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        <article-title>PhD Symposium</article-title>
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          <string-name>At the</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>th International Conference on ICT in Edu- cation</string-name>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Research</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Industrial Applications (ICTERI</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Volume III: Proceedings</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
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        <aff id="aff0">
          <label>0</label>
          <institution>Mykola Nikitchenko Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv</institution>
          ,
          <country country="UA">Ukraine</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution>Sergiy Bogomolov Newcastle University</institution>
          ,
          <country country="UK">United Kingdom</country>
        </aff>
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      <p>Copyright © 2020 for the individual papers by the papers' authors.</p>
      <p>Copyright © 2020 for the volume as a collection by its editors.</p>
      <p>This volume and its papers are published under the Creative Commons License
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).</p>
      <p>Preface</p>
      <p>The papers included in this volume were presented at the PhD Symposium organised
as part of ICTERI 2020, the 16th International Conference on Information and
Communication Technologies in Education, Research, and Industrial Applications: Integration,
Harmonization, and Knowledge Transfer. The symposium took place in Kharkiv,
Ukraine, on October 6–10, 2020. The volume is topically aligned with ICTERI and
covers research questions concerning information systems technologies and their
applications, business/academic applications of information and communication
technologies (ICT) and the role of ICT in education.</p>
      <p>The symposium aims at providing opportunities for PhD students to get early
feedback on their research activities and build a professional network. For this purpose, the
PhD Symposium solicited extended abstracts and short papers which outline ideas
underpinning PhD projects.</p>
      <p>There were 20 submissions to the PhD Symposium. The submissions were reviewed
by the program committee members and several sub-reviewers, whose help is greatly
appreciated. The reviewing process resulted in 7 papers accepted for publication in the
proceedings.</p>
      <p>Finally, we would like to thank all the authors for their contributions and the local
organizers for taking care of the logistics of the symposium.</p>
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