=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2784/rpaper13
|storemode=property
|title=From e-Tourism to Digital Tourism. Terminologically Review
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2784/rpaper13.pdf
|volume=Vol-2784
|authors=Olga Kononova,Dmitry Prokudin,Elena Tupikina
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ssi/KononovaPT20
}}
==From e-Tourism to Digital Tourism. Terminologically Review==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2784/rpaper13.pdf
From e-Tourism to Digital Tourism.
Terminologically Review
Olga Kononova1,4[0000-0001-6293-7243], Dmitry Prokudin1,2,4[0000-0002-9464-8371]
and Elena Tupikina3,4[0000-0001-9531-9900]
1 Saint-Petersburg National Research University of Information Technology, Mechanics and
Optics, Kronverksky pr., 49, 197101, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
2 Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb., 7/9, 199034, Saint-Petersburg,
Russia
3 Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922, Vladivostok, Russia
4Center digital society research, Russia
kononolg@yandex.ru, hogben.young@gmail.com, etupikina@mail.ru
Abstract. The modern level and capabilities of ICT form new forms of com-
munication interactions, including in the field of tourism services. The fourth
industrial revolution did not bypass the tourism industry, highlighting Tourism
4.0. Globalization and digital transformations of the industry have spawned new
directions in business and a new scientific interdisciplinary direction –
the digitalization of tourism. Since the development of digital tourism is asso-
ciated with modern information technologies, which are also called smart or
digital, there is a need to understand the current terminology. The article offers
interpretations of the term-concepts of the terminological core of the scientific
direction associated with the widespread use of digital technologies. Thematic
search, explication, and analysis of contextual knowledge, carried out on an ar-
ray of scientific publications in English and Russian sources, made it possible to
create a thesaurus of the scientific direction. The results of the analysis of the
terminological landscape open up new research opportunities, especially in are-
as where there is still a lack of academic research related to the application of
modern digital technologies in tourism.
Keywords: digital tourism, eTourism, information and communication tech-
nology, interdisciplinary research, smart tourism, terminological core, termino-
logical landscape, trend
1. Introduction
Today tourism is a powerful industry that provides employment to millions of people
of different professions and qualifications, an economic sector that simultaneously
plays a social and economic role. Tourism is a high-budget component for many
countries, an ecosystem driver, which contributes to significant industry consolida-
tion. At the same time, this is a sphere that is directly influenced by modern processes
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
165
and trends of globalization. The importance of the development and digitalization of
the industry has highlighted as part of the implementation of the Digital Economy
program of the Russian Federation. Moreover, the primary tasks of modern tourism
are formed and reflected in "The strategy of tourism development till 2035" as "...
reaching the level of world leaders in the development of digital infrastructure and
services, the development of digital platforms for promoting tourism products and
brands, digital navigation aids and the formation of a tourist product" [30].
The choice of solutions and technologies for their implementation is a priority task,
the resolution of which should correspond to interdisciplinary scientific research di-
rections. Identification and refinement of the object of these studies should begin with
an analysis of the categorical-conceptual apparatus. Therefore, the tasks of defining
the common terminology prevailing in the digital era of tourism, identifying the driv-
ers of the tourism ecosystem and the subsequent construction of management models
for the industry and tourism products are relevant.
One of the obvious drivers of the current stage is undoubtedly the global pandemic
and all the measures that are associated with it. In the conditions of the arisen re-
strictions, business and information processes in tourism have been beginning to man-
ifest themselves through new forms of interaction in society on a global scale.
Thus, the relevance of the presented results is also determined by the complex epi-
demiological situation, when habitual, traditional forms of tourism are largely para-
lyzed.
2. The research methodology
Revealing contextual knowledge through the application of methods, approaches,
technologies and tools of digital humanities, as well as text mining is one of the trends
in modern scientific interdisciplinary research. Contextual knowledge is generally
understood as the ability to correctly “read” the context, extract and interpret profes-
sionally significant information through contextual search.
To clarify our own beliefs and developments, as well as to harmonize the scientific
methods of searching, extracting, and studying contextual knowledge used in practice,
the general methodological approaches to the search and analysis of textual unstruc-
tured information and approaches to the preparation of analytical reviews in relation
to topics related to tourism has been examined. The review of research approaches
was carried out in a selection of articles in the Science Direct library and revealed that
three of keyword selection methods are widely used in tourism research: empirical (or
experimental), territorial and technological approaches. An empirical approach identi-
fies keywords simply based on the knowledge and experience of the researcher. The
territorial approach is an extension of the empirical one, first using the empirical
method to determine the terminological core, and then adding related term-concepts
related to both basic and recommended (using the search engine recommendation
function). The technological method involves the selection of keywords from a wide
range of terms, based on predicted or frequency values and in terms of their correla-
tion with predictive variables.
From the point of the study task and research idea set by the authors, which implies
the formation of the terminological core of the digital tourism research area based on
166
the regulatory documents of the Russian Federation in terms of tourism digitalization,
the territorial method is optimal. Expert analysis of scientific sources allows you to
supplement the terminological core with a basic conceptual apparatus. The next step
is the use of an extended thematic search and content analysis of the corpus of scien-
tific publications for the formation of semantic groups and a thesaurus of the scientific
direction, the construction of thematic trends.
The methodology of that research is a comprehensive approach developed by the
authors (named "synthetic method"). The approach allows one to explore the develop-
ing interdisciplinary directions and practices of human activity through the study of
the conceptual and terminological apparatus and contextual knowledge in dynamics.
The approach involves the extraction of contexts from unstructured or semi-structured
information resources, allowing through explication and mapping to form collections
of relevant text fragments (thematic contexts). The concept of context is interpreted as
an independent conceptual unit of the categorical apparatus, which can be used as a
basis for the classification of scientific texts, visualization of hierarchical and associa-
tive relationships between terms. In this case, the context is a part of the text, the ver-
bal environment of the selected text element (term-concept) for analysis. The term-
concept means a single term or collocation that carries the semantic load of a certain
context [25, 26].
The synthetic method is consistent with the approaches adopted in that kind of re-
search. However, the method has several features, such as the consistent application
of ICT at all stages of the study, taking into account and integrating several different
methods and tools, namely:
─ synthesis of various search methods integrated coverage of research tools and vary-
ing the sequence of application of search technologies, selection, explication and
analysis of contextual knowledge, depending on the initial conditions and charac-
teristics of specific research;
─ expert assessment of documents and, on its basis, a qualitative selection of the
most relevant of them;
─ the use of tools for analyzing contextual knowledge to form thematic collections
containing fragments (contexts) relevant to the studied subject area from selected
resources;
─ the use of information environments and analytical software for full-text analysis
of the generated thematic collections, processing and interpretation of the obtained
contextual analysis data;
─ building trends that demonstrate the development and topics of the studied subject
area.
There are several attitudes inherent in the Synthetic method. The attitudes are the
principles of conducting research, which include:
─ selection of digital resources containing text arrays, reflecting both scientific and
socio-political discourses;
─ refusal to study a thematic sample of highly cited scientific journals with a high
impact factor in favor of considering a wider range of publications from themati-
cally different editions, which makes it possible to explicate a larger number of rel-
167
evant terms, as well as to take into account various trends in the development of in-
terdisciplinary research areas, regardless of their prevalence.
The application of the synthetic method is independent of the choice of specific in-
formation environments and software, which provides flexibility in its use and availa-
bility of its application, depending on the capabilities of research teams.
3. Terminological core of "Tourism Digitalization"
interdisciplinary direction
According to the Federal Law "On the Basics of Tourist Activity in the Russian Fed-
eration" tourism is interpreted as "temporary departures (travel) of citizens of the
Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons from a permanent place of
residence in health-improving, recreational, cognitive, physical culture, professional
and business and other purposes without engaging in activities related to earning in-
come from sources in the country (place) of temporary stay" [34]. The foundations of
tourism activity, laid down in this definition, are characterized by the breadth and
scale of the structural elements of tourism, covering the activities of many related
areas, which indicates an interdisciplinary scientific topic. The current level of digital-
ization of society forms new forms of communication interactions and relationships
between producers and consumers, including in the field of tourism services [35].
Manufacturers of tourism services are forced to introduce modern digital technolo-
gies, thereby forming a new scientific direction – digitalization of tourism. All this
confirms the interdisciplinary nature of the topic and the need to apply modern meth-
ods of studying the terminological landscape of the scientific direction.
The terminological core of the research area under study was formed using the ana-
lytical apparatus of the Scientific electronic library (NEL, http://elibrary.ru) and the
analysis of the text of the Russian Federation’s Tourism Development Strategy for the
period to 2035. As a result of the terminological analysis of the Russian Federation’s
Tourism Development Strategy for the period to 2035, the authors identified three
groups of concepts that are directly associated with digitalization. Those are digital
technologies, digital solutions and digital services. Figure 1 demonstrates the tourism
information model summarizing the analysis results.
Digital forms of tourism are not explicitly defined in the document, but the primary
analysis of both foreign and domestic literature made it possible to identify some
basic concept terms that determine the processes of digitalization in tourism: 'digital
tourism', 'smart tourism', 'e-tourism' and some others. The term-concepts identified
based on the analysis of the Strategy, along with the main term-concepts 'e-tourism',
'smart tourism', 'digital tourism', have constituted the terminological core of the inter-
disciplinary direction. Subsequently, the term-concepts of the terminological core
have been included in search queries to form a terminological landscape, supplement
the list of digital forms of tourism, and build a thesaurus of the subject area.
168
Fig. 1. The tourism information model (prepared based on analysis of 1Strategy for the devel-
opment of tourism in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2035 and 2review of scientific
publications)
As shown by the analysis of scientific publications, the wordings and concepts of
the term-concepts as 'digital tourism', 'e-tourism', 'smart tourism' are unsettled yet.
Various interpretations of the term-concept 'digital tourism' and synonymous terms-
concepts 'smart tourism', 'e-tourism', and others are widely used in science; there is no
single point of view. Despite this, in scientific and media discourse, it is possible to
trace the formation of a certain type of this phenomenon through the prism of digitali-
zation, which makes it possible to clarify the understanding of each of the terms, dis-
tinguish semantic groups of term-concepts and build trends.
4. Digital forms of tourism: the analysis of the term concepts
and the definitions
To replenish the terminological core with significant term-concepts and create a the-
saurus of the subject area, a contextual search for publications was carried out in three
text arrays. The first array contained scientific publications selected from the Russian
Scientific Electronic Library (NEL, http://elibrary.ru) and the Google Scholar infor-
mation retrieval system (https://scholar.google.ru). The second includes Russian-
language publications from the information resources ScienceDirect, Web of Science
and Scopus. The third array consisted of publications from electronic archives of fed-
eral and on-line newspapers and magazines, as well as Internet publications, represen-
tations in the Integrum information system (https://integrum.ru). The search for the
term-concepts of the terminological core was carried out according to the bibliograph-
ic description (publication name, keywords, abstract), the full text of the publication
and the list of sources.
169
Then, content analysis of expertly selected scientific publications with a high de-
gree of relevance to queries was carried out. The selection is based on statistical data
on the distribution of keywords in the result of complex requests that includes the
main term-concepts of the direction – 'e-tourism', 'smart tourism', 'digital tourism' and
the subsequent allocation of definitions of those key concepts, as well as definitions
of additional term-concepts presented by various researchers.
At the next stage of the research, a content analysis of the selected texts and an ex-
plication of contextual knowledge were carried out, the semantic load for each of the
term-concepts that define digital forms of tourism was clarified. The results are sum-
marized in table 1 and can be correlated with the interpretations of terms accepted in
the Russian-language discourse.
Several digital forms of tourism were detected in that conducted research. They
have found the semantic group with the same name. There are 'e-tourism', 'smart tour-
ism', 'digital tourism', 'm-tourism', 'intelligent tourism', 'tourism 4.0', 'virtual tourism',
'digital free tourism' (DFT), 'sustainable tourism'.
The basic, most used ones include 'e-tourism', 'smart tourism', 'digital tourism'
term-concepts. Those term-concepts and their definitions are presented in Tables 1–3.
Table 1. Definitions of eTourism
Definition of the term-concept Year, Authors
eTourism
not only electronic distribution of tourist services, but also electronic 2013, Mosh-
excursions, which are also called virtual; nyaga E.V. [29]
the widespread use of ICT opportunities for a full cycle of business 2015, Kalma-
activity; kova A.A. [24]
study of tourism manifestations by ICT broadly; 2018, Jingjin Li
et al. [8]
ICT in tourism management; 2018, J. Navío-
Marco et al.[11]
just one of the outcomes of the tourism industry's incorporation of 2019, Sanaz
technology; Shaee et al. [20]
“Due to computing and pervasive connectivity, technology today is
no longer just a tool for e-tourism but is used in all aspects of life and
travel”;
a part of e-commerce that integrates rapidly developing areas such as 2019, Shevchen-
telecommunications and information technology into the hospitality ko E.M. et al. [33]
and management industry;
The analysis showed that some authors operate with such a concept as 'e-tourism' and
characterize it as “not only electronic distribution of tourist services, but also electron-
ic excursions, which are also called virtual” [29], noting that the appearance of this
term connected is associated “with the transformation of the term e-business, which is
the use of a wide range of ICT capabilities for organizing a full cycle of business
activities (e-commerce, e-marketing, e-finance, e-production, e-strategy, e-
management)” [24]. The phenomenon is “part of e-commerce and integrates rapidly
developing areas such as telecommunications and information technology into the
hospitality and management industry” [33].
170
The development and large-scale implementation of IoT technologies, big data,
neural network technologies and the mobile Internet have led to the emergence of the
concept of 'smart tourism'. In modern publications of domestic and foreign authors it
is noted that “smart tourism is a growing trend, thanks to which both locals and tour-
ists get the opportunity to interact with a more convenient, safe, interesting environ-
ment” [28] and “smart tourism is a combined model of the developing tourism indus-
try and innovative technology S&R ”[32]. The scientific community also notes that
'smart tourism' is tourism with "the comprehensively maximizing environmental,
cultural, social and economic values through IT – the Internet of Things, cloud com-
puting, GIS, virtual reality and the mobile Internet" [32].
Table 2. Definitions of smart tourism
Definition of the term-concept Year, Authors
smart tourism
employing of mobile digital connectivity to create more intelligent, 2012, J.G. Molz,
meaningful and sustainable connections between tourists and the [10]
destination; a form of deep civic engagement, and not just as a simple
form of consumption.
clean, eco-friendly, ethical and high-quality services offered at all 2012, UNWTO
levels of the service chain [23]
the comprehensively maximizing environmental, cultural, social and 2016, Sjaocjan' K.
economic values through IT - the Internet of Things, cloud compu- [32]
ting, GIS, virtual reality and the mobile Internet;
a combined model of the developing tourism industry and innovative
technology S&R;
an individual tourist support system within the context of information 2017, Yu. Li et al.
services and an all-encompassing technology; [9]
ubiquitous tour information service provided to tourists, not tourist
groups, received by tourists during the tourist process anytime, any-
where and based on the individual needs of people;
the ease with which users can automatically obtain suitable and pre-
cise services (being “Smart” can privately perceive users' needs and
provide accurate service information) by data accumulation with
technological means (devices);
includes not only sensors application, data mining (location-based
service information collation and dissemination), but also other tech-
niques such as positioning technology, the SNS (social network
system), and the social network technology applications;
the tourism supported at the level of the tourist region by integrated 2017,
efforts to find innovative ways for the accumulation and the aggrega- Smirnov A.V.
tion or the use of data extracted from infrastructure, social connec- et al. [31]
tions, government or organizational sources;
a trend that gives both locals and tourists the opportunity to interact 2017,
with a more comfortable, safer, more interesting living environment; Molchanova V.A.
[28]
the tourism, in which the constant and systematic use of smart ele- 2017,
ments leads to the creation of additional travel value for the tourist Kormjagina N.N.
[27]
connected with devices generating big data of various nature for 2018, Jingjing Li
monitoring tourist behavior, tourism management and tourism mar- et al. [8]
171
Definition of the term-concept Year, Authors
keting
the potential replacement of much of the human labor in travel, tour- 2018, J. Navío-
ism and hospitality industries through digital technologies Marco et al. [11]
a logical evolutionary development of traditional tourism and e- 2019, Sanaz
tourism in which the ground for technology-driven innovation has Shaee et al. [20]
been established;
was inspired by the idea of smart cities;
tourism products that use technological components; 2020, Inta Egger
et al. [3]
logical evolutionary development of traditional tourism and e- 2020,
tourism as a consequence of technology-based innovation; A. Kontogianni,
the conception included privacy preserving, context awareness, cul- E. Alepis [4]
tural heritage, recommender systems, social media, internet of things,
user experience, real-time, user modeling, augmented reality and big
data.
The modern smart concept is used to describe processes in society and many areas of
activity. In practice, the smart-concept is used to describe technological, social, eco-
nomic systems that are actively introducing big and open data, Internet technologies,
all kinds of sensors, new ways of communication and information exchange. Russian
authors in several publications interpret 'smart tourism' as 'intelligent tourism', mean-
ing by this “the tourism supported at the level of the tourist region by integrated ef-
forts to find innovative ways for the accumulation and the aggregation or the use of
data extracted from infrastructure, social connections, government or organizational
sources "[31] and as" tourism, in which the constant and systematic use of smart ele-
ments leads to the creation of additional value of the travel for the tourist" [27].
Table 3. Definitions of digital tourism (digitalization of tourism)
Definition of the term-concept Year, Authors
digital tourism
the convergence between the physical and digital worlds, supported 2018, Julio Na-
by sensors that collect data resulting from the interaction of tourists vío-Marco et al.
and the environment; [11]
the online purchase of ready-made tours formed by tour operators; 2019,
development and implementation of mobile applications, including Cherevichko T.V.
for tourists; et al. [35]
the online purchase of ready-made tours formed by tour operators;
development and implementation of mobile applications, including
for tourists;
the digitalization of amateur tours through the creation of online
schools for novice travelers, and others.
the formation of a digital sector of the tourism economy; 2019, Voronko-
a new type of tourism, which is often associated with e-tourism, va L.P. [40]
developing in the vastness of the virtual world;
includes the formation of a new type of tourism and a new type of
tourist – "digital tourist"
In general, as the analysis has shown, the term 'digital tourism' is not the most com-
mon term in foreign and domestic studies.
172
The extra term-concepts 'intelligent tourism', 'virtual tourism', 'digital free tourism'
(DFT), 'm-tourism', 'tourism 4.0', 'sustainable tourism' added to the terminology core
as a result of content analysis, as well as definitions of those term-concepts are repre-
sented in the Tables 4, 5.
Table 4. Digital forms of tourism: the extra term-concepts and their definitions
Definition of the term-concept Year, Authors
intelligent tourism
means being able to change its state or action in response to varying 2017, Yu. Li et al.
situations, differing requirements, and previous experiences, which [9]
means that intelligence can generate appropriate results based on
different needs, different states and different historic experiences;
focuses on a technical capability offering more convenient and effi- 2017, Yu. Li et al.
cient services (including tangible products) to the users; [9]
m-tourism
type of e-tourism using mobile technologies; 2013, Mosh-
nyaga E.V. [29]
virtual tourism
a promising means of promoting a particular destination, which gives 2018, Kleyman
the tourist an opportunity to get acquainted with the cultural, histori- A.A., Ba-
cal, recreational opportunities of the places of visit and choose the banchikova O.A.
most interesting objects and activities for themselves; [41]
understood as a newly emerging electronic entertainment system 2019,
Voronkova L.P.
[40]
digital free tourism (DFT)
tourist spaces in which the Internet or mobile signals are either absent 2018, Jing Li
or the use of digital technologies is controlled; et al. [7]
characterized by a lack of or severely limited access to ICTs;
M-tourism be able to consider as a type of e-tourism “used by mobile technologies in
the form of applications for mobile phones (iPhone, iPad, Windows phone, Android)
and allowing users to book flights, hotels, cars by phone from anywhere” [29].
The changes in the technological structure named the Fourth Industrial Revolution
characterize modern world production. In 2011, the term "Industry 4.0" was intro-
duced into scientific circulation. In general terms, the concept of Industry 4.0 is inter-
preted as a transition to fully automated digital production controlled by intelligent
systems in real-time in constant interaction with the external environment, going be-
yond the boundaries of one enterprise, with the prospect of merging into a global
industrial network of things and services [36].
Table 5. The connected term-concepts and their definitions
Definition of the term-concept Year, Authors
tourism 4.0
the name of the modern concept of processing large data collected as 2019, Shhedri-
a result of researching various tourist destinations to create a person- na E.Yu. et al.
alized information space of tourist resources; [37]
based on the mechanisms of Industry 4.0, contributes to the devel-
opment of tourist destinations in the region and allows you to devel-
173
Definition of the term-concept Year, Authors
op an effective tourism policy through digitalization and automation
processes;
sustainable tourism
«meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting 1993, UNWTO
and enhancing opportunity for the future. ... management of all re- [21]
sources in such a way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can
be fulled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological
processes, biological diversity, and life support systems»
«the control and local planning of tourism processes; … the 2013, UNWTO
achievement of maximum efficiency in resource consumption and the [22]
minimization of the impact of the tourism activity on the environ-
ment»;
a philosophical concept or ideological approach to the development 2013, Mosh-
of tourism of the future that respects the natural, cultural and social; nyaga E.V. [29]
the tourism industry that takes measures to achieve a minimum im- 2013, Mosh-
pact on the environment and local culture, preserve local ecosystems nyaga E.V. [29]
and the diversity of ethnic cultures while contributing to the for-
mation of income, employment, infrastructure;
the concepts of sustainability and smartness share many common 2018, Perles J.F.,
elements; Ribes J.I.B. [15]
a tourism destination cannot be considered as being smart if it is not
sustainable;
The fourth industrial revolution changes the way of doing business, not only in the
industry but also in other sectors of the world economy. That is why it’s possible to
speak about the new formation of the tourism industry – tourism 4.0. In scientific
works, the following interpretation was given: tourism 4.0 is “the name of the modern
concept of processing large data collected as a result of researching various tourist
destinations to create a personalized information space of tourist resources” [37].
Moreover, tourism 4.0 is “based on the mechanisms of Industry 4.0, contributes to the
development of tourist destinations in the region and allows you to develop an effec-
tive tourism policy through digitalization and automation processes“ [37] to help peo-
ple travel by making travel fun, efficient, safe and personalized.
5. The presence of a structured description of thesaurus element
The purpose and result of the study of the terminological landscape of the interdisci-
plinary direction of research "Digitalization of tourism" is the subject domain thesau-
rus.
The application of an ontological approach and the synthetic method, which in-
volves the phased explication of contextual knowledge from the relevant arrays of
information resources and bases on the results of frequency-oriented queries, has been
allowed ranking the significance of the term-concepts even at the stage of thesaurus
formation [39].
To describe the thesaurus elements, the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set
(DCMES) metadata schema was used. The combination of values of the elements of
this scheme was used as a structured description of the thesaurus elements, which
correlated with the General approach of using this specification for textual infor-
174
mation resources. This allows you to present the thesaurus in machine-readable form
for presentation in an information resource, as well as for automated search and iden-
tification by search engines.
In the proposed approach, the thesaurus element is a key term-concept and has a
thesaurus type of context.
Based on the technique of applying the automated extraction and explication of
contextual knowledge using a hybrid query, the thesaurus of the categorical and ter-
minological base of the interdisciplinary scientific domain “Digitalization of tour-
ism”. The following instance represents the meta-description of a thesaurus element
consisted of the Dublin Core metadata set:
dc.title: e-tourism
dc.subject: public administration
dc.description: the term is obtained as a result of a
cascade query on an array of relevant texts of articles
from Russian scientific journals for the requests “digi-
tal economy” (2016, 2017) and “digital technologies”
(2011, 2017, 2018, eLibrary); corps of texts from the
Federal and Regional press at the request of the digital
economy (2017, Integrum).
dc.date: 11-11-2020
dc.source: digital economy: e-tourism and smart technolo-
gies
dc.language: russian
dc.type: key term-concept
dc.coverage: digital economy
dc.coverage: digital technology
dc.coverage: information technology
dc.coverage: public administration
dc.coverage: smart tourism
dc.coverage: digital tourism
dc.coverage: big data
subject.other: text
6. Conclusion
The analysis showed that there is pluralism in the academic environment, which, as
we see it, is supported by different approaches to research, the bias of authors, as well
as the absence of any standards at the international level that somehow regulated the
use of terminology.
The analysis showed that there is pluralism in the academic environment, which, as
we see it, is supported by different approaches to research, the biases of the authors,
as well as the absence of any standards at the international level that somehow regu-
lated the use of terminology. Nevertheless, the results obtained and the identified
terminological landscape of the subject area opens up new research opportunities,
especially in those areas where there is still a lack of academic research and reviews
of scientific literature. First of all, topics on models of digital transformations of tour-
175
ism associated with the use of modern digital technologies, such as big data, artificial
intelligence, virtual reality, smart technologies, etc. Future research initiatives may
focus on the study of human-machine interaction technologies. We consider scientific
research, tracking scientific trends and building their predictive models no less im-
portant. Such research is of value to both scientists and practitioners. This is especial-
ly true in light of predicting the development of the tourism industry after the end of
the pandemic.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project 18-
011-00923-a.
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