=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2815/CERC2020_paper17
|storemode=property
|title=Understanding the Impact of COVID-19 on Behavior Changes and Decision Making of Chinese Students and Researchers in the UK
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2815/CERC2020_paper17.pdf
|volume=Vol-2815
|authors=Hui Yang,Huiru Zheng,Xi Liu
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/cerc/YangZL20
}}
==Understanding the Impact of COVID-19 on Behavior Changes and Decision Making of Chinese Students and Researchers in the UK==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2815/CERC2020_paper17.pdf
COVID-19 Research and Smart Healthcare
1
Understanding the Impact of COVID-19 on Behavior
Changes and Decision Making of Chinese Students and
Researchers in the UK
Hui Yang1, Huiru Zheng2*, Xi Liu1
1 School of Social Work, China University of Labor Relations, Beijing, China，100048;
redyanghui@163.com;
2 School of computing, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, UK, BT37 0QB;
h.zheng@ulster.ac.uk
*：corresponding author
Abstract With the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan and the subsequent
worldwide pandemic, oversea Chinese students and researchers (CSRs) have
been hit twice, i.e. worrying about their families during the first phase and then
experiencing the pandemic outbreak in a foreign country (UK) as a second hit.
This study surveyed 179 CSRs in the UK via an online questionnaire to
understand their behavioral patterns, risk assessment, and decision-making
intentions during the two phases of the pandemic. The survey showed that (1)
CSRs have experienced greater changes in behaviors such as leaving their
rooms and going outisde, engaging social interaction, hygiene habits, and
hoarding; and fewer changes in physical health, daily routines, and sleep
patterns; (2) During the second phase, the concerning on risk of contracting
COVID-19 was significantly increased from 7.8% to 20%; (3) About 60% of
CSRs were not confident that they would get effective help in the UK, which
was mainly related to the UK's pandemic prevention policy, public awareness,
NHS ambulance service regulations, and the medical treatment of COVID-19 in
the UK; and (4) A quarter of CSRs had returned or were planning to return to
China, and nearly 3/4 of CSRs had decided to remain in the UK because of
factors such as academic work, financial pressure (flight tickets have become
very expensive), potential risk of infection on travel, taking a wait-and-see
attitude, or being optimism that the pandemic would be over soon.
Keywords: COVID-19 and oversea Chinese; COVID-19 and behavior change;
COVID-19 and decision marking
1 Introduction
COVID-19, the infection caused by a novel coronavirus, broke out in Wuhan, Hubei
province, China, around early January, 2020, and then swept through most parts of
China. When the epidemic had been well-controled in China, unfortunately the
epidemic has evolved into a global pandemic, as announced by the World Health
Organization (WHO)[1]. Oversea Chinese students and researchers (CSRs) are unique
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License 275 CERC 2020
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
COVID-19 Research and Smart Healthcare
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in the sense that they have been going through both these two phases of COVID-19
pandemic; During first phase they worried about their families and friends back in
China, and then in the second phase they have been worrying about themselves in a
foreign country. Moreover, during the coronavirus crisis anti-Asian crimes were up
21% in the UK [2], therefore CSRs have to bear the threat and pain caused by
stigmatization during the pandemic. In addition, according to the International
Students in the UK Report 2020[3] published by the Association of British
Universities, the number of international students from mainland China in the UK has
reached 12.6 million (undergraduate and above), accounting for 35% of all non-EU
students, as of 2018--2019 academic year statistics, and this is a big number. The
above three factors make CSRs as a group, being worth investigating their behaviors
during COVID-19 pandemic. What is the impact of this crisis on daily life of CSRs in
the UK? Do they think they are safe? And what do they think about their chances of
getting effective medical support in the UK? Answers to these questions will help UK
understand the needs of CSRs, so that the country might become more attractive to
CRSs, and even to international students from other countries as well.
Since the outbreak of the pandemic, research has been carried out on the status of
various groups in China affected by the pandemic, such as the anxiety levels of
public, medical staff, university students (Zhao et al[4]; Hu et al[5]) and the impact of
the pandemic on the status of international students studying abroad (ABCP[6]), but
limit research has been conducted for addressing the above questions on the impact of
the pandemic on individual lifestyle of international students.
2 Methods
2.1 Participants and Study Design
Participants were recruited through the Chinese Students and Scholars Associations in
the UK and the CSRs social media Wechat Groups. The survey was designed in
Chinese, and recruitment was carried out via Chinese social media platform WeChat,
which is the most popular social media platform among the Chinese community, and
most UK universities and Chinese Students and Scholars Associations have a public
account. The survey was launched at a Chinese survey platform Wenjuanxin
(https://www.wenjuan.com/s/mq2Mvqs/). The study received ethical approval from
the Research Ethical Committee of Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Building
Environments, Ulster University, UK.
2.2 Research Aim
The aim of this research is to carry out a survey on behavior changes among CSRs
(including undergraduate students, post-graduate students, PhD researchers, post-
docs, and visiting researchers from China) in the UK when the COVID-19 outbroke
in China and the UK.
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2.3 Survey Design
The study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. The
questionnaire was designed to collect information on CSRs in the UK on their
concerns and daily behaviors during the pandemic. It included four sections: (1)
Participants' demographics information, such as educational status and study/research
area; (2) Behavioral changes after the outbreak in China and the following pandemic
in the UK. Questions focus on the impact of COVID-19 on the participant's social
communication, shopping, sleep, hygiene, health, and information source related to
the COVID-19; (3) Self-assessment of an individual's risk to the COVID-19 and the
reasons; (4) Reasons behind behavioral decision-making.
2.4 Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS (v 25). All variables were analysed using
frequencies and descriptive statistics to determine the number and percentages for
each variable.
3 Results
The results consist of four parts: (1) Demographics information of participants; (2)
Behavioral changes during the Pandemic; (3) Perceived risk and support; and (4)
Decision making and reasons behind.
3.1 Demographics of participants
This section includes five pieces of information about the participant's age group,
gender, the region of hometown, education level, and study area in the UK. We
received 179 questionnaires which are 100% valid. Of the 179 participants, 97 (54%)
were female and 82 (46 %) were male. The age range of participants was between 18
and 34 years, among which 145 (81%) participants were aged 18 to 28 years.
As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, a total of 89% of the participants' educational
backgrounds were undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral. The majority (75%) of
all participants studied in Northern Ireland.
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undergra 75%
duate
9%
38% 18%
2% Postgrad Northern
uate Ireland
9% PhD 7% Scotland
postdoct England
oral
27%
visiting
scholar
Fig. 1. Education Background Fig. 2. Geographical Area of Study
As shown in Figure 3，participants were originally coming from 26 regions of
China. 12.8% were from the Guangdong Province, followed by 11.2% from Beijing
and 6.1% were from the Shaanxi Province.
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Guangd… 23
Beijing 20
Shaanxi 13
Liaoning 12
Fujian 12
Hebei 11
Henan 9
Shandong 8
Shanghai 7
Zhejiang 6
Tianjin 6
Shanxi 6
Anhui 6
Neimen… 5
Jiangxi 5
Sichuan 4
Jilin 4
Gansu 4
Jiangsu 3
Hunan 3
Hubei 3
Heilongj… 3
Hainan 2
Guangxi 2
Yunnan 1
Ningxia 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Fig. 3. Geographic Distribution of GSRs
3.2 Behavioral Changes of Students in the Pandemic
The pandemic has affected people's behavior and daily life. The CSRs, including
undergraduate students, post-graduate students, PhD researchers, post-docs, and
visiting researchers from China, in the UK may have been hit twice by this pandemic
in two main stages: 1. the COVID-19 broke out in China; 2. the COVID-19 broke out
in the UK. It is important to understand how the pandemic has an impact on their
daily life, communication, attitude to future career and how they search for
information and they may seek support when they need.
This section investigates changes in the behavior of CSRs in the aftermath of the
outbreak, including how they first learned about the news, attitudes toward wearing
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masks as a foreigner in the UK, changes in the time when they began searching for
information, and changes in their lifestyles.
Question3.2.1：From which source you heard the outbreak?
Family / neighbors, schoolmates, friends / Internet (news medias, social media) /
others
Most (152，85%) of participants heard this news about pandemic from the internet
(news, social media, etc.)，7% of participants got this news from neighbors,
schoolmates, friends，and 8% of participants learned from family members.
Question3.2.2：Did you put on face masks after you heard the outbreak of COVID-
19? YES / NO / Maybe later/ Wanted but didn’t
Almost 32% of participants wore the mask after the COVID-19; while there were
31% of participants chose to go unmasked; 19% said they might wear masks in the
future, and 18% wanted to wear a mask, but for some reason, they didn't.
Question3.2.3 ：Time spent searching for information about COVID-19
compared to time spent searching for information in the past.
Much less / a little less / same / a little more / much more （1-5）
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
much a little no a little much
more more change less less
Fig. 4. The Time Change for Searching COVID-19 Related Information
As shown in Figure 4，most participants (45.3%) spend a little more time to search
for information about COVID-19; and some participants (13.3%) spend much more
time to search for information about COVID-19. In total, 58.8% of participants have
spent more time on information searching than before and only 16% of participants
reduced the searching time.
Question3.2.4：When COVID-19 outbreak occurred in China, how did it
impact on your daily life changed? (stage 1)
1None change-2--3-4 -5 Change a lot
The changes in lifestyle frequency were compiled based on actual observations of
international students, but there was no direction in the item, which could lead to
misunderstanding by readers. According to the frequency of leaving the room,
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participating in social activities and meeting new friends all decreased, while hygienic
habits such as washing hands increased, and stockpiling of goods increased based on
the rush of supermarkets in the UK. Sleep, daily routines and physical symptoms are
difficult to show direction based on the current survey.
As shown in Figure 5，when COVID-19 outbreak started in China, the following
four daily behaviors have changed the most from:- "Frequency of leaving your
room"(27%，48), "Frequency of going out for social activities"(30%，53),
"Hygienic habits (handwashing, etc.) "(30%，53), "Stocking essentials (food/hand
washer/tissues, etc.) "(33%，59). Basically, about 1/3 of the participants chose
"change a lot". The four daily behaviors remained the same were" physical Health
symptoms (headache/sore throat/stomachache, etc.), " "Meeting new friends",
"Sleeping", "Daily routine".
It can be seen that there is a big change in the existing behaviors and habits of
interacting with others, while non- interpersonal behaviors such as "physical health
symptoms", "sleep", and "daily routines" have not changed much. "Making new
friends", on the other hand, maybe because the original life has not changed much, so
there is not much change.
Frequency of gettiing out of your room
Frequency of going out for social
actives
Hygienic habits(hand washing ,etc.)
Stocking essentials(food/hand
washer/tisses,etc.)
Meeting new friends
Sleeping
Daily routine
Physical symptoms
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Change a lot More change Some change Little change None chane
Fig. 5. Change in Behavior (stage 1)
Question3.2.5：When COVID-19 outbreak occurred in the UK, how did
it change on your daily life? (stage2 ) ( 1None change-2-3-4-5 Change a
lot )
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With the outbreak in the UK, this stage added the question asking about wearing a
mask, and it was clear that over 55% of the participants changed very much on this
option. As shown in Figure 6,when the COVID-19 outbreak happened in the UK, the
five behaviors that participants changed most in their daily life were " Wearing
mask", " Frequency of going out for social activities", " Frequency of leaving your
room", " Stocking essentials (food/hand washer/tissues, etc.) ","Hygienic habits"; The
three behaviors that remained none change in the participants' daily life were "
Physical health symptoms (headache/sore throat/stomachache, etc.) ", " Sleeping",
and " Daily routine".
Frequency of getting out of your room
Frequency of going out for social
actives
Hygienic habits (hand washing, etc.)
Stocking essentials (food/hand
washer/tissues, etc.)
wear mask
Sleeping
Daily routine
Physical symptoms (headache/sore
throat/stomachache, etc.)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110120
Change more changes Some changes Little change None change
a lot
Fig. 6. Change in Behavior (stage 2)
3.3 Perceived Risk and Support
It is also important how CSRs perceive their own risk/safety at both stages. This
section includes 5 questions: the assessment of the likelihood of being diagnosed;
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confidence in receiving effective medical assistance when needed; the reasons for that
confidence assessment; the support expected; and the support received.
Question3.3.1: How likely you thought you would be diagnosed as COVID-19?
Please indicate the extent to which you agree with each of the following statements
using one of the three options.(high possibility; uncertain; high possibility)
stage I stage II
80%
60%
60% 55%
40% 32% 34% 29%
20% 8%
0%
low possibility uncertain high possibility
Fig. 7. Possibility of Diagnosed as COVID-19
It can be seen that in stage I(Figure 7), the number of participants who think they
could have a high risk of infection is relatively small, only 7.82%; mostly(60%)think
that they could have a very low risk of infection, etc., and about 32% of participants
think that there is uncertainty.
In stage II, the number of participants who thought there was uncertainty about
infection increased by 2%, while the proportion of those who thought there was a high
risk of infection increased significantly, with the proportion rising by more than 20%
from 8% to nearly 1/3(29%) of the participants.
Question3.3.2: How much confidence you have for receiving effective medical
treatment in case you were diagnosed with COVID-19? Please indicate the extent to
which you agree with each of the following statements using one of the three options
(low confidence; uncertain; high confidence).
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3%
9% Totally unconfiden
28%
unconfident
28% neutral
confident
32% very confident
Fig. 8. Confidence in Receiving Effective Treatment
Whether or not you have access to effective medical assistance is the most
important indicator of international students' sense of security. More than half (60%)
of participants have low confidence in this, of which nearly half (28%) participants
have no confidence at all, and the rest also have very low confidence. Nearly one-
third of participants (28%) are neutral about this, and only about 12% (9%+3%)
participants are confident about this.
Question 3.3.3: Why do you think so? (up to three selections)
Among the reasons for getting effective support(as shown in Figure 10),
participants showed high confidence in the option of "the support from the local
(Chinese) student union or consulate"; it reflects the active support they have
provided. On the "language factor", although some participants had some confidence,
overall no one showed high confidence in this factor; on all other options low
confidence was more prominent, reflecting the overall low confidence of participants
in the various environmental factors involved.
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Previous medical experience in the UK
NHS medical ability
The UK epidemic policy
The NHS medical procedures
I am a foreigner
Language factor
economic factors
local people’s awareness of protections
The status of outbreak in my area
The work of the local student union or local…
Back to family
China’s experience and effectiveness
China’s medical care
unclear
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
a lot conidence more confidence some confidence
little confidence none
Fig. 9. Summary of Reasons for Confidence in Receiving Effective Treatments
Table1 chi-square test: the reason for effective treatment
little some more a lot of chi-
Q45 none
confidence confidence confidence confidence square sig
Unclear 3 3 7 1 0.412
China’s medical care 9 7 1 1 0.081
China’s experience and effectiveness 8 12 5 2 1 0.627
Back to family 6 6 2 0.323
The work of the local student union
2 1 5 6 2 0.000*
or local consulate
The status of the outbreak in my area 9 11 10 2 1 0.973
local people’s awareness of
19 21 9 0.003*
protections
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economic factors 3 7 2 0.283
Language factor 15 16 15 0.068
I am a foreigner 20 23 13 0.006*
The NHS medical procedures 32 36 25 7 1 0.093
The UK epidemic policy 34 37 20 7 1 0.006*
NHS medical ability 16 24 14 8 5 0.049*
Previous medical experience in the
9 17 12 6 3 0.281
UK
According to the results of the chi-square test (Table1), the participants' opinions
were significantly different on these options, such as "the local population's awareness
of protection", "I am a foreigner", "the UK's pandemic prevention policy", "NHS
pandemic prevention and medical care level" and "policy of the local federation or
consulate".
Question3.3.4: At your area, which is your most desired anti-epidemic help? (up to
three selections)
medical care 61%
anti-epidemic items 56%
financial support 52%
oversea study policy 44%
mental support 22%
health consultation 12%
other 3%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Fig. 10. Summary of Desired Support
Over 50% of the demanding options are "medical care"、 "anti-pandemic items"
and "financial support". It means that at this stage, material needs related to pandemic
protection are most important to the participants. Subsequently, the options for
international students were "oversea study policy", "mental support", and "health
counseling for medical care and pandemic prevention". About 3% of the participants
chose "Other" and all of them indicate "Airfare", "Airline tickets", and such on.
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Question3.3.5: When COVID-19 outbreak in the UK, what’s kind of supports did the
following groups provided you? (multiple selections)
Others
Local student union /…
Local University…
Local schoolmates and…
University and Teacher in China
Schoolmates and friends in China
Family member
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Other spport oversea study policy medical care
health consultation financial support mental support
anti-epideminc items
Fig. 11. Overview of Support Received
The "medical care," which ranks first in Figure 10, was provided relatively little by
seven support groups. The "anti-pandemic items" and "mental support" were both
provided a lo by the seven support groups.
all support
2%
11% Others
26%
oversea study policy
7%
medical care
11% health consultation
financial support
7% mental support
36% anti-epideminc items
Fig. 12. Percentage of Support Received
Participants have received the most support in the form of "mental support",
followed by "anti-pandemic items", "health counseling for medical care and pandemic
prevention" and" oversea study policy ", "financial support" and "medical care", and
finally, "other elements of uncertainty".
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anti-epideminc items
mental support
financial support
health consultation
medical care
oversea study policy
0 200 400 600 800 1000
family Schoolmates and friends in China University and Teacher in China
Fig. 13. Received Support from China
The support received from families is mainly "anti-pandemic material", "mental
support "and "financial support" for vaccination. The support from Chinese
classmates and friends is mainly "mental support", "anti-pandemic material" and
"health consultation" for anti-pandemic information. Chinese universities and teachers
mainly provided support in forms of "mental support", "anti-pandemic material" and
"oversea study policy".
anti-epideminc items
mental support
financial support
health consultation
medical care
oversea study policy
Others
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Local schoolmates and Local University Local student union / others
friends /community consulate
Fig. 14. Received Support from the UK
Local students/friends mainly provided "mental support " and "anti-pandemic
material " support to CSRs. Local universities/communities provided "mental support
" as well as support on "oversea study policy" . Local Chinese student
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unions/consulates mainly provide "anti-pandemic material ", "mental support",
"health consultation" for pandemic-prevention information and "oversea study
policy".
3.4 CSRs’ Decision Making and Reasons Behind
This part includes 2 questions: the CSRs' decision and the reasons to support
decision making.
Question3.4.1: After the COVID-19outbreak occurred in the UK, your decision is?
Plan to go back; Already go back; Stay at ease, believing the epidemic will pass;
Temporally stay in the UK, acting depends on the situation; Want to go back but have
to stay in the UK.
decision intention
back or stay
35%
30%
25%
20%
15% 26% back and
10% plan to
5% 74% back
0%
stay at
UK
Fig. 15. Distribution of Five Decisions Fig. 16. Final Decision
In terms of specific choices, “wait-and-see” is the most popular choice, at 33%.
This was followed by those who thought the pandemic would pass and waited with
confidence (28%). The rest participants are those who have gone back, intend to go
back, and want to go back but have to stay(Figure 15).
If we distinguish between suburbs based on the current intention to go back or not,
the current situation is as shown above (Figure 16). Only about 1/4 of participants
have returned or are planning to return, and nearly 3/4 of participants are still staying
in the UK whether they want to or not.
Question3.4.2: The reasons you made the decision? (up to 3 selections)
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The reason for stay or not
financial
family require
safe medical
other back
study task
previous plan
infecion risk
other
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
back or plan to back stay at uk
Fig. 17. Reasons Behind the Decision Making
Table2 Chi-square Test: reasons behind the decision
Choice reason stay back chi-square sig
other 4 3 0.289
other back 0 13 0.000*
*family require 6 24 0.000*
same as previous 32 14 0.394
financial issue 55 4 0.000*
infection risk on the way 71 2 0.000*
study task 71 8 0.000*
safe medical consideration 81 33 0.188
sum 320 101
We can see from the results of Chi-square test (Table2) that there are significant
differences between the two types of choices for participants to go back or not. The
participants who choose "stay" are mainly based on the economic factor, the risk of
cross-infection on the road, and the task of studying afterward; these are mostly
objective factors.The participants who chose "back" were mainly based on
interpersonal factors such as "the request of family members" and "all other
international students around have gone back".
4 Discussion
The outbreak of the pandemic in China has made CSRs make significant changes in
their lifestyles and behaviors, such as taking more protective measures than local
people. When the outbreak had not yet broken out and the UK government was not
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enforcing home quarantine, CSRs had already begun to make significant changes in
"wearing masks", "leaving their rooms less often", "having less contact outside", and
"changing their hygiene habits".
Behavioral changes were in the area of multiple interpersonal interactions and little
change in self- related aspects such as sleep, routines, and physical and mental
symptoms.
CSRs have multiple factors influencing their assessment of their own well-being in
the event of a foreign pandemic. In general, with the outbreak of pandemics in the
UK, CSRs think that they are more likely to be infected with pandemics, and they are
less confident that they will be able to get effective medical treatment, based on their
awareness of the UK government's "Buddhist anti-pandemic" measures and their
status as foreigners. More than half (60%) of participants have low confidence in this,
and only about 12% (9%+3%) participants are more confident about it.
CSRs in crisis need medical assistance support most, followed by support such as
anti-pandemic items and financial support, and then " soft support" such as oversea
study policy, and mental support. CSRs receive the most support in the form of anti-
pandemic items and mental support, and almost all of these resources are provided at
both home and abroad. Financial support is mainly provided by families. The work of
local student federations/consulates (distributing anti-pandemic materials and
providing information on pandemic prevention) has had a significant effect. It is
almost impossible for CSRs to secure the content of the overall national regulation,
such as the UK's pandemic prevention policy, medical and ambulance protection, and
China's aviation policy for pandemic prevention requirements.
As of July 5, there were significant differences between the two final behavioral
decision choices of CSRs to "go back to China" and "stay in the UK". The three-
quarters of participants chose to stay in the UK, which included the proactive choices
of "want back, have to stay","wait and see how the pandemic develops" and those
believe the pandemic will pass(stay and ease). The participants who chose to "stay in
the UK" were influenced by a variety of factors, such as academic needs, financial
pressure (flight restrictions), risk of cross-contamination on the road, and their
original plans, etc. The participants who chose to "go back" were influenced by
interpersonal factors, such as "family" and "people around them have left".
In conclusion, the majority (3/4) of participants stayed in the UK although they
experienced two pandemic shocks in the UK and did not think they have enough
safety in the pandemic. On the one hand, it is based on the security of pandemic
prevention materials, psychological care, and study abroad related policies at home
and abroad, and on the other hand, it is also based on the consideration of future
development. In terms of the "fight or flight" mode of crisis response, 1/4 chose to run
away and 3/4 chose to fight.
5 Limitation of this study
This study had some limitations. Firstly, our sample was small. Furthermore,
limitations of the current study include the use of a self-designed questionnaire and
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the reliance upon self-reporting in the midst of the constantly changing prevalence of
COVID-19. In addition, this study focused on changes in CSRs’ behavioral change,
risk of COVID-19 infection, confidence in receiving effective assistance, and final
choice to return home or not, and did not measure their psychological statuses, such
as anxiety and depression levels. Future studies could add this component and be
comparable to most current studies in China (health care workers, university students,
and other groups).
6 Conclusion
The conclusion of this paper is: Despite the fact that CSRs has a significantly higher
assessment of infection risk in the second stage (34% uncertain, 29% high risk), and
perceive themselves as less likely and less confident to be rescued (60% low
confidence), 3/4 of the participants still chose to stay in the UK based on a number of
realistic and subjective factors (subsequent studies, flight tickets, risk of infection on
the road, etc.). As a result, our findings are based on cross-sectional data from local
convenient samples. However, in reality, from May to July, there have been some
changes in the UK's epidemic prevention and control policies and public responses.
The future study could explore the changes in the mindset of CSRs and the influence
of relevant factors in this changing environment of epidemic prevention and control in
the UK.
7 Reference:
1. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZAITON，WHO director-general’s opening remarks at the
media briefing on COVID-19 11 March 2020.
https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-
media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
2. Anti-Asian crimes up 21% in UK during coronavirus crisis. The Guardian, May 13, 2020.
3. Association of British Universities, International Student Statistics in UK 2020.
https://www.studying-in-uk.org/international-student-statistics-in-uk/
4. Hongyu Zhao, Xiaoyi He, Guanhua Fan, Liping Li, Qingjun Huang, Qinming Qiu, Zhewei
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