=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2761/HAICTA_2020_paper51
|storemode=property
|title=In vitro Anticoccidial Effects of Oregano and Garlic Essential Oils Against Eimeria tenella and in vivo Results on Growth Performance, Faecal Oocyst Output and Intestinal Microbiota in Broilers - Abstract
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2761/HAICTA_2020_paper51.pdf
|volume=Vol-2761
|authors=Erasmia Sidiropoulou,Ioannis Skoufos,Virginia Marugan-Hernandez,Ilias Giannenas,Eleftherios Bonos,Kelsi Aguiar-Martins,Diamanto Lazari,Damer Blake,Athina Tzora
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/haicta/SidiropoulouSMG20
}}
==In vitro Anticoccidial Effects of Oregano and Garlic Essential Oils Against Eimeria tenella and in vivo Results on Growth Performance, Faecal Oocyst Output and Intestinal Microbiota in Broilers - Abstract==
<pdf width="1500px">https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2761/HAICTA_2020_paper51.pdf</pdf>
<pre>
   In vitro Anticoccidial Effects of Oregano and Garlic
Essential Oils Against Eimeria tenella and in vivo Results
  on Growth Performance, Faecal Oocyst Output and
      Intestinal Microbiota in Broilers - Abstract

    Erasmia Sidiropoulou1, Ioannis Skoufos2, Virginia Marugan-Hernandez3, Ilias
 Giannenas1, Eleftherios Bonos2, Kelsi Aguiar-Martins3, Diamanto Lazari4, Damer
                              Blake3, Athina Tzora2

      1
      Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences,
         Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; e-mail:
                                  igiannenas@vet.auth.gr
  2
   Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas,
                                    47100, Arta, Greece
       3
        Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College,
      University of London, Hertfordshire, North Mymms AL9 7TA United Kingdom
   4
    Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle
                  University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece



Summary

   This study investigated the in vitro effect of oregano and garlic essential oils on
sporozoites of Eimeria tenella (Wisconsin strain) invasion into Madin-Darby bovine
kidney (MDBK) cells, as well as the in vivo effects of the combined dietary use of
these essential oils on growth performance of broiler chickens, intestinal microflora
composition and Eimeria oocyst output. An inhibition assay was performed in vitro
using sporozoites of E. tenella pre-treated for 1 hour at 41°C and 5% CO2 with essential
oils of garlic or oregano at different concentrations (100, 50, 20, 5 μg/ml), then added
to MDBK cells for invasion. Dymethyl sulfoxide (10μl/ml) and robenidine (5 μg/ml)
were used as controls; no morphological changes were observed in MDBK cells when
incubated for 24 hours with any of the oils at their higher concentration (100 μg/ml).
Intracellular invasion of pre-treated sporozoites was assessed by detection of E. tenella
DNA by qPCR from MDBK monolayers harvested at 2 hours and 24 hours after
invasion. The relative level of inhibition of E. tenella showed that parasite invasion
was inhibited by the oregano essential oil at the concentration of 100 μg/ml by 83% or
93% after 2 hours or 24 hours, respectively. Garlic essential oil reached a maximum
inhibition of 70% after 24 hours with the 50 μg/ml concentration. For the in vivo trial,
180 male broiler chicks (Ross-308) were allocated into two treatments (6 pens of 15
chicks per treatment). The CONTROL treatment was fed commercial diets (starter,
grower, prefinisher, finisher) based on corn and soybean meal without antibiotics or
anticoccidials. The second treatment (OREGAR) received the same diets, further
supplemented with a premix (1 g/kg) containing oregano essential oil (50 g/kg premix)




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and garlic essential oil (5 g/kg premix). Feed and water were offered to birds ad libitum.
At the end of the trial (day 37), all birds were slaughtered under commercial conditions,
and intestinal samples were collected. Cecal microbiota were determined by
conventional microbiological techniques. Oocyst output in faeces was also determined.
OREGAR treatment compared to the CONTROL treatment showed: improved final
body weight (1834 vs 1686 g; P<0.01) and feed conversion ratio (1.489 vs 1.569;
P<0.01); lower oocysts in faeces (3.48 vs 4.01 log10 CFU/g; P<0.001); lower counts
of anaerobes (8.22 vs 8.82 log10 CFU/g; P<0.001) in the ceca; lower counts of
Clostridium perfringens (2.56 vs 2.88 log10 CFU/g; P<0.01) and higher counts of E.
coli (5.03 vs 3.53 log10 CFU/g; P<0.01) and Enterobacteriaceae (5.34 vs 3.83 log10
CFU/g; P<0.01) in the jejunum. Based on these trial results, the oregano and garlic
essential oils exhibits a potent anticoccidial effect in vitro and their combined
supplementation in broiler chicken diets can results in an effective growth promoting
effect, even in the absence of anticoccidial drugs.

       Keywords: Oregano essential oil; garlic essential oil; broiler chicken;
       performance; Eimeria tenella.

       JEL Codes: N50; Q10; Q13.


Acknowledgments. This research project is co-financed by the European Regional
Development Fund (ERDF) under the Operational Program "Epirus 2014-2020",
NSRF 2014-2020. Project Code: HΠ1AB-0028192. Acronym: Innochicken.




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