=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2784/rpaper12
|storemode=property
|title=The Vision and the Perspective of Digital Tourism
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2784/rpaper12.pdf
|volume=Vol-2784
|authors=Olga Kononova,Dmitry Prokudin,Julia Ryabysko
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ssi/KononovaPR20
}}
==The Vision and the Perspective of Digital Tourism==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2784/rpaper12.pdf
The Vision and the Perspective of Digital Tourism
Olga Kononova1,3[0000-0001-6293-7243], Dmitry Prokudin1,2,3[0000-0002-9464-8371]
and Julia Ryabysko1[0000-0003-3122-2805]
1 Saint-Petersburg National Research University of Information Technology, Mechanics and
Optics, Kronverksky pr., 49, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia
2 Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb., 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg,
Russia
3Center digital society research, Russia
kononolg@yandex.ru, hogben.young@gmail.com, u.rbs@yandex.ru
Abstract. The dynamics of the modern information society changes the usual
areas of human activity, generates various innovations based on the widespread
use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Virtually, every
activity today is technology related. In these conditions, scientific activity is al-
so changing. Digitalization processes act as integrative to various scientific di-
rections, which form the base for interdisciplinary scientific research. The study
of their formation is an important scientific task aimed at predicting the devel-
opment of both science and society as a whole. In this study, based on the inte-
grated use of ICTs, we consider methods of the terminology base analysis in
various interdisciplinary research directions on the instance of tourism in the
digital age. The development of scientific interest in the area of digital tourism
in Russian and global scientific discourses is also compared. The purpose of
this paper is to proof the relevance of scientific study in the field of tourism dig-
italization, to identify the generic directions and trends of digital tourism, and to
specify technologies for the implementation of digital tourism using the case
study of St. Petersburg.
Keywords: digital economy, digitalization, digital tourism, digital technolo-
gy, ICTs, interdisciplinary research, smart tourism, St. Petersburg case study
1. Introduction
The current level of digitalization of society suggests new forms of interaction be-
tween producers and consumers, including in the area of tourism services [5]. Manu-
facturers of tourism services are forced to introduce modern digital technologies,
thereby forming a new direction – digital tourism or tourism digitalization within
more general direction – digital economy. Although, there is no any unified definition
of the term 'digital tourism' yet, scientific and media discourse offers some approach-
es and a vision of this phenomenon through the digitalization prism. As a result, the
primary tasks of modern tourism are formed and reflected in "The strategy of tourism
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
150
development till 2035 " as "... reaching the level of world leaders in the development
of digital infrastructure and services, the development of digital platforms for promot-
ing tourism products and brands, digital navigation aids and the formation of a tourist
product" [41]. The strategy proposes groups of concepts associated with digitaliza-
tion: digital technologies, digital solutions, and digital services. The analysis of scien-
tific publications allowed determining the basic term-concepts that define the pro-
cesses of digitalization in tourism: 'digital tourism', 'e-tourism', and 'smart tourism'
[22, 25, 26, 28, 31, 42].
eTourism is just one of the outcomes of the tourism industry incorporation of tech-
nology [42]. Smart tourism is connected with devices generating big data of various
nature for monitoring tourist behavior, tourism management, and tourism marketing
[25]. Digital tourism is the convergence between the physical and digital worlds, sup-
ported by sensors that collect data resulting from the interaction of tourists and the
environment [31].
Studies in the area of digital, electronic, and smart tourism stay relevant. Most for-
eign analysts consider the results to be insufficient, reflecting only the most noticeable
aspects of the ongoing digital transformations.
Electronic government
Strategies, goals, objectives (needs), guidelines, values, laws, standards
Key stakeholders:
Local people State Business
Service
Business architecture
The city’s sphere – Digital Tourism
Principles 1 Values Requirements
Information systems architecture
Application architecture1 – services; Data Architecture – Big Data Models;
electronic document management; Types and Sources: UGC data (user
Interoperability ность
digitization; online platform of the generated), including online text data
tourism ecosystem; electronic tourist and online photo data; device data (by
card of the guest; electronic service device), including GPS data, mobile
Safety
quality assessment system; electronic roaming data, Bluetooth data, etc.;
open data systems; multimedia applica- transaction data (by transaction) in-
tions; electronic platforms for self- cluding web search data, web page
employed persons; GPS navigation; QR visit data, online booking data, etc.)2
codes
Principles Requirements Principles Requirements
Technological architecture
Technologies1: mobile; the Internet; big data; artificial intelligence; multimedia;
gamification; visualization, virtual excursions; augmented reality, etc.
Platforms3, OS, hardware
Principles Standards
orientation
Fig. 1. Metamodel of smart city architecture: tourism [3, 26, 41].
151
The solution to urban problems can be found through the use of smart city concepts
and projects. This decision supports public administration oriented towards the inter-
ests of citizens [8, 30]. The implementation of smart city (region) projects requires an
architectural approach [1, 7, 43] and involves obtaining a number of results: concepts,
principles, architecture (models) of a smart city, as well as areas of urban economy.
The technology is a key moment in the smart city development [18]. Figure 1 shows a
simplified metamodel of smart city architecture based on the Open Group TOGAF 9.2
standard [34] as applied to digital tourism as one of the urban economy areas. The
TOGAF standard takes a holistic approach to enterprise architecture that allows us to
see the individual blocks and elements in logic and relationships. The proposed archi-
tecture reflects an integrated view of digital tourism that allows classifying studies in
this area as interdisciplinary research. Moreover, architecture is a way to identify
semantic groups, which will be the base to build the trends reflected the topic and the
development dynamic of interdisciplinary direction. M. Kohno, a researcher from
Japan, [16] has studied concepts and implementations of smart cities, basing on the
main trends characterizing smart city models around the world. As a result of this
monitoring, Kohno has concluded that a modern smart city is not just focused on cer-
tain technology packages. In fact, this is the city which is a way to create and shape a
new society, to solve a problem that limits the life of this community, and to deter-
mine a breakthrough into the future.
At the moment, BigData, the Internet of Things (IoT), augmented reality, artificial
intelligence, blockchain technologies, as well as mobile and Internet technologies
have become widespread in the tourism sector of the smart city. Artificial intelligence
is used to automate aircraft servicing, improve profitability management for hotels
and airlines, personalize booking mechanisms, manage airport traffic, and operate
chat bots on travel company websites. Technologies of virtual and augmented reality
(AR/VR) in the tourism industry have found their application in navigation, infor-
mation support for the management and organization of excursion activities, and vir-
tual travel. The relevance of sources and data are provided by the technologies of the
Internet of Things. For instance, sensors in a smart hotel can collect a huge amount of
data, which use can improve the quality of travel products and personalize travel ser-
vices. The use of mobile devices has become a major trend in the travel business in
recent years. That is why the analysis of contexts and the construction of trends in
digital tourism studies is becoming important.
2. Methods used in interdisciplinary research areas
As noted earlier [19], in modern scientific studies, the task of analyzing promising
interdisciplinary scientific areas is being actualized, which allows us to predict the
relevance of research results in these areas (knowledge) in various fields of social life.
There is a lag in the development of scientometric and scientific disciplines from the
growth rate of the terminological and categorical base of interdisciplinary scientific
fields, which is uncontrollably formed by scientific schools, groups, and individual
researchers. The ambiguity of terminology and unstructured information, even with
free access, makes it impossible to quickly monitor emerging trends and relationships.
152
Reinterpretation the role of interdisciplinary disciplines and the applicability of
traditional scientific methods in interdisciplinary research is widely covered in scien-
tific publications. Interdisciplinary areas (in fact contexts) are believed to be identi-
fied through a thematic search and described quantitatively and qualitatively through
various kinds of measurements and procedures. Thus, for instance, K. Okamura, fo-
cusing on clusters of highly cited papers widely known as research fronts (RFs), has
suggested that interdisciplinarity is statistically significantly and positively associated
with research impact by focusing on highly cited paper clusters [32]. C. Carusi and
G. Bianchi have applied the quantifying of journals’ interdisciplinarity by exploiting
relation between scholars and journals where such scholars do publish [4]. J.
Raimbault has offered a measurement methodology that combines the analysis of
citation networks and semantic analysis, studying the qualitative laws of relations
between endogenous disciplines [40]. C. Piciocchi and L. Martinelli have conducted
research on the development of categorical-conceptual apparatuses of various scien-
tific areas, where Digital Humanities methods and approaches are used [38]. The
paper on the cultural initiatives and the mapping process of governance and participa-
tion dynamics involve an abductive reasoning as a pragmatic approach to advancing
the social sciences through a process of “systematic combining” both the analytical
framework and the case studies in order to expand the theoretical and empirical un-
derstanding of results [2]. The methodology of research groups [14, 35] consists of
data extraction, analytical approach (descriptive analysis and text mining), and ma-
chine-learning analysis. G. Paré, M. C. Trudel, M. Jaana, S. Kitsiou focus the re-
searchers on the preparation as well as analysis of reviews, and develop their own
typology of reviews, encouraging authors to use this typology to position their contri-
bution [34]. Gamification studies constitute a significant part of such studies. For
instance, Finnish researchers practice intellectual search and analysis of scientific
texts in their study, preferring manual data processing [17]. The search strategy of
Indonesian authors described in their paper “The Approach to the Meta-description of
the Interdisciplinary Research Terminological Landscape” consists of “sorting digital
libraries, determining keywords, using existing tools in digital libraries to facilitate
the search, and taking primary studies obtained for processing” [39].
The review of research approaches presented below was performed on the selec-
tion of articles in the Science Direct library as a result of the complex request that
includes the main term-concepts of the area: 'e-tourism', 'smart tourism', and 'digital
tourism'.
A generalization of the analytical methods used in the research of digital and smart
tourism, which belongs to interdisciplinary directions is presented in the paper “Big
data in tourism research: a literature review” by Jingjing Li and et al. [25]. The paper
notes that a variety of text mining techniques, which include data collection and anal-
ysis, are widely used in tourism research to extract and apply useful information hid-
den in online text data. The online text data collected by a web scanner is analyzed to
extract useful knowledge (context knowledge) in two stages: data preprocessing and
pattern detection.
Preprocessing includes data cleansing, tokenization, word wrap, and part-of-speech
marking operations. Web search results are used to predict tourism trends. For this,
two main steps are taken: the choice of keywords and the introduction of predictors,
which allows you to build a predictive model in the future. The selection of keywords
153
(the terminological core of the scientific direction) is the main process in tourism
research by using web-search data, and the results highly depend on the selection
methods.
The study by Julio Navío-Marco et al. [31], according to the authors, can be classi-
fied as a narrative review aimed at analyzing the academic literature linking ICTs and
tourism as well as making a critical assessment of its quality. The review was con-
ducted in a traditional, namely, conceptual and chronological manner. From a meth-
odological point of view, the online databases of scientific publications (Web of Sci-
ence, SciencieDirect) and various combinations of keywords related to e-tourism were
used. Since in a number of previous publications the predominant use of scientific
articles on tourism was declared as the main limitation of research (which would not
correspond to the interdisciplinary nature of the topic under consideration), the au-
thors included journals related to ICTs in the review. In the study, the following re-
view procedure was adopted: at the beginning, the determination of the purpose and
scope (period, subject of the review); then the determination of the selection materi-
als’ procedure; the adjusting of the source selecting process (manual search and iden-
tification of relevance using various combinations of key-words, inclusion of JCR Q1
articles with a significant number of citations in the review); the compilation of the
most relevant materials for analysis; the reselection and the review of sources; high-
lighting of the relevant content with using the multiple coders. Having given the pres-
ence of a large number of topics and approaches reflecting the research of the links
between ICTs and tourism in recent years, the authors of the paper argue that it was
impossible to imply an overview of such a multi-dimensional area as ‘smart tourism’
without limiting any volume of material.
Jing Li et al. [24] have applied such a research methodology as the complex analy-
sis of critical media discourse (CMDA), which is the integration of the analysis of
media discourse Carvalho (MDA, 2008) with Fairclough Critical Discourse Analysis
(CDA, 1995) methodology research. The CDA approach provides a skeleton frame-
work; while the media discourse analysis framework suggests analytical components
for each CDA dimension. CDA includes three various types of analysis: text analysis,
processing analysis, and social analysis, which are simultaneous but interdependent.
CDA is suitable for the study of social and cultural change because it facilitates the
integration of discourse analysis and analysis of macro-contexts. The Carvalho text
analysis scheme was applied to the text description. Contextual analysis was used to
interpret the processes. The dataset in this work is news, industry reports and reviews,
magazine articles, expert reviews, travel advertisements, editorials, and travel notes
collected through the Google search engine. The research was conducted using Lexi-
mancer software to identify the main concepts and dominant themes in media dis-
courses, followed by manual coding for CMDA. Data collection began with the selec-
tion of keywords. As the basic term-concepts and keywords for collecting data from
media discourses, the combinations that most often appeared in scientific research
were chosen. The definition of basic term-concepts and their relationships is an inte-
gral part of discourse analysis, and the vocabulary used to represent a certain phe-
nomenon is an essential component for the explication of meanings. Close attention
was paid to the formation of the thesaurus, including the term-concepts found in the
headings and first paragraphs of articles in the media. As a result, 94 term-concepts
154
were identified in the work, which were divided into twelve semantic topics. The
thesaurus reflected the semantic diversity of the contexts of the materials processed.
The aim of the systematic literature review presented by Sanaz Shaee et al. [42]
was to explore various aspects of intelligent travel destinations. A systematic review
is an explicit and comprehensive method for identifying, synthesizing and evaluating,
and consolidating the results of existing research on a specific topic of interest to a
wide range of researchers. The review used a grounded theory method aimed at ex-
ploring a specific phenomenon through an inductive process that generates a theoreti-
cal understanding of the phenomenon. The approach is useful for conducting a com-
prehensive theoretical analysis related to a topic and consists of explaining the target
phenomenon in accordance with concepts, categories, and relationships between
them. Data analysis begins with open coding (defining categories, sentences, and
dimensions), continues with axial coding (examining strategies, conditions, and con-
sequences), and ends with selective coding (theory generation).
Primary links were selected based on an overview of headings, keywords, and ab-
stracts. The queries were generated using the following keywords: smart tourism,
smart travel destinations, smart city, smart sustainable city, information and commu-
nication technology, and sustainable tourism. Then the titles, abstracts, and keywords
of the articles were revised in order to find other terms and keywords used in the re-
search literature and to develop their own set of keywords. Boolean operators were
used to get the best search results: logical AND to combine basic terms and OR to
include synonyms.
Thus, the research environment has developed certain approaches and methods
aimed at studying contextual knowledge. Without abandoning the generic and most
adequate procedures, in our study we propose to use a synthetic method, which in-
volves the use of ICTs at all stages of the study: from the search and collection of
information to its quantitative and qualitative processing. Scientific text analysis is
based on technologies of contextual search, explication, and display of contextual
knowledge (contexts). The paper demonstrates the results of applying this method.
3. Research Methodology
The methodology of that research is a comprehensive approach developed by the
authors (named as synthetic method). There are several attitudes inherent in Synthetic
method. The attitudes are the principles of conducting research, which include:
─ synthesis of various search methods, integrated coverage of research tools and
varying the sequence of application of search technologies, selection, explication
and analysis of contextual knowledge, depending on the initial conditions and
characteristics of a specific research;
─ selection of digital resources containing text arrays, reflecting both scientific and
socio-political discourses;
─ refusal to study a thematic sample of highly cited scientific journals with a high
impact factor in favor of considering a wider range of publications from themati-
cally different editions, which makes it possible to explicate a larger number of rel-
155
evant terms, as well as to consider various trends in the development of interdisci-
plinary research areas, regardless of their prevalence.
The application of the synthetic method is independent of the choice of specific in-
formation environments and software.
4. Dynamics of research interest in "Digitalization of tourism"
interdisciplinary direction
The results obtained at the previous stage of identifying term-concepts in the subject
area of digital tourism were used to analyze the dynamics of research interest in this
topic both in the world and in Russian scientific discourses.
A contextual search was made in scientific network information resources and
mass media to form a Russian-language terminological base. Search queries have
included the key phrases such as 'digital tourism', 'digital tourism', 'smart tourism',
'smart tourism', 'e-tourism', 'e-tourism', 'intellectual tourism' (in Russian and English).
The inclusion of English terms in search queries is explained by the fact that the au-
thors of articles often use both Russian and English versions of terms. Figure 2 pre-
sents the dynamics of publication activity on the topic of digital and e-tourism,
demonstrated on the basis of the Russian scientific electronic library eLibrary and the
Google Scholar information retrieval system from 2010 to 2020.
Fig. 2. Dynamics of research interest in digital tourism 2010-2020 in Russian-language scien-
tific discourse
Analysis of the dynamics of the Russian-language terminology base of digital tour-
ism, obtained from the eLibrary and Google Scholar, allowed us to draw the follow-
ing conclusions:
156
─ the activity of scientific interest in the topic of digital tourism has been growing
over a ten-year period. For example, in 2019, the activity increased relative to the
study on eLibrary by 60 times, on Google Scholar by 30 times;
─ trends expressed in scientific publications and formed on the basis of the eLibrary
platform and Google Scholar show the same character;
─ the general trend can be divided into two blocks. the first block of "quiet" is the
period from 2010 to 2015 (the number of publications is insignificant and varies
within 1-7, there are no abrupt changes) and the period of "increased activity" is
the period after 2015 to the present (the number of publications is growing rapidly
from year to year and varies in the range of 13-62). Moreover, compared to 2015,
the activity on eLibrary increased by 4 times, on Google Scholar by more than 8
times.
Similar data was obtained from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink.
The choice of ScienceDirect and SpringerLink platforms is due to the fact that they
represent scientific publications of the largest scientific publishers Elsevier and
Springer. the query was used with the use of the main terms and concepts identified at
the previous stage: eTourism, smart tourism, digital tourism, intelligent tourism. the
data obtained are shown in figure 3.
Fig. 3. Dynamics of research interest in digital tourism 2010-2020 in the English-language
scientific discourse
From the Integrum information system results were obtained from 2010 to 2019 for
Russian-language queries: ("digital tourism" or "electronic tourism") and ("smart
tourism "or" smart tourism"). The results obtained indicate a rather weak interest of
the official media in the development of the tourism sector based on the use of infor-
mation and communication technologies. So, in the period from 2010 to 2019, only
18 publications were identified for the first request, and 17 for the second, with a
clearly chaotic spread over the years. The discourse in mass media shows that journal-
157
ists use the terminology of "digital tourism" poorly. At the same time, they do not
bother to seriously immerse themselves in this topic. Basically, the term "digital tour-
ism" or "smart tourism" is used once in the title or annotation, and then no terms re-
flecting the topic of "digital tourism" are found in the text.
In addition, the impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, which began at
the end of 2019, on ongoing research in the development of "digital tourism" was
analyzed. To do this, the terms COVID, SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV and coronavirus
were added to the queries in Russian and English in Google Scholar:
eTourism OR "smart tourism" OR "digital tourism" OR "in-
telligent tourism" +(COVID OR SARS-CoV OR 2019-nCoV OR
coronavirus)
Publications with these terms were found only in 2020, which is justified by the im-
pact of the pandemic on the tourism industry on a global scale not earlier than march
2020. Analysis of the obtained data shows (fig. 4) that:
─ in the total flow of publications on digital tourism, about 15 percent cover the de-
velopment of digital tourism in the new conditions associated with the spread of
COVID-19;
─ Russian-speaking researchers are in the trend of global trends in the development
of digital tourism;
─ the Russian tourism industry has suffered to the same extent as the global tourism
industry, and digital tourism is the driver of its development in the context of the
COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic.
Fig. 4. The correlation between publications on digital tourism in general and those dealing
with the problems of COVID-19 (Russian and world scientific discourse 2020)
It has not been long since the beginning of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic.
therefore, the dynamics of its impact on research in the field of digital tourism can be
traced in a few years, if the current situation with the coronavirus continues to exist or
will have trends for further development.
158
5. The digital solutions of St. Petersburg
These days, digital technologies are deeply embedded in the tourism industry. How-
ever, a few years ago, their functions in tourism were reduced mainly to information
and communication functions. Tourism in the world has a single information space
based on new principles of information support and tourism management. Customer-
centricity is the hallmark of smart travel destinations. The main task of this centricity
is to provide services which can attract more tourists and increase comfort. For that,
special tourist applications were created. Table represents the implementation of digi-
tal travel services for the two cities (Tel Aviv and St. Petersburg).
Table 1. Implementation of digital travel services of Tel Aviv and St. Petersburg.
Smart travel Functions Components Travel applications
destinations Tel Aviv St. Petersburg
Augmented allow tourists to com- Smart people “Mekomi” – audio guide to the city
reality bine real experiences video guide to & the Hermitage
and virtual information attractions
Vehicle track- provide information on Smart mobili- “Alternative” – Yandex.transport –
ing system schedules, tariffs, ty information on maps, routes
routes, transport stops, how to move
ordering a taxi in real
time
Online book- rental housing, Smart econ- “Tellavista” – “Gettable” – online
ing and pur- transport, excursions omy comprehensive restaurant reservations
chase comfort and cost sav- booking sys-
ings, familiarity with tem
local customs and
culture
Joint con- exchange vacation Smart econ- “Casa Versa” – "House Exchange" –
sumption omy, Smart exchange exchange vacation
living vacation plat- platform; Yandex.Drive,
form Delimobil, Velogorod,
Whoosh and others
Loyalty pro- services with discounts Smart econ- “MyeFlyTM” "Guest card" – a single
grams omy, Smart – purchase of card for tourists, which
mobility airline tickets includes visits to muse-
for loyalty ums and excursions,
miles electronic transport
ticket, discount coupons
Access system registration of com- Smart gov- “Tel Aviv “State services portal St.
to officials plaints, appeals, dia- ernment Municipality” Petersburg” – learning
logue by the authorities – communica- state and municipal
and regulatory organi- tion with the services, electronic
zations city admin- online applications
istration
Analysis of the presented data shows that the tourism industry uses digital solutions in
different countries. At the same time, large cultural centers are in the trend of global
development. this is also typical for Russia.
The use of mobile devices has become a major trend in the travel business in recent
years. On average, tourists use 17 different mobile apps while traveling [33]. First of
all, these are cartographic services, travel guides and audio guides, geolocation and
159
geoinformation systems, booking air and railway tickets, hotels, various types of ref-
erence information, translation programs, and others.
St. Petersburg has gained mobile applications and services, which help tourists to
navigate and make their staying in the city more comfortable and variable. Visit Pe-
tersburg.ru is a city tourist portal, which has a large database of objects of the city
tourist industry in nine languages. There are other guide apps for St. Petersburg: Pe-
terburg.center, izi.TRAVEL, KudaGo, TripAdvisor, and others. Application-guides to
museums and sights are Hermitage, Kunstkamera. museum guide; audio guides –
Erarta 2.0, RM Guide (Russian museum), 1000Guides (St. Petersburg museums).
AR/VR technologies in St. Petersburg are represented by the following series: mobile
application Museum of AR Streets, VR film Hermitage VR. Immersion in History, a
virtual tour of the Russian Railways Museum, VR bus tour I see the city of Petrov.
AR/VR technologies allow providing cultural leisure for all categories of citizens
even in a pandemic. Since the end of 2019, electronic tourist visas have begun to op-
erate in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region.
6. Conclusion
Implemented study allows us to draw the following conclusions:
─ digital tourism is perceived in society as a new and still poorly studied phenome-
non without a clear understanding of the essence of this concept;
─ in the educational sphere, new areas of training of specialists and advanced training
of civil servants in the field of digital tourism appear;
─ initiative projects appear and begin to be implemented (mainly at the regional lev-
el) in the mainstream of digital tourism and smart tourism (to a greater extent), for
example, various specialized Internet portals, aggregators, and search engines;
─ digital tourism and smart tourism are considered as mechanisms for attracting peo-
ple to the sphere of real tourism (implementation of participation mechanisms);
─ discussion of the digital and smart tourism development occurs at various regional
and international venues (forums and festivals);
─ In this way, the data illustrating publication activity allows asserting a growing
scientific interest in the digital tourism topic.
The development of digital technologies, the ubiquity of the Internet, the widespread
development of social networks, the development of technologies related to artificial
intelligence, machine learning and BigData, and AR / VR have a great impact on the
tourism industry transformation. The use of these technologies increases the efficien-
cy of communication between participants in the tourism market. Digital transfor-
mations in the tourism sector of St. Petersburg have a large scope: mobile applica-
tions, the use of augmented reality technologies, audio guides, a single portal for tour-
ists, and many others.
Future research initiatives could include questions about how technology fits into
public conscience and relationships, and how tourism-related businesses are trans-
formed. An equally important area is scientific research, tracking scientific trends,
and building their predictive models. Such research is of value to both scientists and
160
businessmen. This is especially true in the light of forecasting the development of
tourism after the end of the pandemic.
Acknowledgement
The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project 18-
011-00923-a.
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