-With the maturity and popularity of blockchain technology, it has applied to many industries, such as financial sector, logistics, notarization and so on, but there is no correct quality model to describe the brockchain software. This paper we combined with the general software quality model(SQuaRE), formed a suitable quality model of the blockchain platform (Hyperledger Fabric) and expound its special quality measure. The research result of this paper can be applied to test or evaluate of blockchain application.
Recently blockchains attract the interests of stakeholders
across a wide span of industries: finance ，healthcare， real
estate, and government, because of its decentralization,
nontampering, traceability, collective maintenance, openness and
transparency. As a new infrastructure, blockchains
application testing is quite different from the traditional ways.
General software quality models may not quite compatible
with the blockchain applications since their different features
from other software. This paper introduces general software
model ISO/IEC 25010[
II. GENERAL SOFTWARE QUALITY MODEL
Due to the different requirements, the stakeholders may have different quality perspectives. For users, software quality is to meet the needs of users. For developers, software quality is consistent with requirements. In order to give a reasonable evaluation of the quality of software products, a software quality model is necessary
Last decade, ISO/IEC JTC1 SC7 has designed a new
generation of software quality standards, namely ISO/IEC
25000 SQuaRE or Software Product Quality Requirements
and Evaluation. ISO/IEC 25010 software product quality
model is a general model for judging software’s quality,
which includes eight quality characteristics, functional
suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability,
reliability, security, maintainability and portability[
Appropriateness Recognisability Learnability Operability User error protection User interface aesthetic Accessibility
Maturity Availability Fault tolerance Recoverability
Confidentiality
Integrity Non-repudiation Accountability Authenticity
Maintainability Modularity Reusability Analysability Modifiability Testability
III.
HYPERLEDGER FABRIC BLOCKCHAIN SOFTWARE
FEATURES
In the blockchain application, Hyperledger is an excellent implementation of the union chain, and Hyperledger Fabric is the kernel of Hyperledger project.
Hyperledger Fabric is essentially a distributed ledger, using a high availability modularization as its design concept. The modules, such as MSP, Ordering Service, Ordering Service, Ordering Service are deployed separately. This way can configure the requirement flexibly. The key technologies of Hyperledger Fabric as follow.
Chain Coder Org1
Peer0 Ledgers
Org1 LedgersPeer1 Ledgers
Chain Chain Coder Org2 Chain CoderOrg3
Peer0 Coder Org2 Peer0
Peer1 Ledgers Ledgers
Chain CoderOrg3
Peer1 Ledgers
Order1 Order2
Order3 RAFT Org1 Org1
CA Org2 Org3
A Fabric Ledger is a series of orderly and immutable records which states has been transformed. Its inside structure is been comprised of a block which stores the immutable, ordered records, and simultaneously contains a state database to record the current state.
The Block chain is based on the local file system, and its blocks are put in local hard disk which store the file system. The previous block hash is pointed to the current block hash, so they can connect with a block chain.
C、 Peer[
Peer is the main body to do the operation of trade processing and maintain ledger, which is mainly responsible for the consensus process, and does ledger’s reading and writing operation through chaincode. Peers can be divided into Endorser Peer and Committer Peer, according to different functions.
A channel is a private space which is used to communicate information between two or multiple peers. The transaction data in the channel is separated from the data outside the channel, so we can ensure that the data in the channel is safe enough. Transactions on the network must be executed on the Channel. Each member of the transaction needs authorization and certification, otherwise they cannot be allowed to trade on the Channel.
Orderer is sorting the transactions which is generated by different channels in the blockchain network, and at the same time broadcasting to the peer. Orderer is implemented as a pluggable component and has two kinds of algorithms (SOLO and Kafka).
The fig2 is the structure chart of software which use the technology of Hyperledger Fabric, we can know the composition of this blockchain network clearly. In this blockchain network, there are three organizations(Org1, Org2, Org3), and each organization maintains 2 peers(peer0, peer1) at the same time. The consensus algorithm is Raft, it consists of three orders (Order1 、 Order2 、 Order3). And chaincode
Query user information Up chain by image
Query image history
information Query image
details Transfer by image
Blockchain-network then there are three channels (Channel1, Channel2 and Channel3) in the network, each channel contains different organization, the organizations(Org1, Org2, Org3) have joined Chanel1, the organizations(Org1, Org2) have joined Chanel, the organizations(Org1, Org3) have joined Chanel3. The functions of chaincode are up chain by image, transfer by image, query user information, query history of image and query detail of image.
IV.
HYPERLEDGER FABRIC SOFTWARE QUALITY MODEL Based on the above characteristics of Hyperledger Fabric, we tested with the application scenario of Hyperledger Fabric, and established a software quality requirement system which is suitable for HyperLedger Fabric as the fig3. It also contains eight quality characteristics which is the same as ISO/IEC 25010-2011. But many quality characteristics have different sub characteristics, such as functional suitability, performance efficiency; and many sub characteristics have different test measures, such as compatibility , reliability and security, the details as fig3.
Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain System
Product Quality in
In ISO/IEC 25023-2016[
Query detailofimage Query history of image Up chain by image Transferby image
X
Imagestore Application system
File system
between the blockchain customer and the blockchain service, including two user operation mode, the command line interface and image interface.
distributed apply function of blockchain, including selection or cancellation of blockchain service, ordering and unordering of blockchain services and the business operation of ledger.
management application function of blockchain, including manage by member and manage by monitor.
In ISO/IEC 25023-2016, there are three sub characteristics, time-behaviour, resource utilisation and capacity. But for Hyperledger Fabric, except these normal sub characteristics, we add a additional indicator which called transaction time. It can be defined as time of sorting the consensus algorithm, time of completing the block broadcast for transaction, time of completing verification and submission for transaction, and time of completing submission for transaction, the detail definition as follow;
average time difference between WriteBlock and Propose in order’s log file;
transaction: The average time difference between StoreBlock in peer’s log file and WriteBlock in order’s log file;
transaction: The average time difference between Validate and StoreBlock in peer’s log file;
average time difference between CommitWithPvtData and Validate in peer’s log file.
In ISO/IEC 25023-2016, there are two sub-characteristics,
co-existence and interoperability, interoperability is defined
as data formats exchangeability, data exchange protocol
sufficiency and external interface adequacy. But for
Hyperledger Fabric, interoperability has different test
measures, it can be defined as the description of system
interaction interface[
to give a detailed description with the interface name, request system, response system, method of the interface be used , parameters of the interface and return results of the interface.
The image resource is stored in the file system while the image encryption is stored in the application system. When the user wants to put image on chain, they must interact with file system, application system and block chain system. Firstly, the user fills in the basic information, chooses the image which would be uploaded, and finally presses the upload button, enabling the file system to send the image Interface Specification
EnrollAsset(ctx， assetID， assetName， assetUrlHash， ownerID， metadata) Parameter: assetName, assetID, assetUrlHash, ownerID, Metadata Method: QueryAssetsByUserI D(ctx， userID) Parameter: userID Method: QueryAssetsHistoryB yAssetID(ctx， assetID) Parameter: assetID Method: ExchangeAsset(ctx， assetHistoryID， assetID， origenUserID， currentUserID) Parameter: assetHistoryID, assetID, origenUserID, currentUserID Return ed Result transact ion result
In ISO/IEC 25023-2016, there are four subcharacteristics, maturity, availability, fault tolerance and recoverability. For Hyperledger Fabric, it is a peer-to-peer network, with equivalent nodes, each node of the block should reach a consensus and then to go to the next operation, in the end all nodes make up a distributed ledger, complete a command or result which cannot be changed. Because of this consensus mechanism, the blockchain system allows partial node or ledger to be incorrect. As long as most of them are correct, the system also can works normally. So the fault tolerance in Hyperledger Fabric can be defined as node abnormal tolerance and ledger abnormal tolerance, the detail definition as follow; 1） Node abnormal tolerance: Node tolerance rate of the block chain system, the purpose is to find out the maximum error number of endorsement nodes and verification nodes, while not affecting the normal use of the application;
of the block chain system, the purpose is to find out the maximum number of the ledger file which is been deleted or tampered, while not affecting the normal use of the application;
In ISO/IEC 25023-2016, confidentiality, non-repudiation and authenticity are all the security’s sub-characteristic. Confidentiality is defined as the correctness of data, access control; Non-repudiation is defined as data signature utilization quality metrics; Authenticity is defined as the adequacy of the identification mechanism and the conformity of the identification rules. But for Hyperledger Fabric, there are different test measures, confidentiality can be defined as unauthorized access restrictions, channel isolation, and node confidentiality; Non-repudiation can be defined as nonrepudiation of operations on the chain and non-repudiation of log data; Authenticity can be defined as the identification mechanism, the detail definition as follow; 1） Unauthorized access restrictions: When there is unauthorized data access, the data privacy processing of the block chain; 2） Channel isolation: Isolation measures in block chain channels; 3） Node confidentiality: Confidentiality measures for block chain ledger data and node data;
chain operations can be logged and traced;
be viewed but cannot be tampered;
mechanism adopted by block chain;
This paper analyzed the characteristics of Hyperledger Fabric, formed a software quality management system which is suitable for Hyperledger Fabric, and then explained its special quality measure. We hope that can provide a reference when testing with the blockchain software, and improve the blockchain’s software quality.