=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2763/CPT2020_paper_s3-1
|storemode=property
|title=Methodological potential of the teleological principle of purpose
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2763/CPT2020_paper_s3-1.pdf
|volume=Vol-2763
|authors=Yu.N.Golubchikov
}}
==Methodological potential of the teleological principle of purpose==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2763/CPT2020_paper_s3-1.pdf
Methodological potential of the teleological principle of purpose
Yu.N.Golubchikov
golubchikov@list.ru
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography
The cognitive capabilities of the teleological paradigm of purpose are discussed. An inquiring mind everywhere sees that
inanimate matter serves for living, and that, in turn, serves for a man. However, such a concept as “purpose” turned out from the
contemporary science, although for a long time it went along the path of becoming the doctrine of purpose determination, or
nomogenesis. The history of the substitution of the main paradigm of science from purpose to chance is traced. The overcoming of the
catastrophic representations of Cuvier by the provisions of actualism and evolutionism is considered. From the middle of the 19th
century, public opinion began to strengthen that every new scientific achievement casts doubt on religious beliefs. Criticism of biblical
history began with the events of the Great Flood, as the key one in the Bible. The negative attitude to catastrophism in the Soviet
scientific literature and the importance of ideology in the methodology of science are considered. The anthropic principle
predetermines a radical restructuring of the general scientific methodology. It finally comes closer to religious knowledge. The
anthropic principle is teleological and contains that goal (“eidos-entelechia”) in the structure of matter that impels it. In this light, the
power of science is again seen not in confrontation with religion, but in harmonization with it.
Keywords: teleology, evolutionism, actualism, catastrophism, ideology, anthropic principle, global geological catastrophes.
Cuvier pointed out that everything that can be found
1. Introduction. Geology harmonized with in other places as fossilized organisms is freshly frozen in
teleology the Far North. He especially paid attention to the frozen
Until the middle of the nineteenth century the vast carcasses of mammoths. Cuvier believed that if the
majority of scientists believed that science elevates the mammoths did not freeze immediately after they have
mind to understanding God. Their geological surveys been killed, rot would have decomposed them. “The
merged with teleological ones. An outstanding same process destroyed them and froze the country in
geographer of the XIX century Karl Ritter wrote about which they lived. This incident happened suddenly,
the original purpose of the Earth by an invisible higher instantly, without any gradualness” [2, P.11].
world for the dwelling of mankind [1]. In the outlines of In this regard, Cuvier can also be nominated as the
the continents and oceans, great thinkers of the past tried founder of permafrost science. True, modern permafrost
to guess the meaning, purpose and language. scientists do not consider him such. In contrast to Cuvier,
Almost all scientists of those times assigned a they consider the formation of permafrost, the
decisive role in shaping the face of the Earth to the accumulation of underground ice deposits and the
catastrophic power of water. They were neptunists. The extinction of mammoths as three independent sluggish
main event was described in the Bible as the event of the processes.
Flood. The biblical flood was associated with the origin
2. The overthrow of catastrophism
of petrifactions. The most obvious flood evidence
included granite boulders, widely scattered across the Only very few rejected the authenticity of the biblical
northern plains of Europe and North America. Since account of the Flood. The London Geological Society
granites come to the surface in the area of the Baltic and provided strong support for these unusual views. In 1830,
Canadian crystalline shields, it was obvious that they the 33-year-old member of the Geological Society,
were transported from there by mighty flood waters. lawyer Charles Lyell, begins year after year to publish
They essentially reworked the face of the Earth. Under three thick volumes, it would seem, from a sphere very
the influence of the ideas of Neptunism and far from jurisprudence, entitled “Basic principles of
catastrophism, stratigraphy has been formed. geology, or an attempt to explain the ancient changes in
The most prominent representative of catastrophism the Earth by current processes”.
was the founder of comparative anatomy and With investigative thoroughness, Lyell measured the
paleontology, Baron Georges Leopold Cuvier. Having rate of accumulation of modern rainfall in calm
studied the fossils of organisms in the Paris Basin, he conditions of stagnant water bodies. It amounted to
came to the conclusion that earlier life was immeasurably millimeters or few centimeters per year. Then he divided
richer than modern. It was impoverished by great the thicknesses of the strata of sedimentary rocks known
extinctions under the influence of terrible and gigantic to him at this speed and received huge, at that time, age
disasters. In this regard, Cuvier was the first of the strata. If 300 m accumulated by centimeter per
environmentalist-alarmist, the creator of the first likeness year, then we get the age of the thickness of 30 thousand
of the Red Book. years.
Cuvier counted six catastrophic extinctions. The latter With attorney's pathos, Lyell began to prove that all
was an event of the biblical flood. At such times, Cuvier geological processes and phenomena in the past were the
believed, qualitatively different extraordinary forces same as now. No giant catastrophe clouded them.
acted, possibly carried out according to different laws. Everything went slowly and gradually. “From ancient
Modern processes of decay do not allow accumulate any times to the present day, no other reasons have acted,
fossils. Cuvier claimed [2]. other than those that are now acting, and their actions
have always been manifested with the same energy that
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY
4.0)
they are showing now” [cit. 3, p. 211]. This statement has Charles Gillispie [9], argues that the true goal was to
entered into science under the name of the principle of create alternative biblical theories about the appearance
actualism (from Latin actualis - “real”, “real”), or of the Earth and a man. This opened up the possibility of
uniformism (from English uniformity - “uniformity” and questioning the entire Christian worldview, discrediting
“immutability”). His motto is "the present is the key to the structure of Christian states associated with it, and,
the past." He gave a paradigmatic view not only to all ultimately, taking possession of their capital, estates, and
Earth sciences, but to all science. demesnes. “This means killing all bad people, as much as
Lyell especially attacked upon the ideas of the Great there are very few good people,” says the five-year-old
Flood contained in the traditions of the peoples of the girl from A. Platonov’s novel “The Foundation Pit”. Her
whole world. The formation of relief forms and wise words seem to be the key to understanding the entire
sediments attributable to the flood since began to explain world history of the 20th and 21st centuries.
by the action of slowly advancing and retreating huge ice From the middle of the 19th century, public opinion
covers. began to strengthen that every new scientific achievement
Criticism of biblical history was thus begun with the deny religious beliefs. The confrontation of religion and
events of the Great Flood, as a key one in the Bible. And science began. Biblical beliefs and teleology have been
the sacred picture must also be restored with the eliminated from the new worldview [10].
restoration of the truth about this global hydrosphere The term "catastrophism" is still used with a negative
catastrophe. Since then, the importance of water in connotation. The attitude towards him in the Soviet
shaping the appearance of the earth's land has been scientific literature was like something almost criminal.
steadily narrowing, up to the recognition of its leading The Great Soviet Encyclopedia quoted F. Engels:
role only in the formation of valley and coastal “Cuvier’s theory of earthly revolutions was revolutionary
complexes. Relief forms previously attributed to water in words and reactionary in practice.” The following was
activity began to be interpreted as glacial, aeolian, the verdict of I.V. Stalin from the work “Anarchism or
nivational, and denudational. If hydrosphere disasters are Socialism?”: “It is clear that there is nothing in common
mentioned, they are associated with breakthroughs of between the Cuvier cataclysms and the dialectical method
glacial waters only. of Marx” [11]. It is also clear that it would be unlikely
The weak link in Lyell's constructions was the that after such words there would be anyone willing to
appearance of new species with the extinction of old join the ranks of catastrophists. “For many decades in the
ones. He explained them with mysterious and USSR, the very existence of the Flood was seen as a fairy
supernatural reasons. tale, almost as a kind of religious propaganda about the
Lyell was assisted by the 27-year-old Charles catastrophe, which, according to Soviet ideology and,
Darwin. Darwin linked the cause of the extinction of accordingly (!) the science of that time, simply could not
some species and the appearance of others not with be” [12, p. 75].
catastrophic extinctions, but with the slow actions of the This also happened because in the period attributed to
forces of natural selection. Darwin strongly supported the ice age, a man appeared. And such an event the
Lyell's uniformitarian views and even published several evolutionary doctrine does not think without the slow and
articles substantiating the ancient glaciation of the British gradual adaptations of monkeys to changes in the natural
Isles and South America [4]. In turn, Lyell, in the process environment, which forced the monkeys to turn to work.
of developing Darwin’s teachings on evolution, published But what if there were no great apes? It would turn
the book “Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of A out to be the closest relatives of a person, say, cats. It
man”. seems, and in that case apologists for evolutionism would
The teachings of two Charles struck the scientific argue that with the onset of the ice age, some humanoid
world amazingly quickly. Each researcher knows what cats caught mice themselves to sewed fur coats from their
incredible works it takes to gain credibility among skins. Those that didn’t sew went extinct, and those that
colleagues. But here it happened all at once to a lawyer sewed went out into the people.
among geologists, and to a priest among biologists. How Ultimately, everything about fundamental genesis lies
so? in the realm of science fiction. No matter how deeply we
As the priest Daniil Sysoev, who was killed in 2009, study the morphology of the body, we cannot say
stated, “the topic of participation in the spread of anything about its conceiving. No matter how deeply we
evolutionary teachings of secret societies certainly needs understand geomorphology, we cannot judge the origin
further investigation” [5, p. 46]. of the Earth.
V. I. Vernadsky wrote: “Geological sciences in the But depending on the interpretation of the
19th century forced religion and philosophy to bow to the deformations, we get a different picture of the Earth
scientific fact and redo their constructions by the power history. Or there was a glacier and then we came from
of logic and vital applications”[6, p.236]. And they Africa and descended from monkeys. Or there was no
bowed. Even in Orthodoxy, an evolutionary heresy glacier, and then, perhaps, our ancestors themselves
condemned by Konstantin Bufeev rooted [7]. Only “in flourished once here.
science, ideology determines what is a fact and what is
not” [8, p. 32]. 3. Replacing the purpose for chance.
The denial of catastrophism was not just a desire to In accordance with the teleology of Plato, the essence
present the history of the Earth from a new scientific of objects of living nature is determined by their
point of view. The British historian of geological science,
intangible fundamental principle - the defined purpose or extraordinary scale, a new scientific worldview
"eidos". It is as if they predetermine the present from the simultaneously reduced a person with all his interests and
future, and all things of the visible world tend to become achievements - reduced all phenomena of life to a
like them. position of insignificant details in space” [17, p. 247].
Aristotle agreed with Plato. Nature, he said, acts with Intuitive ideas of the past began to come to life
a definite ultimate goal (“entelechy”). So, a seed or an unexpectedly from the 1970s. Then it turned out that the
egg already initially contains the beginning of life, most important laws of physics are defined by 9
aspiration. Aristotle also believed that history was fundamental constants, such as the gravitational constant
developing. It also has a goal. Therefore, the present is or electron charge. By the end of the 1980s, on 30 such
like programmed by the future, and the past is constants were already indicated, then 70, and today there
programmed by the present. Therefore, the search for are 200 of them [18]. Each of these constants is limited
ultimate goals is the first and most important task of by very narrow values, it looks random, not related to the
studying nature [13]. others, it seemed that it could have different values. But
L.S. Berg brilliantly demonstrated that the science has each time it became clear that not only these constants,
long gone the way of becoming the doctrine of but also their relationships are critically important for the
determining goals or nomogenesis (Greek. Nomos - existence of our world. Not a man with the Earth is tuned
“law”). Therefore, Berg called his concept nomogenesis, to them, but they themselves are filigree tuned to a man
contrasting it with Darwinian development based on a on Earth [19].
chance [14]. Even a small mental change in one of the constants
According to his concept, the evolution of living leads to a loss of stability of the entire Universe. It will
systems is guided by a certain “channel” for a specific become not some other, suitable, let us say, for another
purpose. “There is every reason to believe that matter, but in principle it will lose its physical meaning.
nomogenesis will be recognized as postmodern. And then A proton is 1836 times heavier than an electron. If this
a transdisciplinary paradigm may arise, approaches to ratio becomes a little different, in the 28th unit after the
which from different points of view are presented not decimal point, either the electron will fall on the proton
only and not so much by biologists as by scientists from and the whole world will turn into a desert of hydrogen,
other fields of science. For those who understand what or, on the contrary, the electron will break away from the
area this branch of science is invading, this seems like a proton and everything will turn into something even
super task. However, without setting a super task, there is worse [19].
little hope for the prosperity of science,” writes V.N. And if the slightest change in the numerical values of
Nevsky [15]. one of the constants of the Universe occurs, it will mean
Everywhere an inquiring mind sees that inanimate “the end of the world,” that is, the entire material
matter serves life, and it, in turn, serves a man. The universe with all its countless galaxies.
introduction of the teleological principle into knowledge Many attempts have been made to destroy the
allows us to explain the gigantic volumes of facts. “And anthropic principle. It was about a multitude of universes,
this is the most necessary thing in history, where no event about the conventionality of the principle according to
is played out without a goal” [16]. which the modality of obligations is not correct in
Teleology is condemned by modern ideologists of science. But the anthropic principle itself is increasingly
science. At the same time, carefully disguised penetrating the sphere of general scientific (including
teleologism is the essence of all teachings on progressive humanitarian) culture [20; 21; 22].
development, for example, in Soviet ideology with the The idea of the Pythagoreans that “numbers rule the
idea of building a bright communist future. world” and create its order is again relevant. The Greek
In the basis of modern science the fundamental root “cosmos” itself means “order”, and the word
dogma about chance was laid. This chance has no “cosmos” is translated as a universe arranged in strict
purpose and cannot have it. However, this chance order. Hence the "cosmetics". The order is directly
predetermines evolutionary progress. opposite to chaos and can only turn into it, but not born
from chaos. Beauty itself also serves as an attractor of
4. Retrieval to anthropocosmism. any order, not excluding the cosmic. Awareness comes
Уеt in the era of the dark Middle Ages, a man felt about fine tuning and earthly nature on human.
himself in the center of the universe. For his sake the The anthropic principle is teleological. It is that goal
stars revolved, the moon shone. For him the sun rises and ("eidos-entelechia") that is contained in the structure of
sets. All cosmology was anthropocentric. matter and directs it. In modern systemic phraseology,
From this obscurantism by the middle of the XX such goals are called attractors (lat. Attrahere - to attract).
century there was no trace left. If life had been removed E.N. Knyazev and S.P. Kurdyumov [23] convinces that it
from the modern textbook of physics (natural sciences), makes no sense to resist attractors. They make you move
the textbook would not have changed. Moreover, there is in the right direction. “If the system falls into the cone of
no place for humanity in the modern textbook of physics. attraction of the attractor, then there is a rigid set for a
Science began to interpret the emergence of humanity as certain future state. The future draws to itself” [23, p.
a result of very long, but absolutely blind processes, and 145-146].
in the universe itself it saw neither greatness, nor beauty, According to A.I.Subetto [24] with the anthropic
nor meaning, nor purpose. “Expanding the world to an principle, a peculiar nomogenesis of L.S. Berg is
manifested in cosmogenesis, the cosmogonic regularity
of the appearance of a man as an observer of the that gigantic abundance to our time, as the great Cuvier
Universe, creating a new Cosmos - the technosphere. The wrote about it [6].
anthropic principle not only allows the possibility of the In the fossil record, it is sufficiently traced how each
appearance of a man, it determines its appearance. In the large extinction of organisms is preceded by large-scale
light of the anthropic principle, a man stands out not only growth of biodiversity and, obviously, biomass.
as “the peak of the evolution of animal creatures”, but Phytomass at this stage already absorbed more oxygen on
also as the sacred one who orders the Cosmos. It became the processes of decay than produced it. This process was
possible to exclaim: “Here is a man. What should be the apparently unstoppable. Stops of movement for life are
universe ?! " equivalent to death and to prevent this from happening,
Alfred Wallace noted: “A man... could evolve here on life need inversions that stop the movement for a while,
Earth only with the presence of this whole monstrously change the direction of the processes to the opposite, life
vast material universe that we see around us” [25, p. need cyclicity [28].
286]. K.E. Tsiolkovsky also regarded the whole cosmos The burial and isolation of such abundant biomass
as defining our life: “It is hard to imagine that any part of allowed new plants to re-saturate the atmosphere with
it will sooner or later have any effect on us” [26, p. 43]. It oxygen. Coal, for example, consists of pure carbon, there
turns out that in order for such a small Earth to rotate is no oxygen in the coal, all the oxygen that could
around its axis in its orbit, the existence of a huge connect with the coal remained in the atmosphere. “If
Universe with billions of trillions of stars is necessary. carbon had not dropped out of the life cycle in the form
All of them are also important and necessary for us. of hydrocarbons, coals, bitumen, graphites or in the form
In religious language, the anthropic principle is called of calcium carbonates, free oxygen would not exist at all,
God's providence for a man. The most perspicacious there would also not be, therefore, thousands of the most
minds guessed about the anthropic principle long before important chemical reactions of the biosphere associated
its appearance. K.E. Tsiolkovsky “ahead of the anthropic with it” [ 29, S. 248-249]. This buried organic matter is
modern principles of cosmology, formed a more about 25 thousand times more than it is in the biosphere
capacious anthropic principle. In his opinion, the [30].
evolution of space... necessarily leads to the appearance Now the accumulation of huge volumes of biomass is
of Homo sapiens on Earth” [27, p. 76]. prevented by repeated fires from time to time. But they
The idea of the connection of a man and the cosmos are possible only with a certain oxygen content in the
belongs to the oldest. V.P. Kaznacheev believed: “The atmosphere. Be it a few percent less, and any ignition
salvation of mankind (preservation) ... consists in the processes will become impossible. All that remained was
search and discovery of the interaction of supporting the quick burial path of the once booming life. They
connections with the forces of extra-planetary reason, made it possible to saturate the planetary atmosphere
cosmos-planet intelligence” [27, p. 155]. with oxygen again.
Science with the anthropic principle is again In deposits of coal, hydrocarbons and carbonates,
approaching religious knowledge, between which by the colossal reserves of carbon dioxide were also conserved.
middle of the 20th century there was a practically Without this conservation, the Earth could get at the fate
insurmountable wall. It would seem that teleologism has of Venus. Giant burials of organic residues menacingly
long been overcome, but regains its fullness and warn against violations of the fragile chemical
orientation. Again, a certain plan of the universe and its composition of the earth's atmosphere.
creatures (nomogenesis) is revealed. But the plan also Millions of invertebrates had to die and overflow
implies a goal. with their fossils so that the Earth was covered with
fertile soil. There is some lesson in all this. Man, “Man,
5. Anthropism of geological disasters "in order to cultivate the land from which he was taken"
What is the purpose of catastrophically fast burial (Gen. 3: 23), " required many processes and revolutions
places of the once booming life? Perhaps the formation of that took place on the Earth… You do not walk on the
the universe was going a trial and error? But such a floor of your house, poor man, but you walk on the roof
construction is directly opposite to the anthropic principle of your house, and only a lot of floods gave your house
and approaches the evolutionary dogma of chance. its present appearance”- Johann Herder wisely taught
Let us try to understand these global catastrophes [1977, p. 39].
from the perspective of a goal, for which, of course, we
6. Conclusion. On the harmonization of
will put forward a person. According to evolutionary
science and religion.
views, the amount of living matter in the history of the
planet should have increased from abiogenic Earth to the The modern confrontation between science and
present day. But if we keep to the empirically observed religion began with the substitution of the target for the
facts, then the huge deposits of coal, oil and carbonates dogma of chance. This randomness is the heart of modern
(limestone, chalk, dolomites, marls), that found in ancient scientific ideology and predetermines the natural
earth strata, in particular, thick strata of carbonaceous- evolutionary progress.
graphite schists, ferruginous quartzites, shungites and More than 50-70 years ago, nothing was known either
black schists of the early Archean, clearly indicate that about the fine-tuning of the Universe to human, or about
the amount of living matter could only be reduced from the incredible complexity of the cell. It was entirely
possible to allow spontaneous and random formation of
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About the author
mirror of art. - SPb.: Asterion, 2019. - 238 p.
[13] Bremer J, Khroutski K, Klimek R, Tadeusiewicz R., Golubchikov Yuri N., Ph.D., Leading Researcher,
Challenging integralism, Aristotelian Entelecheia, Department of Recreational Geography and Tourism,
Hyle and Morphe (Form), and Contemporary Lomonosov Moscow State University. E-mail:
Concepts of Information, Touching upon the golubchikov@list.ru.
Aetiological Issues of Carcinogenesi //