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    <article-meta>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of the Use of Artificial Intelligence to Support Public Services: Methodology and Roadmap</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Anne Fleur van Veenstra</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Gabriela Bodea</string-name>
          <email>gabriela.bodea@tno.nl</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Tjerk Timan</string-name>
          <email>tjerk.timan@tno.nl</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Gianluca Misuraca</string-name>
          <email>gianluca.misuraca@ec.europa.eu</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Colin van Noordt</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff0">
          <label>0</label>
          <institution>TNO Strategy &amp; Policy</institution>
          ,
          <addr-line>The Hague</addr-line>
          ,
          <country country="NL">The Netherlands</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <fpage>359</fpage>
      <lpage>361</lpage>
      <abstract>
        <p>To assess the social and economic impacts of Artificial Intelligence on public services, a methodology using a public value perspective was developed. This workshop aims to validate this methodology as well as to develop a roadmap for implementation of this methodology, including the identification of opportunities, threats, enablers and barriers. Acknowledgement: European Commission Joint Research Centers Seville &amp; Ispra study entitled "Scientific support to the development of a methodology to assess social and economic impacts</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Artificial Intelligence</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Services</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Value</kwd>
        <kwd>Impact Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Roadmap</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
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  <body>
    <sec id="sec-1">
      <title>1. Introduction</title>
      <p>
        Several recent studies have mapped the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in public service delivery
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">(e.g. Misuraca, Noordt &amp; Boukli, 2020; Veenstra, Grommé &amp; Djafari, forthcoming)</xref>
        . However, little
is known yet what the impact, both social and economic, is of the use of AI on public services.
Therefore, an impact assessment methodology is currently being developed to assess such impacts.
It proposes a number of clusters of impact factors based on a public value approach, including
effectiveness, efficiency, openness, outcomes and social value, ethical behaviour and
professionalism, and trust
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1 ref3">(Faulkner &amp; Kaufman, 2018; Twizeyimana &amp; Andersson, 2019)</xref>
        .
      </p>
      <p>The assessment methodology is accompanied by the development of a roadmap for
implementation including opportunities, threats, enablers, and barriers. The methodology and the
roadmap need validation by experts from the field of Digital Government to ensure that the
approach combines scientific grounding and practical applicability. Furthermore, the topic of the
impact of AI on public services is still emerging and requires a broad discussion with experts on
how this emerging technology will create impact and value for the public sector.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-2">
      <title>2. Objectives of the Workshop</title>
      <p>The objectives of the workshop are to engage the audience in a discussion on the social and economic
impact of AI on public services, to validate the proposed impact assessment methodology, and to
identify opportunities, threats, enablers and barriers to develop a roadmap for the implementation
of this methodology.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec-3">
      <title>3. Workshop Structure</title>
      <p>The online workshop will last for 90 minutes. After an introduction to the study, the concept
methodology to assess the impact of AI to support public services will be presented (15 mins). The
remainder of the first part of the workshop will be dedicated to discussing and validating the
proposed assessment methodology along the main impact factor clusters that were identified (30
mins). Depending on the number of participants, parallel groups are formed to discuss the various
clusters, supported by an online whiteboard application.</p>
      <p>After a short break, the second part of the workshop (45 mins) consists of a co-creation session to
provide input for the development of a roadmap for implementation of the assessment
methodology. The workshop will identify and rank opportunities, threats, key enablers and barriers.
Again, depending on the number of participants, parallel groups are formed to allow for more
indepth discussion and ranking. The workshop, thereby, proposes an interactive session, discussing
the impact and value of AI on public services.</p>
      <p>About the Authors
Anne Fleur van Veenstra
Dr. Anne Fleur van Veenstra is Senior Scientist ICT Policy at TNO's Strategy &amp; Policy department.
Gabriela Bodea
Gabriela Bodea is Senior Scientist at TNO's Strategy &amp; Policy department and project coordinator of the
study "Scientific support to the development of a methodology to assess social and economic impacts of the
Tjerk Timan
Dr. Tjerk Timan is Research Scientist at TNO's Strategy &amp; Policy department.</p>
      <p>Gianluca Misuraca
Colin van Noordt
Dr. Gianluca Misuraca is Senior Scientist at the European Commission's Joint Research Centre in Seville.
Colin van Noordt is PhD Researcher at Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech), Estonia.</p>
    </sec>
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