern educational and
science research representation approaches. The following tasks have been
formed and accomplished: a strict classification of data; a convenient way to in-
teract at the stage of adding data to the database and analyzing; their representa-
tiveness; introduction of additional data classifications; the possibility of individ-
ual user navigation and a high degree of interactivity. For the proposed model,
the basic functions of the database management system are described.
Requirements to a basic hierarchical data model were substantiated. The main
object of hierarchical data model is a spherical Slide representing a separate topic
of particular discipline. The superstructure is used above the hierarchical model
in the form of an individual route map representing a directory with links to the
main database.
Keywords: Spherical Visualization, Scientific Visualization, Database, Hierar-
chical model, Spherical Screens, Virtual Globes, Learning methods.
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons
License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
2 S. Presnyakov, G. Boyarshinov, A. Odintsova, A. Rybkina
1 Introduction. Interactive Spherical Visualizations
Over the past few decades massive amounts of data were produced and their interdis-
ciplinary application relevance has increased. This led to the development of new meth-
ods and approaches in working with data: collection, storage and analysis. Of all sorts
of data, geospatial data were among the first to be presented graphically. They were
used for navigation in the form of simple symbols and maps.
The value of two-dimensional images is difficult to overestimate. However, flat static
maps are not always representative enough. For example, in any 2D map projection,
there are distortions of lengths, angles, areas, shapes. Thus, creation and implementa-
tion of innovative methods for data visualization are highly important.
Methods of interactive Earth 3D visualization or in general visualizations of physical
and mathematical models of spherical bodies (interactive spherical visualizations, ISV)
are actively developing. Interactivity is understood as a high degree of interplay through
Human-Machine Interface (HMI). At the same time interactivity should be ensured
with equal success for different user groups and regardless of the type of content.
Following ISV variants were considered by the authors: virtual globes and spherical
screens.
1.1 Virtual Globes
The growing interest in three-dimensional visualization GIS applications lead to their
active development and implementation. Among the mapping applications with wide
functionality for the presentation and analytical processing of geodata on a virtual globe
are Google Earth, ArcGIS, Mapbox, etc.
Most of these applications run in the online environments and their main purpose is
to simulate a real (or as close as possible to a real) picture of the world based on high-
resolution raster space and aerial photographs for various data (terrain, infrastructure,
etc.), as well as vector layers (see Fig. 1 [1]).
Fig. 1. Raster and vector data layers
Spherical Visualization Database Prototype for Education and Scientific Research… 3
The user is provided with functionality, which can include scaling and searching for
locations, laying out routes, measuring distances, etc. Creating services with a wide
range of visualized data, a convenient interface, and the ability to run online from dif-
ferent devices has significantly increased the requirements for such applications. The
main part of such services is the development of the topography (geospatial objects)
visualization.
3D models of surface and subsurface objects are visualized in relation to the coordi-
nates of the virtual globe as additional functionality. Not all objects need to be modeled
and placed metrically accurately. Many of them are necessary only to create the effect
of visual realism and can be modeled with varying degrees of conventionality [2].
The thematic coverage of virtual globes is limited to Earth and planetary data; how-
ever, the subject can be significantly expanded. The software environment provides the
ability to create and add user generated content, but it is not always user friendly: the
presence of highly specialized terms, ability to understand algorithms, etc. Dealing with
spatial elements is often limited. Not every system supports working with spherical
screens as well.
1.2 Spherical screens
The other way of ISV using is a hardware-software complex (HSC) with a spherical
screen. In comparison with the traditional globe the layer on the surface could be chosen
by the user. The plane projection of planets on a spherical screen automatically becomes
three-dimensional (see Fig. 2). It allows visualizing the global Earth processes as they
look from space including additional data, graphics, descriptions, etc., which makes the
process of our planet exploration more effective [3].
Fig. 2. HSC “ORBUS”, developed by GC RAS
The disadvantage of a spherical screen is the two-dimensionality of the projection sur-
face itself, which distorts the display of three-dimensional objects on it. Augment Re-
ality (AR) significantly expands the capabilities of the spherical screen. AR is a more
advanced method of modeling Extended Reality (XR). The spherical screen onto which
high-definition and high-contrast maps are projected is an object of the material envi-
ronment, visible without additional devices like smartphones. AR cameras use a system
of small pictures (AR markers [4]) on a spherical screen or the whole complex as an
4 S. Presnyakov, G. Boyarshinov, A. Odintsova, A. Rybkina
AR marker. According to this approach the requirements for real-time rendering on a
mobile device are significantly reduced. It is not necessary to render a spherical object
with a high-resolution texture or a sequence of textures (video animation) which means
that there is no need to transfer large files via the Internet.
2 Spherical visualization for science and education
3D visualization methods are widely used in the scientific and educational process due
to significantly enhancing the visibility, understanding and assimilation of the demon-
strated content.
Among the features of 3D visualization can be distinguished the following targets:
large information capacity, improved perception of information and interactivity.
Information capacity is paramount for large multidimensional data sets. 3D objects
provide information through shapes, colors, textures, positions, sizes, orientations, etc.
The only limiting factor for 3D visualization is the user's perception.
Spatial representation of data is close to people’s perceiving of the world. 3D envi-
ronment allows the user to choose a better viewpoint for more efficient understanding
of the observed data, thereby improving perception of information [5].
Interactivity implies user interaction with content: moving and rotating objects of
interest, selecting an object among others, navigation in space, etc. via wide types of
additional interface tools.
2.1 Usage for learning purposes
The implementation of new technologies in education is rapidly developing and is
found both at the elementary school and at the higher education institutions. It was
established in 1989 [6] that 50% of brain neurons are involved in vision. Moreover, it
is believed that 3D visualization stimulates more neurons and involves most of the brain
in the problem-solving process. Imitation of spatial reality allows the student to learn
information faster and develop spatial thinking.
There are various learning approaches:
• extensive, covering many topics and directions, and intensive, focused on one topic
and studying it as detailed as possible [7];
• linear, studying the subject in strict sequence in the prescribed volume, and non-
linear, selecting individual educational routes of the student [8, 9];
• traditional, corresponding to the “class-lesson” system, when a range of educational
disciplines is divided into sections with phased transfer, and modular, in which var-
ious topics are grouped into blocks, and objects are studied from the point of view
of different disciplines [10];
• passive, in which the main acting figure is the teacher, and students act as passive
listeners; active, in which the student can determine the direction, volume, training
time; interactive, innovative, in which the student learns new material in the process
of solving tasks [11].
Spherical Visualization Database Prototype for Education and Scientific Research… 5
An important task in modern education is to increase the learning efficiency of the stu-
dent. Many educational institutions introduce adjustments related to the replacement or
modernization of methods, techniques, forms of organization of educational activities.
For example, among the perspective are modular, interactive and non-linear ap-
proaches.
ISV is extremely necessary to study and explain many phenomena and processes
related to the natural sciences: geography, astronomy, physics, meteorology, etc. A
presentation mode for demonstrating images can be set on a spherical screen as a result
of which passive linear traditional learning is implemented. The user can interact with
ISV by selecting the interesting themes for him realizing an active non-linear approach.
Users can learn as many subtopics in the theme as wants to realize a combination of
extensity and intensity. The interactive approach is implemented by various responses
depending on the user's actions.
2.2 Usage for research and popularization purposes
One of the modern tools for the effective analysis of various scientific data are computer
visualization or scientific visualization which is widely used in theoretical and experi-
mental issues.
The main goal of scientific visualization is to make the invisible subjects visible. By
invisibility we mean different abstract and real objects. A real object may be invisible
if it is ‘very large’ (for example, the Galaxy) or ‘very small’ (for example, micro- and
nanostructures of the real world). An abstract object (for example, a function of many
variables) may be invisible by its intangible nature [12].
The visualization of data obtained during scientific research differs from the others
in a number of features. A graphic illustration of scientific data should be given with
maximum accuracy and reliability for a qualitative assessment and understanding by
scientists. The method of interacting with data should be simple and convenient, main-
taining the ability to analyze data with enhanced specific functionality: changing the
level of details, certain data stratification for conducting analytical studies, etc. Given
the above, the choice of visualization techniques and tools should be accurately selected
and may differ from others.
High-quality ISVs are a powerful tool for modeling and systematic analysis of sci-
entific data revealing new facts and patterns. Interactivity, namely changing angles,
combining substrates, controlling playback parameters of video animation substrates,
working with spatial elements, etc., play a fundamental role in this case.
Recently, among the scientific community around the world the popularization of
scientific results and scientific data has been especially important. Scientific populari-
zation means the process of spreading scientific knowledge in an acceptable form for a
wide range of people.
However, the knowledge gained in the course of research can often be accessed only
by scientists themselves and at the same time be extremely difficult for the perception
of non-specialists. To enhance communication between society and science and to
demonstrate scientific results the role of such online and offline mediators as museums,
exhibitions, science festivals, etc., is fundamentally important.
6 S. Presnyakov, G. Boyarshinov, A. Odintsova, A. Rybkina
Researchers in the natural sciences can easily present their scientific results via in-
teractive exhibition stands equipped with modern demonstration devices. The concep-
tual use of ISV in stands visualizing planetary processes and data is undeniable.
3 Database Management System (DBMS) Requirements
Further requirements for database objects and database model will be described, the
functions necessary for data management and implemented variants will be selected.
3.1 Objects
The main object of the database is ‘Slide’ - usually a unique unit with a single parent
element. A Slide is a separate topic of a particular discipline, a digital model of a pro-
cess on a spherical surface. The Slide is stored as a folder with files.
The ‘SlideGroup’ object contains a list of child Slides or other SlideGroups. A
SlideGroup in this case is a mapping of a discipline, section or subsection into a data-
base. In the SlideGroup you can set the order of the arrangement of the child elements,
thus realizing the traditional linear learning route. Each SlideGroup has its own direc-
tory, where there is a file containing information about the directories of the child
Slides.
A schematic representation of the objects is shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3. Database objects
3.2 Structure and composition of a Slide
A Slide is a complex structure that combines several parameters:
• fields describing the main characteristics of the Slide;
• layers in the form of images projected onto a spherical surface;
• spatial objects located at specified surface coordinates;
Spherical Visualization Database Prototype for Education and Scientific Research… 7
• scripts that describe the dynamics of processes;
• additional materials such as icons, legend, text description.
All these parameters should be described in a single file in an easily readable and simple
format for parsing. The Lua format is suitable in this case, the tables of which can be
edited by the user even without special editors and there are many libraries for parsing
it using various programming languages. In addition, Lua is a scripting language,
scripts can be implemented on it, and OOP is implemented using metatables [13].
The main field of the Slide is ‘Name’, by which this Slide can be searched.
An example of a Slide description is shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Slide description fragment
A layer is a projection of the surface of a spherical object. The most common projection
for displaying processes on the Earth's surface is a cylindrical equidistant projection.
Since the main feature of ISV is its focus on global processes, first of all, it provides
the basic ability to work with large scales and store layers in a single HD image. Coor-
dination requirements become less accurate, eliminating the necessity for multiple scale
levels of layers. These factors simplify the production of content for the database.
Spatial elements on a spherical surface are analogs of discrete objects. They can be
placed with help of primitives like points, lines, polygons, meshes, image icons or text.
All unique information about an element is described via attributes. Attributes are
information not related to positioning that exists in the form of a ‘Name - Value’ pair.
Scripts are used to configure user interaction with the Slide. Script allows setting a
change on the spherical screen over time, making the Slide dynamic and interactive.
Figure 5 shows an example of Lua code that sets the event of changing the coordinate
of an object in 40 seconds after the Slide starts and the event of showing/concealing the
element when clicked at a certain point (Figure 5).
8 S. Presnyakov, G. Boyarshinov, A. Odintsova, A. Rybkina
Fig. 5. A fragment of pseudo-code script
Thus, text output, movement of objects, display of prompts and etc. can be set.
Each script describes various user interaction options specific to a particular data set.
3.3 Hierarchical model
The objects described above are well organized via ISV database. One of the most im-
portant requirements for the ISV database is the simple logic of its structure and the
convenience of interacting with data thus the hierarchical model for organizing data can
be chosen as a basis.
Hierarchical database model allows to organize data in the traditional linear form of
training when it is grouped by discipline. Each discipline has its own topics and sub-
topics. The number of branching levels can be unlimited.
Each object in the hierarchical model must have references to the parent and child
elements.
Navigation across the entire database structure is simplified in the case of a hierar-
chical model which makes it easier for administrators to add content.
For described purposes document-oriented databases such as CouchDB [14], Mon-
goDB [15] can be used. Collections implement modules, the link mechanism is imple-
mented through keys. Individual structure is created based on existing thematics with
help of training routes on the client side. Those educational approaches needed to add
a link mechanism which will be discussed in section 4.2.
3.4 Slide Management System functions
Regardless of choice DBMS a set of basic functions additionally required for the full
operation of the Slides. Prototypes of such functions described below.
For searching Slide by words from the search query function findSlideByKeyWord
needs.
For creating, editing and deleting Slide functions createNewSlide, editSlide,
moveSlide and deleteSlide need accordingly. These functions are available only to the
administrators, all actions are recorded in the log. A graphic or console dialog mode is
Spherical Visualization Database Prototype for Education and Scientific Research… 9
set after calling first and second functions and Slide is (re)created with the initial data
in accordance with section 3.2. If all steps of the dialog mode are successfully com-
pleted, data integrity is guaranteed. When new media files are uploaded, a script for
checking their validity is automatically executed by calling the commands of some
cross-platform utilities for working with media, for example, ImageMagick [16] and
FFmpeg [17]:
magick identify file.png
ffmpeg -v error -i file.mp4 -f null - 2>error.log
Also, to reduce the network client traffic for raster graphics and video, duplicates are
created in the WebP [18] and WebM [19] formats, respectively, which provide com-
pression without loss of quality. An example of duplicating media files by calling com-
mands of the same utilities that are described above:
magick convert input.jpg output.webp
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 output.webm
For retrieving Slide and SlideGroup metadata such as title and icon functions
readSlideTitle and readSlideGroupTitle need. For retrieving other Slide fields de-
scribed in section 3.2 function readSlideFields needs. And for extracting Slide files and
single file functions readSlide and readFile need accordingly.
Assumed arguments and results all functions are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. A set of basic functions of data management system
Function name Arguments (type) Result (type) Short description
(str) (group str) Find Slide by key
findSlideByKeyWord
keyWordSlide dirSlide word
(str) (str)
createNewSlide Create new Slide
dirSlide dirSlide
(str) (bool)
editSlide Edit Slide
dirSlide result
(str) oldDir,
(bool) Move Slide to a new
moveSlide (str) newDir,
result directory
(uint) newPos
(str) (bool)
deleteSlide Delete Slide
dirSlide result
(str) Read Slide as an ini-
readSlide (group binary files)
dirSlide tial data set
(str) Read Slide title and
readSlideTitle (str + binary file)
dirSlide icon
(str) Read Slidegroup title
readSlideGroupTitle (str + binary file)
dirGroup and icon
(str) (group str)
readSlideFields Read Slidefields
dirSlide dirFile
(str)
readFile (binary file) Read file
dirFile
10 S. Presnyakov, G. Boyarshinov, A. Odintsova, A. Rybkina
4 User interaction system
Large volumes of initial data structured and systematized according to the principles
described in section 3 are stored on a file server. The user gets access to the Slides
through the web server with help of Application Programming Interface, API (Figure
6). The functionality of the web server and network client implementing the convenient
work of the user is considered below.
Fig. 6. ISV System Architecture
4.1 Web server functionality
Since the DMBS is located in an isolated zone a web server is used to process external
network user requests. Such a server is entrusted with full control over the DMBS:
regulation of the load and request queues, prevention of duplicate operations, collisions,
etc.
The web server identifies the network client by IP address and API key, giving it
access to API functions. A call to API function is equivalent to calling the same name
function of the slide management system with parameters transfer according to certain
control rules. Referring to the function described in Section 4 means its calling and
parameter passing through API.
Data transfer transparency between the network client and the web server is con-
trolled by network exchange functions, for example, XHR [20].
4.2 Network Client Functionality
The user gets access to a personal Slide collection which in a particular case is a subset
of the entire database Slide collection and can implement individual data organization
logic and add its own data to the Slides. These processes as well as some aspects of
working with a spherical screen are described below.
Spherical Visualization Database Prototype for Education and Scientific Research… 11
Work with local copies. To avoid repetitive network traffic, an authorized network
client can make a local copy of the personal Slide collection available to him. Each
Slide accessible to the user is retrieved by calling the readSlide function.
To keep the user’s Slide collection up to date, it needs regular synchronization. The
network client periodically scans the log for the actions of administrators to add, modify
or delete Slides. The corresponding operations are performed with the initial Slide files
on the client side if such events are recorded.
Individual routes, modules, links. As mentioned above to expand the capabilities
of purely hierarchical databases it is necessary to implement a link mechanism. The
link is the full path from the root element of the database to the specified Slide and is
stored for the client in the table as an entry with a unique key. Access to the link is
carried out by a unique key which is necessary for changing the path to the Slide.
The module is a database object Slidegroup combining various topics with listed link
keys instead of direct paths.
Individual routes are introduced by adding links to the Slide. A user studying an
object of a certain subject can independently switch to areas of interest through addi-
tional links.
To work with the mechanism of links the additional hierarchy is set. An additional
root directory (route map) is created and can be configured individually by the user.
The catalog is a file of Slidegroups associated with various topics and modules.
Slidegroups of the secondary directory refer to Slides in the main database. An empty
folder is created for each Slide in the additional directory. To implement individual
routes, a file is added to the Slide folder of the additional directory - a list of links to
Slides of related topics. Files can be added to the additional directory. For example, a
text description of the Slide, which will replace the main database files at boot time. An
example of the main database is shown in Fig. 7 an additional directory shown on
Fig. 8.
Fig. 7. Main database
12 S. Presnyakov, G. Boyarshinov, A. Odintsova, A. Rybkina
Fig. 8. Additional catalog (route map)
Algorithms to work with route maps. To work with route maps (additional catalog),
the implementation of the basic functions described in table 2 is necessary.
Table 2. Functions required to work with route maps
Function name Arguments (type) Result (type) Short description
(uint) (group str)
getLinkPath Get link path
key dirSlide
(uint) key (bool)
changeLink Change link
(str) newDir result
(str) (str) Store the current posi-
updateDir
newFolder localDir tion in the catalog
Replace loaded Slide
(str)localDir (group str) parameters (including
localDataLoad
(group str) SlideData SlideNewData file paths) with speci-
fied local data
changeLink function is used after synchronization with the main
database to make changes to directories for Slidegroups used in links.
The following is the processing algorithm for selecting a Slidegroup by the user:
1. the user selects the desired module or topic;
2. in the additional directory, a list of key links is read from the corresponding file of
Slidegroup;
3. getLinkPath function returns an array of paths corresponding to a set of keys;
4. readSlideTitle requests are sent to the main database;
5. according to the received data the user is given a list of names/Slide icons and
Slidegroups for further navigation;
6. the current position in the additional directory is updated.
Spherical Visualization Database Prototype for Education and Scientific Research… 13
The algorithm for processing the selection of a Slide by the user:
1.the user selects a Slide;
2. in the additional directory the link key is read from the corresponding file of the
Slidegroup;
3. getLinkPath function returns the path corresponding to the link key;
4. readSlideFields request is sent to the main database, returning a list of parameters
and paths to the Slide files;
5. localDataLoad function is executed to update the Slide parameters;
6. a file is read with additional Slide links specified by keys;
7. getLinkPath function returns an array of paths corresponding to a set of keys;
8. readSlideTitle requests are sent to the main database;
9. according to the data received, the user is given a list of names/Slide icons for fur-
ther navigation;
10. files, parameters, additional Slide links are transferred to the user;
11. the current position in the additional directory is updated.
The described functions and algorithms implement the basics of working with route
maps.
Visualization on a spherical screen and interaction with it. Visualization on the cli-
ent side is most often performed through the platform-independent software interface
OpenGL [21] or its web version of WebGL [22]. The main element of the 3D scene is
the sphere with the textures. The geometry of the sphere does not change; its size is
single. The position of additional spatial coordinates is more convenient to set in a
spherical coordinate system.
The process of projecting a scene onto a spherical screen is described in [3].
Rotation of the spherical Slide by the user is realized by changing the position of the
virtual camera (six virtual cameras in the case of a spherical screen) the point of view
of which is always directed to the center of the sphere.
Selection of objects is implemented through the ray-tracing algorithm for ray from
the center of the sphere and to the point under the cursor (user touch point) [23].
Zoom on a spherical screen can be implemented through the tool ‘Loupe’. On a
spherical screen a circle is constructed with the center at the point selected by the user.
An image from an additional camera is projected inside the circle, aimed at the center
of the sphere and mounted on a straight line passing through the center of the sphere
and the point selected by the user. The scale is set by the viewing angle of this camera.
Related text and graphic information associated with the Slide can be displayed on
standard flat-panel monitors installed nearby or through the application on a mobile
device with synchronization via a direct network connection via WiFi or Bluetooth
[24].
To work with augmented reality in a mobile application markers and 3D models
must be loaded on the user's device. The necessary data is loaded according to the Slide
shown. Switching of the Slide makes the data to be deleted from the user's device.
14 S. Presnyakov, G. Boyarshinov, A. Odintsova, A. Rybkina
5 Conclusion
This article examined the demonstration of spherical data on virtual globes and spheri-
cal screens. The main difference is in the methods of representing 3D data: on spherical
screens it is necessary to work with augmented reality, while in virtual globes the whole
scene is visualized in one window.
For scientific and educational purposes, it is necessary to conduct a unified classifi-
cation of data, which is achieved through a hierarchical data model. Images can be used
as substrates in the simplest, equally spaced cylindrical projection, without scale levels,
which simplifies the creation of content and allows filling the database not only with
geospatial data. Modern learning approaches were considered. As reflected in 2.1 an
interactive modular non-linear approach was chosen as the basis. The user chooses the
topics of learning and interacts with spherical slides according to the implemented sce-
narios while solving different tasks. Data from different disciplines related to the same
objects are grouped into modules. Implementation of this approach as a superstructure
to the hierarchical model in the form of route maps, which are directories with links to
the slides of the main database is proposed.
A prototype of the client-server architecture for the ISV system is proposed. The
main module of it is the database management system. It organizes access at the level
of management of the Slide units (as well as its initial files) and the Slidegroups. Rely-
ing on its functionality web server processes network client API requests.
6 Further implementation
In the framework of the Project Authors underscore the significant role of ISV for ed-
ucational and research proposes on several occasions. The article has demonstrated the
number of approaches and algorithms that can be effective in the implementation and
achievement of the principles and objectives.
The Author's experience could effectively assist to develop ISV software with due
to regard the guidelines clearly articulated in the article.
7 Acknowledgements
This work was conducted in the framework of budgetary funding of the Geophysical
Center of RAS, adopted by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Rus-
sian Federation.
This work employed facilities and data provided by the Shared Research Facility
"Analytical Geomagnetic Data Center" of the Geophysical Center of RAS
(http://ckp.gcras.ru/).
Spherical Visualization Database Prototype for Education and Scientific Research… 15
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