=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2763/CPT2020_paper_s7-10
|storemode=property
|title=Network-centric concept of tourist and recreational systems management: municipal aspect
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2763/CPT2020_paper_s7-10.pdf
|volume=Vol-2763
|authors=Vladimir Minaev,Evgeniy Tsyshchuk,Galina Tsyshchuk
}}
==Network-centric concept of tourist and recreational systems management: municipal aspect==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2763/CPT2020_paper_s7-10.pdf
Network-centric concept of tourist and recreational systems
management: municipal aspect
V.A. Minaev1, E.A. Tsyshchuk2, G.Yu. Tsyshchuk3
m1va@yandex.ru|evgenytsyshchuk@gmail.com|gtsyshchuk@list.ru
1
Bauman State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
2
ANO “Scientific Research Center for Physical and Technical Informatics”, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
3
Business School of Synergy University, Moscow, Russia
The article discusses the theoretical and applied aspects of a new approach to the management of tourist and recreational systems
based on a network-centric model. The model is based on the application of a network structure of information exchanges between
tourist enterprises, consumers of tourist services and marketing organizations. In this network structure, clusters or aggregations of
objects consisting of homogeneous small and medium-sized tourist enterprises are distinguished. The principle of self-synchronization
in the network-centric construction of management in tourist and recreational systems is considered. The concept of "tourist and
recreational attractor” is introduced. The strategy of "borrowing" in the application of mechanisms for the diffusion of innovations and
advanced tourist and recreational technologies in the tourism industry of Russian regions is justified. A multi-network scheme of
innovative development of the tourist and recreational sphere, including the educational segment, is proposed. The tourist and
recreational system is considered at the municipal level. A multi-network scheme of innovative development of the tourist and
recreational sphere, including the educational segment, is proposed. Approbation of the research results was carried out within the
framework of tourist and recreational design of the Moscow and Tver regions municipalities. It is concluded that the network-centric
concept, being innovative, has a high applied value and allows solving existing problems in their interrelation, providing competitive
indicators (the volume of tourism, employment of supporting personnel, the size of investments). The results obtained in the study can
be successfully replicated at the regional level of tourism and recreation management.
Keywords: tourism and recreation system, management, network-centric model, network technologies, self-synchronization,
attractor, "borrowing" strategy, educational segment.
concept of management of tourist and recreational systems
1. Introduction based on network-centric approaches.
In recent years the scientific community has been The theory and applied science of network-centric
actively discussing issues related to the development and control of complex systems has been actively developing
practical implementation of new scientific and for the last years as a new effective paradigm for the
methodological approaches to the construction of effective survival of modern socio-economic structures in the
tourist and recreational systems (TRS) of various levels context of the large-scale use of info communication
and scales. technologies and the globalization of all significant
Analysis such works introduced two key features processes of human existence [1, 2].
inherent in them: The network-centric paradigm is based on the network
1) Insufficiently comprehensive analysis of the factor principle of building a particular system which makes it
complex based mainly on the study of the internal possible to provide maximum opportunities for obtaining
environment and industry characteristics without taking information about the parameters of its own functioning
into account other spheres of society and human activity. and the state of the external environment, access to the
2) Lack of consistency in the management of TRS as named information, its processing, storage, distribution
an integral unity of elements that are interconnected with and feedback [3, 4].
each other. For solving research problems TRS is considered by
Consequently the main decisions don’t fully reflect the authors as a tourist and recreational complex (TRC) of a
changes taking place in society, belated and ineffective in municipal formation, the key subsystems of which are:
their content. At the same time cannot be ignored that over tourist and recreational resources, tourist and supporting
the past two decades a qualitatively new rapidly infrastructure, tourists and recreants as consumers of
developing information environment has formed in the tourist products and services, economic entities
world connecting more than one and a half billion (participants in the tourist market, engaged in the
computers. Mobile communication networks connect formation and sale of the aggregate tourist product) [5].
more than four billion subscribers moreover a significant It is no accident the municipal level is of the greatest
part of which are consumers of tourist and recreational interest. On the one hand, it is the least abundant resource
services. In this situation the effectiveness of the in our country due to the peculiarities of inter-budgetary
functioning of any TRS objectively becomes directly relations. On the other hand - at this level that the
dependent on its information and technological potential. conditions for the implementation of tourist and
And the "center of gravity" of management applications recreational activities are formed, including the formation
actively shifts from loosely coupled local computer of the tourist product itself. Moreover, tourist and
systems to global information networks integrated into the recreational activities at the municipal level have
network-centric space. network-centric character.
In this regard it is extremely important from the Practice shows that the highest efficiency in the
scientific and practical points of view to substantiate the development of tourism today is achieved by precisely
those regions in whose territory design and management
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY
4.0)
decisions are initiated by municipal authorities and the development of territories remains unresolved. Often the
local community. Conditions arise for the development of tourism development strategies and programs approved by
networking and cooperation, where tourism develops the local authorities of the Moscow region don’t agree with
“locally” and the initiative comes “from below”. the strategic planning documents at the regional level.
Eventually successful projects are being implemented, Uneven distribution of tourist and recreational
positively perceived by entrepreneurs and investors. Thus, potential. The study results show that the uneven
today the municipal level of government becomes the distribution of tourist and recreational potential is a fairly
basis not only for the development of regional, but also for common phenomenon, characteristic of both socio-
all-Russian tourism in general. economically developed territories, and depressive,
The results of the research carried out by the authors in experiencing serious difficulties in attracting investment
Central Russia (Moscow and Tver regions) made it and human resources [5]. As a rule, tourist resources and
possible to study and systematize the problems of infrastructure are very unevenly distributed among the
managing tourist and recreational complexes and highlight settlements of the Moscow region, gravitating towards the
the key ones inherent in the overwhelming number of regional center. An example characterizing such
municipalities. unevenness in relation to the settlements of the Klinsky
district is shown in Fig. 1.
The problem of unbalancing strategic decisions.
Lack of networking between authorities
Studies show municipalities have significantly
increased their activities in the field of tourism over the
past five years. The main reason for this activity is the
search for new opportunities for diversification and
growth of the local economy as well as for solving urgent
social issues. Moreover, this is equally relevant both for
urban settlements, which form the bulk of the gross
municipal product, and for rural settlements, which today
find themselves in a rather difficult situation.
The revitalization of the Moscow region is
characterized by increased inter-municipal competition
and a low level of inter-municipal cooperation in the
development and promotion of tourism products. Usually
as a strategic goal of tourism development most heads of
the Moscow region see the concentration of consumer
activity on their territory. Taking into account the existing
budgetary system and the system of administrative-
territorial management the position of the heads of the Fig. 1. Integral potential distribution of the of tourist resources
Moscow region (to achieve success within their and tourist infrastructure in the settlements of the Klinsky
administrative boundaries and to concentrate consumer district of the Moscow region
activity in themselves) can be partly accepted. But
achieving such goal is associated with high costs and the The problem of strategic selection arises
result is not always obvious. Moreover, it is short-term and First, to concentrate on the development of the most
volatile. developed settlements in terms of tourism and get a quick
This contradiction is manifested in the imbalance of but unstable effect. Second, to develop the territory
strategic design decisions in the field of tourism at the systematically by strengthening weak territorial
regional and municipal levels and systemic errors in the formations at the expense of stronger ones in terms of
development of infrastructure. Unfortunately, we don’t tourism. In the short term the second option will not be as
aware of any of the territorial planning schemes clearly effective as the first and will require significant
presenting the arguments regarding the integrated administrative, management efforts and financial
development of tourism and supporting infrastructure resources. But it provides a sustainable effect in the long
based on the existing tourism and recreation resources and term.
the possibilities of inter-municipal and interregional
interaction. There are no comprehensive and coordinated The problem of finding and reconciling goals for
solutions for the development of intermodal tourist routes the development of tourism
and the creation of “tourist hubs”. Often budget
investments aimed at the development of engineering and Depending on the motivational attitudes of the heads
road transport infrastructure turn out to be ineffective. of the authorities the resource potential the standard of
Business is hesitant to invest in tourism considering living of the population and the conditions for conducting
alternative options for investing their capital. economic activities, various municipalities form different
In the context of the problem under consideration the priorities in relation to tourism.
issue of interaction between regional and municipal Our studies show that for industrialized or recreational
authorities in the field of tourist and recreational areas, as well as small historical cities, the main priority in
most cases is economic. For depressed territories mainly
with agricultural specialization priority is social. • in the context of growing competition in the e-
Obviously such a division is conditional since in the long commerce market for tourism products and services in the
term the results of social projects can be transformed into absence of a destination management system (DMS) that
economic ones. enhances interaction between suppliers, customers and
marketing organizations, destinations will not be able to
The problem of building a tourism management maintain their tourist attractiveness;
system • destinations need to differentiate their products and
Studies show that the issues of building a tourism develop public-private partnerships in the tourism market.
management system at the local level are solved in It follows that the network-centric management of TRS
different ways. Authorized bodies, as a rule, are created on involves the creation of a geographically distributed
the basis of subordinate municipal organizations or network of developed information communication nodes.
structural divisions of the administration. Where there is The main characteristics of this network are [8]: a highly
no mandate for tourism development, there are efficient “information grid” that provides access to all
coordination or community councils. But in most cases necessary information about the destination, an advanced
these entities are bodies that do not make important tourism resource management system for the destination,
decisions. It should be noted, that regardless of its an integrated “touch surface” connected to a single
structure, so far none of the tourism development network with a system of “destination agents” and a
management systems we have considered has proven to be management system her.
effective. Three main reasons for this can be distinguished. Thus, the TRS itself begins to act as the center of
First of all, the priorities for tourism at the local level are management and coordination in the network-centric
not clearly defined. The second, the issues of organizing paradigm of organizing the management of tourist and
interdepartmental interaction between government bodies recreational resources, sharply reducing the role of
and professional participants in the tourism market have intermediaries (tourist operators and traditional agents) to
not been resolved. The third, such an important institution a greater extent reflecting the interests of the operators.
as the tourist community has not been formed. The
Synergistic effects and attractors
organization of network interaction and the development
of industry cooperation in the formation and promotion of In a scientific and practical sense such a structure of
tourism products today is a "problem area" for most the TRS organization will allow the transition to its more
territories. efficient and operational form of management and self-
Therefore goal of this study is to substantiate the synchronization.
network-centric concept of management of tourist and At the same time the indicator of management
recreational systems in general and to highlight the efficiency implies two interrelated aspects:
features inherent in systems of the municipal level. • TRS achieves information superiority, which is
understood as a more analytical understanding of the
2. Materials and method situation in a highly competitive field of activity;
• in technological terms such superiority presupposes
Network-centric technologies in the tourism the introduction of new management systems, computer
sector analysis, assessment and forecasting based on modern
A systematic and coordinated approach to the mathematical models.
application of network-centric technologies, principles The principle of self-synchronization in the network-
and methods in the tourism industry allows us to speak centric structure of management in TRS implies the ability
about its holistic purposeful development. of the tourist and recreational structure to self-organize
This is precisely that authors said in papers [6, 7], in “from below”, and not to reform in the administrative
which they come to the following conclusions: order. The named principle is embodied in a developed
• the interconnection and mutual development of global computer environment with network-centric
tourism processes and information technologies determine control of high structural complexity [9, 10].
in the tourism market a consistent change in structures, A lot of studies [11, 12] have been written about self-
players and tourism products in order to adapt to the organization as the main subject of science called
rapidly changing consumer behavior of the latter; “synergetic”, in which an attempt is made to generalize the
• the tourism sector is forced to rely on more flexible main laws of complex systems, to apply them to analyze
technological infrastructures that facilitate the social development. To apply its principles in the
development of business networks at the local level of management of the tourism industry it is necessary to
destinations; know the laws of stochastic processes, the theory of
• these networks can be considered as “clusters” or nonlinear systems, to operate with the concepts of phase
aggregations of structures, consisting mainly of small and space, an attractor as a goal, a stable state in the process of
medium-sized tourism enterprises, which using new web evolution of a particular system.
technologies and modern mechanisms of market Without going into the details of the apparatus of
interaction, help each other (the “B2B” principle), synergetic within the framework of its terminology we will
providing the customer with a “complete package” of mean by a "tourist and recreational attractor" a steady state
tourist’s products and services; of TRS in a particular country which tends to attract to
itself a set of trajectories of the system sufficient for its
effective existence and development, determined by the aimed at training and retraining personnel and industry
possibilities and preferences of travelers, behaving like a specialists.
set of active elements of the network-centric system [13]. It is obvious that the enterprises of the tourist and
In [14], attractors mean some “funnels” that roll up, pull in recreational sphere of Russia, which abounds in the world
many trajectories, and predetermine the evolution of the market with very attractive tourist and recreational
system in areas even remote from the immediate “cone” of resources cannot remain aloof from the mainstream
such a “funnel”. development of the country's leading industries.
Attractors have such an important feature that if an The experience of industrially developed countries that
object, being in it, leaves this state, then after some time it have achieved noticeable success in the development of
will return to the attractor again, exhibiting the property science-intensive technologies, increasing the volume of
of asymptotic stability. What is the unknown property of production and export of innovative products and services
tourists to strive for their own, once tested and successfully allows us to highlight the following possible forms of
accepted attractor-destination? implementation of innovation policy in the tourism and
Of course, the general theory of attractors as applied to recreation sector [19]:
the tourist and recreational sphere should be translated into • “build-up” strategy - a set of long-term measures
the language of specific methods, techniques and aimed at ensuring the gradual build-up of new competitive
recommendations [15]. The idea is debut taking into offers and services based on our own high technologies;
account the fact that the process of TRS development is • “borrowing” strategy - a set of measures aimed at
increasingly streamlined in the direction of their dominant assimilating new technologies and services in the field of
network-centric role. And the development of this idea for tourism and recreation, tested in developed countries,
the named sphere is associated with the concepts of using the country's own innovative potential;
fluctuation, chaos, bifurcation, dissipation, diffusion of • “transfer” strategy - a set of organizational and
innovations, that is, a new conceptual apparatus, including economic measures related to the development of
those related to the theory of catastrophes. production of products and services of the tourism industry
It is obvious for understanding and formalizing such of new generations, which are in demand abroad through
systems new methods are required that make it possible to the purchase of licenses for highly efficient new
operate with complex arbitrarily changing structures, technologies.
usually poorly structured [16]. It is the underdevelopment For objective reasons it is quite difficult to widely use
of the universal mathematical apparatus and management “build-up” and “transfer” strategies of tourist and
methods that explains the weak development and scope of recreational technologies in Russia, in our opinion, due to
application of network-centric structures in relation to the limited resources, lack of investment in the tourism
tourist and recreational sphere (and not only to it). industry, and the unsatisfactory state of its material and
technical base.
About innovative strategies in the tourism and Therefore, in the short and medium terms it is
recreation sector advisable to focus on the implementation of the
And now about how to apply the modern provisions of “borrowing” strategy, which can be successfully
synergy and modern management to the progressive implemented through the use of mechanisms for the
development of TRS. It has its own specifics related to any diffusion of innovations and advanced technologies from
of the economic sectors. Let us briefly analyze those economically developed countries into the tourism
problems and contradictions, that along with those already industry of Russian regions [20].
noted, hinder the innovative development of the country's
3. Results
tourism and recreation sector.
At present the Government of the Russian Federation Approbation of scientific and methodological
is implementing a long-term state policy [17], the purpose approaches to the construction of tourist and recreational
of which is to achieve technological leadership of the systems based on the concept of network-centric control
Russian economy, ensure the sustainability of the was carried out in the period from 2015 to 2019 within the
country's economic growth, and increase the real incomes framework of research work on the territory of Klinsky,
of citizens. Noginsky, Ramensky, Sergiev Posad municipal districts of
In accordance with the tourism development strategy the Moscow region, Zaraysk urban district, Likhoslavl and
[18] in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2035 Spirovsky districts of the Tver region.
the strategic priorities of the industry are the complexity of The problems associated with the development and
development and the availability of tourist services, which functioning of municipal shopping and entertainment
in turn, correspond with the national development goals to complexes are investigated in the context of the network-
increase life expectancy, ensure sustainable growth real centric concept of management. Solutions are proposed
incomes of citizens, reducing poverty, joining the Russian that allow taking into account all the possibilities and
Federation among the five largest economies in the world advantages that are inherent in the network-centric
and ensuring economic growth rates higher than world approach, namely: increasing the efficiency and
ones. effectiveness of management based on the principle of
For implementing the stated development directions, it self-synchronization, which is the key in our concept.
is planned to develop and implement a set of measures Let us briefly consider the results obtained in the
course of research work on substantiating the network-
centric concept of managing the tourist and recreational The basis of the network-centric development strategy
system using the example of municipalities of two types: of the RMD tourist and recreational complex is formed by
with a high industrial potential and an underdeveloped the following priorities [21]:
tourist and recreational complex (Ramenskiy municipal ˗ localization of the basis for managing the value chain
district of the Moscow region) and a pronounced agrarian of a tourist product that goes beyond the boundaries
specialization, experiencing acute demographic problems of the district, including such elements as transport
(Likhoslavl district of the Tver region). and logistics, system and sales market, human
resources;
Tourist and recreational complex of the ˗ development of integration mechanisms (sectoral
Ramensky municipal district cooperation and project management) aimed at
The structure of the tourist and recreational complex is increasing the efficiency of tourism management at
not optimal from the point of view of the completeness of the municipal level and leveling territorial disparities
using the tourist and recreational potential and additional in the distribution of tourism and recreation resources
opportunities associated with an increase in the tourist and and tourism infrastructure;
excursion flow, attracting investments in the creation of ˗ concentration of efforts on support of existing
tourist and supporting infrastructure, and creating entrepreneurs and investors, providing for the
additional jobs [21]. development of targeted measures to stimulate
On the territory of the Ramensky municipal district investment activity and address issues on the principle
(RMD) there are the most developed conditions for the of “one window”;
formation of human resources in the field of tourism ˗ differentiation of tourism products in terms of the
(58%), market conditions (56%) and the institutional range and cost of services for different target
environment (55%) - Fig. 2 [21]. audiences, taking into account the species diversity of
tourist and recreational resources and the
development of transport infrastructure;
˗ priority of budget expenditures in four areas:
development of tourism infrastructure, increasing
tourist attractiveness, ecology, employment.
The recommended management system of the RMD
tourist and recreational complex forms the basic
conditions for the effective implementation of
the network-centric development strategy of the RMD
tourist and recreational complex: the speed of decisions
made, the speed of response to ongoing changes, the
personification of responsibility for the result, a high level
of communication and interaction between all participants
in the tourism market. Based on the technology of project
Fig. 2. Integral assessment of the conditions for the management, which is the core of the network-centric
development of tourism on the RMD territory
concept, it is necessary to strengthen its self-organization.
In 2020, several tourist enterprises, until that time
The most pressing issues remain with regard to the
interacting only with market operators, united into a pool
choice of priorities in relation to tourism on the part of the
and created their own tourist product: Gaya Severing’s Ski
authorities and the local population: goals and priority
Club, Gzhel, the Center for Technical Sports
areas have not been determined, the tourism management
"Myachkovo" (an autodrome, a small aviation airport),
system at the municipal level has not been fully formed.
health resort organizations in the village of Kratovo,
Tourism development initiatives are perceived by the local
Ramenskiy History and Art Museum. At present
population rather cautiously. Nowadays the most
conditions are being formed on the territory of the RMD,
interested group of stakeholders are entrepreneurs who see
which need to be supported on the basis of network-centric
tourism as a priority area and an additional opportunity for
technologies, for the formation of six sub-clusters -
economic growth [21].
support territories of the tourist and recreational cluster
The tourism industry of the RMD demonstrates a slight
"Ramenye", for: cultural and educational tourism
increase in the number of arrivals, but the growth rate of
"Ramenskoye - Kratovo - Bykovo"; health tourism
the tourist flow does not yet correspond to either the
"Kratovo"; industrial tourism and folk arts and crafts
national or regional indicators. The possibilities of RMD
"Gzhel"; active tourism "Chulkovo - Myachkovo"; river
in terms of cultural, educational and other types of tourism
tourism "Ostrovetskaya Luka"; rural tourism [21].
are not fully disclosed [21].
The analysis of the tourist and recreational potential of Ethno cultural complex in the Likhoslavl region
the study area showed that the species structure of the of the Tver region
tourist and recreational resources of the RMD is quite
diverse, but there are disproportions in the distribution of The possibilities and advantages of networking are
tourist and recreational resources and tourist realized in event events that take place on its territory.
infrastructure, the attractiveness of display objects for Among them: the festival of national cultures, the
tourists remains not high enough [21]. international festival-competition of architects for the
creation of environmental installations expressing the systems based on the network-centric approach. This
culture of the Tver Karelian ethnic group, the international makes it possible to increase their economic efficiency and
gastronomic festival "Kalitka" [22]. significantly streamline the management process aimed at
Such projects have several advantages and achieving these complex structures of dynamic stability in
disadvantages. The advantages include strengthening the a nonlinear environment of their functioning and
socio-cultural component of the development of rural multivariate management decisions. The practical rely of
settlements (socialization of the younger generation, such an important object as the attractor, which is a factor
motivation of local residents, the formation of a unifying in the self-organization of the destination, is a key point.
principle around the cultural and historical past of the 2. Nowadays, for objective reasons in model
territory), increasing the recognition of the territories and specification of Russian TRS in the short and medium term
promoting their tourism opportunities. The disadvantages it is advisable to focus on the implementation of the
are the discreteness of such projects (held in the high “borrowing” strategy, which can be successfully
season up to three times a year) and their low economic implemented through the use of innovation diffusion
efficiency in consolidating the results and their mechanisms and advanced information and tourism-
multiplication [22]. recreational technologies.
The main reasons for the disparities between the social 3. The study of tourist and recreational systems at the
and economic results of the events held include low municipal level confirmed the hypothesis about the
infrastructural provision of tourist activities in rural expediency of using the network-centric concept of
settlements (road transport, info communication, management to increase their efficiency and
accommodation facilities, etc.); shortcomings in the competitiveness. Using the example of various municipal
management of the tourist complex of the municipality tourist and recreational complexes, managed to test
(lack of a strategy, design solutions for tourist and scientific and methodological approaches that allow:
recreational development, interdepartmental coordination, • to fully implement the content of the network-centric
project groups and responsibility centers; ambiguity in the control concept;
formulation of goals and objectives for the development of • to find a solution to the problems associated with the
tourism and the formation of a tourist product of the imbalance of strategic decisions, territorial imbalances in
territory and its promotion in the tourist market, weak the distribution of tourist and recreational potential, the
communication between local residents and authorities) search and agreement of goals for the development of
[22]. tourism and the construction of a management system for
The lack of consistency in tourism management does the tourist and recreational complex;
not allow creating a solid basis for multiplying the • to develop design solutions for achieving goals set in
economic results achieved in the process of implementing the context of existing resource constraints.
tourism projects. Under these conditions the solution to the Being innovative the network-centric concept has a
identified problems is to build a network self-organizing high applied value and allows solving existing problems in
system, the cores of which are infrastructure support their interconnection, providing competitive indicators
facilities, social groups of local residents and elements of (volume of tourism, employment of supporting personnel,
information and communication infrastructure. Its size of investments). The results obtained in the course of
substantive basis is the cultural and historical heritage of the study can be successfully replicated at the regional and
the Tver Karelians, compactly living in the region for more state levels of tourism and recreation management,
than 400 years, and the supporting territories themselves including solutions to security problems [23, 24].
have specialization (active tourism, national cuisine, folk
art and crafts, national language and literature, Orthodoxy) Acknowledgment
[22]. The reported study was funded by RFBR according to
On the basis of the ethno cultural complex the research projects № 18-07-00225, 18-07-00909, 18-
"Myammino" a tourist and recreational attractor was 07-01111, 19-07-00455.
created, which connected the Likhoslavl town,
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[10] Gubanov D.A., Novikov D.M., Chkhartishvili A.G. Professor, Professor of Bauman Moscow State Technical
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