=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2815/CERC2020_paper25
|storemode=property
|title=Escaping the Everyday Chaos: Assessing the Needs for Internal Knowledge Transfer in SMEs via an Escape Room
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2815/CERC2020_paper25.pdf
|volume=Vol-2815
|authors=Irina Ehrlich,Michael Filipenko,Tanja Kranawetleitner,Heike Krebs,Robert Loew,Diana Pistoll,Julia Thurner-Irmler
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/cerc/EhrlichFKKLPT20
}}
==Escaping the Everyday Chaos: Assessing the Needs for Internal Knowledge Transfer in SMEs via an Escape Room==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2815/CERC2020_paper25.pdf
Business and Society
❊s❝❛♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❊✈❡r②❞❛② ❈❤❛♦s✿ ❆ss❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡
◆❡❡❞s ❢♦r ■♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ✐♥ ❙▼❊s
✈✐❛ ❛♥ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠
1 3 1 1
■r✐♥❛ ❊❤r❧✐❝❤ ✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ❋✐❧✐♣❡♥❦♦ ✱ ❚❛♥❥❛ ❑r❛♥❛✇❡t❧❡✐t♥❡r ✱ ❍❡✐❦❡ ❑r❡❜s ✱
2 4 1
❘♦❜❡rt ▲♦❡✇ ✱ ❉✐❛♥❛ P✐st♦❧❧ ✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✉❧✐❛ ❚❤✉r♥❡r✲■r♠❧❡r
1
❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❡♥t❡r ❢♦r ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧s ❛♥❞ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✭❆▼❯✮✱ ❆✉❣s❜✉r❣
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ●❡r♠❛♥②
④✐r✐♥❛✳❡❤r❧✐❝❤✱ t❛♥❥❛✳❦r❛♥❛✇❡t❧❡✐t♥❡r✱ ❤❡✐❦❡✳❦r❡❜s✱
❥✉❧✐❛✳t❤✉r♥❡r⑥❅❛♠✉✳✉♥✐✲❛✉❣s❜✉r❣✳❞❡
2
❉■P❋ ⑤ ▲❡✐❜♥✐③ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❢♦r ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❋r❛♥❦❢✉rt✱
●❡r♠❛♥②
❧♦❡✇❅❞✐♣❢✳❞❡
3
■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❢♦r ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✫ ❙②st❡♠s ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ✭■❙❙❊✮✱ ❆✉❣s❜✉r❣ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱
●❡r♠❛♥②
❢✐❧✐♣❡♥❦♦❅✐ss❡✳❞❡
4
▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❙❝❤♦♦❧ ❍❛♠❜✉r❣✱ ●❡r♠❛♥②
❞✐❛♥❛✳♣✐st♦❧❧❅♠❡❞✐❝❛❧s❝❤♦♦❧✲❤❛♠❜✉r❣✳❞❡
❆❜str❛❝t✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ t♦ ❛ss❡ss t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞s
❢♦r ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ✐s ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✏❊❞✲
✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r ❙▼❊s✑✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✐s t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt ❙♠❛❧❧
❛♥❞ ▼❡❞✐✉♠✲s✐③❡❞ ❊♥t❡r♣r✐s❡s ✭❙▼❊s✮ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❞✐❣✐t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s
✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❛♥❞ t♦ ❤❡❧♣ t❤❡♠ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t t❤❡
❝♦♠♣❛♥②✬s ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ ✐ts ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡s✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s ♣✉r♣♦s❡✱ ❛ ♥❡❡❞s
❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ❛❞❛♣t❡❞ t♦ ❛ ✜❝t✐♦♥❛❧
❝♦♠♣❛♥② ✐s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞✳ ■♥✐t✐❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ ♣✐❧♦t ❙▼❊s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠❡t❤♦❞✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t · ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❚r❛♥s❢❡r · ❙❡r✐♦✉s
●❛♠❡ · ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ · ❙▼❊s · ◆❡❡❞s ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
▼❛❦✐♥❣ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✉s❛❜❧❡ ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣♦❛❧s ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡
♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s✳ ❆ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡❛r ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛s❡✱ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❛❧❧
♦♥❡ t❤❛t ✐s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ✉s❡❞✱ ✐s ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ✐♥ t♦❞❛②✬s ✇♦r❧❞ ❬✶✸❪✳ ❇✉t r❡❛❧✐t② ✐s ♦❢t❡♥
❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤✉s ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡✱ s❡❛r❝❤❡s
❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ t✐♠❡✲❝♦♥s✉♠✐♥❣✱ str❛t❡❣✐❡s ❛♥❞ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❢♦r ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡
❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ♠✐ss✐♥❣✱ r✐❣❤t ✉♣ t♦ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❧♦ss ❬✷✶❪✳
❚❤✐s ❞✐❧❡♠♠❛ ✐s t❤❡ st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✏❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r ❙▼❊s✑✳
■t ❛✐♠s ❛t ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ♦✉t ♠♦r❡ ❛❜♦✉t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r ❙♠❛❧❧ ❛♥❞ ▼❡❞✐✉♠✲
s✐③❡❞ ❊♥t❡r♣r✐s❡s ✭❙▼❊s✮ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❞✐❣✐t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ t❡r♠s
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors.
CERC 2020 382 Use permitted under Creative Commons License
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
Business and Society
✷ Pr♦ ❥❡❝t ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r ❙▼❊s
♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢
❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡s ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳
❚❤❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✇✐t❤ ♣❛rt♥❡r ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ✐s ❛❧s♦ t❛❦❡♥ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✳
■♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♦❜st❛❝❧❡s t♦ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥
❙▼❊s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❞✐s♣❧❛②❡❞✱ t❡❛♠✇♦r❦ ❜❡✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥
❛♥❞ t❡❛♠✇♦r❦ ❛r❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s ❛s ✇❡❧❧✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ❊s❝❛♣❡
❘♦♦♠s ❛s ❛ ❙❡r✐♦✉s ●❛♠❡ ❛♥❞✴♦r ❛s ❛ ❙❡r✐♦✉s ●❛♠✐♥❣ t♦♦❧ s❡r✈✐♥❣ t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡
♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✭❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣✮ ❡✛❡❝ts ❛r❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ r❡✈✐❡✇❡❞✳ ❙♦ ❢❛r✱ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛✐♥❧②
❜❡❡♥ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣✉r♣♦s❡s ✕ t❤❡✐r ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❝♦♥t❡①t ❤❛s
❜❡❡♥ r❛t❤❡r ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ♣❛♣❡r s❤♦✇s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❜❡♥❡✜ts ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡✲
❝❡♥t❡r❡❞ ♥❡❡❞s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✈✐❛ ❛♥ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡s ♠❡t❤♦❞✐❝❛❧ ✐ss✉❡s✳
❚♦ t❤✐s ❡♥❞✱ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❛s♣❡❝ts ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥
♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❛s
t❤❡ st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧✲
❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❛♥❞ ❞✐❣✐t✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ●✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ♥♦✈❡❧t② ♦❢ t❤❡
♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ ✜rst r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✇✐t❤ r❡❣❛r❞
t♦ t❤❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳
✷ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❙▼❊s
❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ✐s ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥✐✲
t✐❛t✐✈❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r t❤✐♥❣s ❤❛s t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜✲
❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ st♦r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛s ✐ts ❣♦❛❧ ❬✷✵❪✳ ❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡
st♦r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❧❡❛❞s ✕ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✭■❚✮ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t
✕ t♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ❛♥❞ t♦ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥ ❬✸✽❪✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ s❤❛r✐♥❣
❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❬✷✵❪✳
❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❙▼❊s r✐s❡s ❬✷✺❪ t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♠✲
♣❡t✐t✐✈❡♥❡ss ❬✸✻❪✳ ❙✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s ❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❡❝❤✲
♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❬✹✸❪✳ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✐s ♥❡❡❞❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉♣♣♦rt ♦❢
❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛s♣❡❝ts✱ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ❝❧❡❛r
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✱ ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②
❝✉❧t✉r❡ t❤❛t ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✐ts ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛s ❛ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ❢❛❝t♦r ❢♦r
❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❡♥❡ss✳ P❡♦♣❧❡ ❛r❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❢❛❝t♦r ❢♦r ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡✲
♠❡♥t ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡s ✕ t❤❡② ♠✉st ❛❝❝❡♣t ❛♥❞ ✏❧✐✈❡✑ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❬✷✹❪✳ ❆♥
♦✈❡r✲❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥❡❣❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❛r❡
♦❢t❡♥ r❡❛s♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡s ❬✶✺❪✳
❆ tr❡♥❞ t♦✇❛r❞s ❛ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ st♦r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞
❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ❢❛✈♦r ♦❢ s✉♣♣♦rt ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ s❤❛r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❡❛♠✇♦r❦ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞✐s✲
❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ❬✷✵❪✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❛② r❡s✉❧t ✐♥ ❛ s♦❧✐❞ ❜❛s✐s ♦❢ ■❚ s②st❡♠s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✉s❡❞ ❜② ♠♦st
❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s✳ ■♥ st✉❞✐❡s ❢r♦♠ ✷✵✵✵ ❛♥❞ ❡❛r❧✐❡r✱ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥
✇❡r❡ ♥♦t t❤❡ ❢♦❝✉s ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✭s❡❡ ❬✸✵❪✮✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts
✐♥ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❤❛✈❡ ❛s❦❡❞ ❢♦r ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❬✷✹❪✳ ❋♦r
❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❛ s✉r✈❡② ❢r♦♠ ✷✵✶✺ s❤♦✇s t❤❛t ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ✭✺✺ ✪
✏✈❡r② r❡❧❡✈❛♥t✑ ✴ ✶✻ ✪ ✏r❡❧❡✈❛♥t✑✮ t❤❡ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇s ✐♥
t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ✇❛s ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✭✹✸ ✪ ✏✈❡r② r❡❧❡✈❛♥t✑ ✴ ✷✾
383 CERC 2020
Business and Society
◆❡❡❞s ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✈✐❛ ❛♥ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✸
✪ ✏r❡❧❡✈❛♥t✑✮ ❬✷✸❪✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶ s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡s t❤✐s tr❡♥❞ ♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ st♦r❛❣❡✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞
❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞
❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ s❤❛r✐♥❣✳
100 %
80 %
Proportion of knowledge management
Collaboration
60 %
40 %
initiatives and tools
Information storage
20 % and retrieval
Begin 1997 2004 Future
of KM
❋✐❣✳ ✶✳ ❚r❡♥❞ ❢r♦♠ st♦r❛❣❡✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ t♦✇❛r❞s ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞✲❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥✲
❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❬✷✹❪✳
❚❤❡ ❢♦❝✉s ♦❢ ❙▼❊s✬ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s ❝♦♦♣❡r❛✲
t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ s❡❛r❝❤ ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❬✶✻❪✳ ❚❤❡ s②st❡♠s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡ ♦♥
❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡s ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ♦♥ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐♥❣ ❛ ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t s②st❡♠
❬✶❪✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❤✉r❞❧❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✉s❡ ✐t ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛r❡ ❢♦r
❡①❛♠♣❧❡✿
✕ ❋❡❛r ♦❢ r❡♣❧❛❝❡❛❜✐❧✐t② ✭✏■❢ ■ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❛❧❧ ♠② ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ ■ ❛♠ ❡❛s✐❧② r❡♣❧❛❝❡✲
❛❜❧❡✳✑✮ ❬✸✸❪❀
✕ ❋❡❛r ♦❢ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♠✐st❛❦❡s ✭❣r❛♠♠❛r✱ s♣❡❧❧✐♥❣✱ ✐♥❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ♦r ✐♠♣r❡❝✐s❡
❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✮ ❬✶✵❪❀
✕ ❆ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t♦♣✐❝s ✭✏❍♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ t✐♠❡ ❞♦ ■ ✐♥✈❡st ✐♥ ❛
t♦♣✐❝❄✑✱ ❝♦st✲❜❡♥❡✜t r❛t✐♦✮ ❬✷✻❪❀
✕ ▲❛❝❦ ♦❢ t✐♠❡✳
❆❧❧ t❤❡s❡ ♦❜st❛❝❧❡s ❛r❡ ♠✐t✐❣❛t❡❞ ❜② ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡
❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❬✸✹❪✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦✛❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✿ ▼❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✉r❞❧❡s
♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❡❛♠✇♦r❦✳
✸ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s ❛s ❙❡r✐♦✉s ●❛♠❡✴●❛♠✐♥❣
❊✈❡r②❞❛② ❧✐❢❡ s❡❡♠s t♦ r❡q✉✐r❡ ❤✉♠❛♥s t♦ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t❡ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦
❜❡ ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♠❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ s♦❝✐❡t② ❬✸✾❪✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♥ t✉r♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ❛s ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t
CERC 2020 384
Business and Society
✹ Pr♦ ❥❡❝t ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r ❙▼❊s
♠♦t✐✈❡ ❢♦r ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ tr❛✐♥✐♥❣✱
s✐♥❝❡ ✐t ❡q✉✐♣s t❤❡ ❧❡❛r♥❡r ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐✈❡ r♦❧❡✳ ❋♦r ❛ ❢❡✇
❞❡❝❛❞❡s✱ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✈✐❡✇❡❞ ❛s ❛♥ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ✈❛❧✐❞ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣
♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ s❝❤♦♦❧s ❬✹✵❪✳ ❚❤✐s ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣
♠❛② ❜❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❧❡❛r♥❡rs ❡♥❣❛❣❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❥♦✐♥t ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❛❝t✐✈✐t②✱ ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞✴♦r t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s
✐♥ ♣✉rs✉✐t ♦❢ ❛ ❥♦✐♥t ❣♦❛❧ ✭s❡❡ ❬✹✶❪ ❛♥❞ ❬✸✺❪✮✳
■♥ r❡❝❡♥t ②❡❛rs✱ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❤❛s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡
❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ t♦ ❣❛♠❡✲❜❛s❡❞ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ✕ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥t
✇❛s ♠❛❞❡ ❛❝❝❡ss✐❜❧❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❣❛♠❡ ♣❧❛② ✭s❡❡ ❡✳❣✳ ❬✶✽❪✮✳ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❣❛♠❡✲❜❛s❡❞
❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✈✐❡✇❡❞ ❛s ❛ ✏❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❜② ❞♦✐♥❣✑ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧♦✇s t❤❡
❧❡❛r♥❡r t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ♠✐st❛❦❡s ✇❤✐❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ r✐s❦s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❛❧✲✇♦r❧❞
❬✸✺❪✳
Pr❡✈❡♥t✐♥❣ r✐s❦s ❜✉t st✐❧❧ ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ♦✛❡r✐♥❣ ✐♠♠❡rs✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✱ s♦ t❤❛t
♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡r❣♦✐♥❣ ❛ ✭r❡❛❧✮ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❛r❡
❜♦t❤ ❣r❡❛t ❜❡♥❡✜ts ♦❢ ❙❡r✐♦✉s ●❛♠❡s ❬✻❪✳ ❋✐rst r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ❙❡r✐♦✉s ●❛♠❡s ❛r❡ ❛♣✲
♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ♦❢ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❣❛♠❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ t❤❡ ❛❝q✉✐r❡✲
♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✉s❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❧❛②❢✉❧ ✇❛② ❬✷❪✳ ❊✈❡♥ t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✏❝❛r❡❢✉❧❧②
t❤♦✉❣❤t✲♦✉t ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣✉r♣♦s❡✑ ❬✸✱ ♣✳ ✶❪ ✐s ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ❜② s✉❝❤ ❛ ❣❛♠❡✱ t❤❡ ❡♥✲
t❡rt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ❢❛❝t♦r s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ ♥❡❣❧❡❝t❡❞ ❛s ❜♦t❤ ♣❛rts s✉♣♣♦rt ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r t♦
❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ t❤❡ ✭❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣✮ ❣♦❛❧ ❬✷✽❪✳
✸✳✶ P♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❊✛❡❝ts ✐♥ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s
◆♦✇❛❞❛②s✱ ♠♦st ❙❡r✐♦✉s ●❛♠❡s ❛r❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❦✐♥❞✱ ❜✉t ❧❛t❡❧② ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❢♦r♠❛t
✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ✏❤❡❞♦♥✐❝ ♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡ ✐s ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t❡❞✑ ❬✹✱ ♣✳ ✹✸❪ ❤❛✈❡ ❣❛✐♥❡❞
✇♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐t②✿ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s ❬✾❪✳ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s ✕ ♦r ❊s❝❛♣❡ ●❛♠❡s ✕
❛r❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s ✏❧✐✈❡✲❛❝t✐♦♥ t❡❛♠✲❜❛s❡❞ ❣❛♠❡s ✇❤❡r❡ ♣❧❛②❡rs ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r ❝❧✉❡s✱ s♦❧✈❡
♣✉③③❧❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤ t❛s❦s ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦r ♠♦r❡ r♦♦♠s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤ ❛
s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❣♦❛❧ ✭✉s✉❛❧❧② ❡s❝❛♣✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r♦♦♠✮ ✐♥ ❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ t✐♠❡✑ ❬✷✾✱
♣✳ ✶❪✳ ❚❤❡② ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ ❛ t❡❛♠✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣❧❛②❡rs ❤❛✈❡
t♦ ❞❡❧✈❡ ✐♥t♦ ❛ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❦ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❛s ❛ t❡❛♠ ❬✶✼❪✳ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥
✐s s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② ❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❛t r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❣♦❛❧✱ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ●❛♠❡s
❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❵❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s✬ ❬✹❪ ❬✼❪✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱
❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❣♦❛❧ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♦r t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧
♥❛t✉r❡ ❛❧♦♥❡❀ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦r ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ s♦❢t s❦✐❧❧s✱ ❝❛♥
❜❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐✈❛❜❧❡ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❬✹❪✳
■♥ r❡❝❡♥t ②❡❛rs✱ ❛ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧
s❡tt✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ ✭s❡❡ ❡✳❣✳ ❬✶✹❪✮✳ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡
❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ❛ ❧❡✐s✉r❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦r ❛♥ ✐rr❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡✈❡r②❞❛② s❝❤♦♦❧ ❧✐❢❡✳ ❆♥
✭❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧✮ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛ ❙❡r✐♦✉s ●❛♠❡ ✕ ❜✉t ✐♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱
t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❙❡r✐♦✉s ●❛♠✐♥❣ ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✱ t♦♦ ❬✹❪✿ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤ ❣❛♠❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣
✕ ❜❡s✐❞❡s ❛❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ st♦r② ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✕ ❞✐✈❡rs❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❡✛❡❝ts ❝❛♥ ♦❝❝✉r✱ ❧✐❦❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ t♦✇❛r❞s ♦t❤❡rs ❛♥❞
t❤❡✐r ✇❛② ♦❢ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐♥❣ ❬✶✷❪✳ ■♥ ♠♦st ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s✱ t❡❛♠✇♦r❦ ❛♥❞
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ♣r♦♠♦t❡❞ ❬✷✾❪✱ t♦♦✳ ❙♦♠❡ st✉❞✐❡s ✭❡✳❣✳ ❬✶✷❪✮ ❛ss❡rt t❤❛t t❤❡s❡
385 CERC 2020
Business and Society
◆❡❡❞s ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✈✐❛ ❛♥ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✺
❣❛♠❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❛s ❛♥ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡s t♦✇❛r❞s ❛
❞❡s✐❣♥❛t❡❞ ✐ss✉❡✳ ❊✈❡♥ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ t♦✇❛r❞s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡❞ s✉❜❥❡❝ts
❛♥❞ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞✱ ❛s ♣❧❛②❡rs ❢❡❧t ✏❞♦✉❜❧❡
♠♦t✐✈❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ♣❧❛②✐♥❣✑ ❬✹✱ ♣✳ ✹✸❪✳ ❇② ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts✬
♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✱ ❛ ❞❡❡♣❡r ❡♥❣❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❝❛♥ ❜❡
❡♥s✉r❡❞ ❬✽❪✳
✸✳✷ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s ✐♥ ❛ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❙❡tt✐♥❣
❆♥ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡✲❝❡♥t❡r❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ♦✛❡rs ♥✉♠❡r♦✉s ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s✿ ❋♦r ♦♥❡✱ ✐t ❝❛♥ s✉♣✲
♣♦rt t❤❡ ❡♥tr② ✐♥t♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡s✬ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ ♥♦✈❡❧ t❡❝❤✲
♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❣❛♠✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❤❛s ❜♦t❤ ✐♥tr✐♥s✐❝ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❡♥❥♦②♠❡♥t✮ ❛♥❞
❡①tr✐♥s✐❝ ✈❛❧✉❡✱ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ❦♥♦✇❧✲
❡❞❣❡✱ t♦ ❜❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡ ✯ t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ❜❡✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢
❛♥ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss s❡tt✐♥❣ ❬✹✷❪✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐✈❡
❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❝♦♥t❡①t ❡♥❛❜❧❡s t❤❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡ t♦ ✉s❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t str❛t❡❣✐❡s ❛♥❞ ✏♦✉t✲♦❢✲t❤❡✲
❜♦①✑ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ ❛s ✐t ❢♦st❡rs t❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ❝r❡❛t✐✈❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✲s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❬✽❪✳
❈✉rr❡♥t r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦♥ ❣❛♠❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ s❡❡♠s t♦ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❣♦❛❧s
♦r t❤❡ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞✴♦r ♠❡t❛✲❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐ts ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✭s❡❡ ❡✳❣✳ ❬✹✹❪✮✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s
♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② tr✉❡ ❢♦r ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s✳ ❆✐♠✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ss❡ss t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞s ♦❢ ❙▼❊s ❛♥❞ ✐ts
❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡s✱ ✇❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♣✉rs✉❡ t❤✐s ❢♦❝✉s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠✳ ❘❛t❤❡r✱ ❛
s❡tt✐♥❣ ✇❛s ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t❤❛t ♣✉t t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✐♥ ❛♥ ✭❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡✮ st❛t❡✱ s♦ t❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞
✇❛♥t t♦ s❤❛r❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞✴♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ❥✉st s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ♦r
s♦❝✐❛❧❧② ❞❡s✐r❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳
❆✛❡❝t✐✈❡ st❛t❡s ✕ ❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ❛ s✉♣❡r♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r② ❢♦r ❡♠♦t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s
✕ ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥ts✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧②
♦♥ ♦♥❡✬s ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❧❡❛r♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❣♦❛❧ ✭s❡❡ ❡✳❣✳ ❬✸✶❪ ❛♥❞ ❬✷✷❪✮✳
❇♦t❤ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❡♠♦t✐♦♥s s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ s✉❜st❛♥t✐❛❧ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣✳
❚❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣ t❤❛t ✐s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ❛s ❛ s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
t❤❛t✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❤❡❧♣s t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ t♦ ❢♦r♠ ❥✉❞❣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ st❡❡r ❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❡✳❣✳
❬✸✼❪✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❝♦♣❡ ♦❢ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ ❛ s♣❡✲
❝✐✜❝ ❡♠♦t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✐s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ❬✶✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✹❪✿ ✏▼❛♥② ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❡♠♦t✐♦♥s ❜r♦❛❞❡♥
✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s✬ ♠♦♠❡♥t❛r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✲❛❝t✐♦♥ r❡♣❡rt♦✐r❡s✱ ♣r♦♠♣t✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ t♦ ♣✉rs✉❡ ❛
✇✐❞❡r r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❬✳✳✳❪✑✳ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❡♠♦t✐♦♥s ♦♥❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣
❛ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❝❛♥ ❤❡❧♣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❡sts ❛♥❞
❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❛ str♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❧♦♥❣✲❧❛st✐♥❣ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❬✸✷❪✳ ❉❛♠♣❡♥✐♥❣ ♦r ❛❝t✐✈❛t✐♥❣
♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ♦r ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❛✛❡❝t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss t♦ ❣❛✐♥ ❛❝✲
❝❡ss t♦ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♥❡✉r♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠s✱ t❤✉s ❛❝❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❢✉rt❤❡r ♦r ♥❡✇ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
✭s❡❡ ❡✳❣✳ ❬✶✾❪ ❛♥❞ ❬✷✼❪✮✳
❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡✱ ♦♥❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t
t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ st❛t❡s ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ ✐♥✲
❞✉❝❡❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ✐♥ t✉r♥ ❧❡❛❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝❧♦s✉r❡ ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s
❝❛s❡✱ t❤❡ ❡♠♦t✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❝❤❛r❣❡❞ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ♠✐❣❤t ❡♥❛❜❧❡ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts t♦
❛❝❝❡ss ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ✇❛②✳ ❋❛❝✐♥❣✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❛ ❢r✉str❛t✲
✐♥❣ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛ s❡♥s❡ ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ r✐❞❞❧❡s ❛r❡
CERC 2020 386
Business and Society
✻ Pr♦ ❥❡❝t ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r ❙▼❊s
s♦❧✈❡❞✱ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣❧② ♠❛❦❡ ❛♥ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ❛ ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧ t♦♦❧ ✇❤❡♥ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♥❣
t❤❡ st❛t✉s q✉♦✱ ❛s ✐t ♠✐❣❤t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ ❛♥❞ r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t✳
✹ ❚❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦ ❥❡❝t ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r
❙▼❊s
■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ ✐t ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❢♦r ♣r♦❥❡❝ts r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❙▼❊s t♦ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❡ ❝✉r✲
r❡♥t st❛t✉s ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt ✐t ✐♥ ✐ts ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡
♣r♦❥❡❝t ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r ❙▼❊s ❛♣♣❧✐❡s✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❛ s❡❧❢✲❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞
❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s✲
❢❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ s❡❝t✐♦♥s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❛❧❧ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❊s❝❛♣❡
❘♦♦♠✱ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts t♦ t❤❡ st♦r②❧✐♥❡✱ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❡❧✲
❡♠❡♥ts s✉❝❤ ❛s ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ ●❛♠❡♠❛st❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡s
✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❣♦❛❧s t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✇❛♥ts t♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠✳
✹✳✶ ❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts
❲✐t❤ r❡❣❛r❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡❡❞s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ s❡✈❡r❛❧ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❤❛✈❡ t♦
❜❡ ♠❡t✿ ❋✐rst ♦❢ ❛❧❧✱ t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ❣r♦✉♣ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❡ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦
❣❡t ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐✈❡ ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ ❛❧❧ ❞❡♣❛rt♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r② ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢
t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳ ❆❧s♦✱ ✐t ✐s r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛❜❧❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✐s ♣❧❛②❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❛
✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛❞❛♣t t♦ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✭q✉❛♥t✐t②✱ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t②
♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣✮ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❧✐❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥
t✇♦ ❛♥❞ s✐①✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❞❥✉st❛❜❧❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ t❤❡ ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢
t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ♦r t❤❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t② ♦❢ t❤❡ r✐❞❞❧❡s ❛❧s♦ ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧②
❛❞❥✉st❡❞✳
❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ s❡r✈❡s ❛s ❛♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦♥ t❤❡
t♦♣✐❝ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✱ ✐t ✐s ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ r❡✢❡❝t✐✈❡
q✉❡st✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧
s✉r✈❡②s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❧❛♥♥❡❞ t✐♠❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ♣❛rt ✐s ♦♥❡ ❤♦✉r✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②✐♥❣
t✐♠❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❡①❝❡❡❞ ✷✵ t♦ ✷✺ ♠✐♥✉t❡s✳ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣❧②✱ ✐t ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡
t♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡ ❢r♦♠ ♦✉ts✐❞❡ ✐❢ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠
♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ♣r❡❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ❛s ✐t ✐s ♣❧❛②❡❞ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ♦♥ s✐t❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡
❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛❜❧❡ t♦ s♣❛t✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥t ✐s t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛
r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛♥❞ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦
♠♦t✐✈❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts✱ ✐♥ t✉r♥
❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ♦♣❡♥ ❛♥❞ r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ st❛t❡♠❡♥ts ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥
t❤❡✐r ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✈❡✐♥✱ t❤❡ r✐❞❞❧❡s ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛s ❡✈❡r②❞❛② t❛s❦s ♦♥❡ ❢❛❝❡s
✐♥ ❛♥ ♦✣❝❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✳
✹✳✷ ❙t♦r②❧✐♥❡✱ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ●❛♠❡♣❧❛②
❚❤❡ st♦r②❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ♥❛♠❡❞ ✏❉❊▼▼■❈✑✱ ❛
✜❝t✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♠❡❞✐✉♠✲s✐③❡❞ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✱ s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts
❢♦r ❧✐❣❤t✇❡✐❣❤t ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ ✐ts s❛❧❡s t❡❛♠ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ❤❛s ❢♦r❣♦tt❡♥ t♦
387 CERC 2020
Business and Society
◆❡❡❞s ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✈✐❛ ❛♥ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✼
❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❛♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡② ✇❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ✇❡❧❧✲
❞❡s❡r✈❡❞ ✈❛❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ t❛❦❡s ♣❧❛❝❡ r✐❣❤t ❛❢t❡r ❛ ❝✉st♦♠❡r ❤❛s
❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♠✐ss✐♥❣ ♦r❞❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❣❛✐♥
❛❝❝❡ss t♦ t❤❡✐r ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡s✬ ❧❛♣t♦♣s ❛♥❞ ✜♥❞ ✐t✳
❚❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ✏❉❊▼▼■❈✑ s❡r✈❡s ❛s ❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❡①✲
❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✿
✕ ◆♦ ❝♦❤❡r❡♥t ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s❀
✕ ◆♦ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② st❛♥❞❛r❞s ❧✐❦❡ ✜❧❡ s❡r✈❡rs ❡t❝✳❀
✕ ❈❧✉tt❡r❡❞ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❢✉❧❧ ♦❢ ✉♥♥❡❝❡ss❛r② st✉✛ ✭❡✳❣✳ ♥♦t ✇♦r❦ r❡✲
❧❛t❡❞ ♠❛❣❛③✐♥❡s✮❀
✕ ❖✉t❞❛t❡❞ ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ✇r♦♥❣ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✳
❚❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r✐❞❞❧❡s ❛♥❞ ✐t❡♠s ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ✜♥❞
t❤❡ ♠✐ss✐♥❣ ♦r❞❡r ❛r❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳
Riddle 1 Riddle 2 Riddle 4 Item Riddle 3
employee birthday password unlock laptop 1 password unlock laptop 3 C unlock laptop 2
phone list files order ID
Item Item Riddle 5
A B Riddle 6 Item find order
find phone number D
ordered items
phone number Riddle 7
call production
❋✐❣✳ ✷✳ ❘✐❞❞❧❡✲❋❧♦✇✲❈❤❛rt ✭❛s s❡❡♥ ✐♥ ❬✼❪✮✳
❆❢t❡r ❛ ❜r✐❡❢ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❛r❡
❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ st❛rt✐♥❣ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✭t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡s ♦❢ ❉❊▼▼■❈✮
❛♥❞ s❡♥t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ r♦♦♠✳ ❙✉❞❞❡♥❧② ❛♥ ❛❝t♦r ✭t❤❡ ❞✐s❣✉✐s❡❞ ●❛♠❡♠❛st❡r✮ ❡♥t❡rs
❛♥❞ ♣❛♥✐❝✲str✐❝❦❡♥❧② t❛❧❦s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ♦r❞❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡
❛♥❣r② ❝✉st♦♠❡r ✇❤♦ ❤❛s ❥✉st ❝❛❧❧❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❝t♦r ❛❧s♦ ❤❛♥❞s ♦✈❡r ❛ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡ ❛s
❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❝❛❧❧ ❢♦r ❤❡❧♣ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ●❛♠❡♠❛st❡r t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❝❧✉❡s ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛✈❡s
t❤❡ r♦♦♠✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ♣❤♦♥❡ ✐s ♥❡❡❞❡❞ ❢♦r r✐❞❞❧❡ ✼ t♦ ❝❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
❞❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ♦r❞❡r✳ ❆s ✐t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✱ t❤❡
♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✐♥✐t✐❛❧❧② ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ✜♥❞ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✐t❡♠s ✭❆ ✲ ❈✮ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ st❛rt✐♥❣
r✐❞❞❧❡s ✭✶ ✲ ✸✮ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❣❡t ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ t✇♦ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ❧❛♣t♦♣s✳ ❚♦ ✉♥❧♦❝❦ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞
❧❛♣t♦♣ ✭r✐❞❞❧❡ ✹✮ t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ✐t❡♠ ✭❉✮ ✇✐t❤ s♦♠❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
t❤❡② ❣❡t ❜② s♦❧✈✐♥❣ r✐❞❞❧❡ ✸✳ ❇② ✉♥❧♦❝❦✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ❧❛♣t♦♣✱ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❣❡t
❛ ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ❧♦st ♦r❞❡r ✭r✐❞❞❧❡ ✺✮ ❛♥❞
❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ r✐❞❞❧❡ ✭✼✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞♦tt❡❞ ❛rr♦✇s t♦ ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ r✐❞❞❧❡ ✻
✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❣✉r❡ s❤♦✇ ❛♥ ♦♣t✐♦♥❛❧ r✐❞❞❧❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ ♦r r❡♠♦✈❡❞ ❜② t❤❡
●❛♠❡♠❛st❡r ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡①t s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✭✹✳✸✮✳ ❆❢t❡r s♦❧✈✐♥❣ r✐❞❞❧❡
✼ ❜② ❝❛❧❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❝❛♥ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❧② ❡s❝❛♣❡
CERC 2020 388
Business and Society
✽ Pr♦ ❥❡❝t ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r ❙▼❊s
t❤❡ r♦♦♠✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ r✐❞❞❧❡s ✶ t♦ ✼✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❛ ❧♦t ♦❢ ❢❛❧s❡ ❝❧✉❡s ❤✐❞❞❡♥
t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧
❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s ❬✷✾❪✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ s❧♦✇ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡
❛ t②♣✐❝❛❧ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛t ✇♦r❦✱ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ t♦ s❡❛r❝❤ ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳
✹✳✸ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❖♣t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ●❛♠❡♠❛st❡r
❚❤❡ ●❛♠❡♠❛st❡r ✐s ❛✇❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ss t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❤❛✈❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥
✐♥t❡r✈❡♥❡ ✇❤❡♥❡✈❡r ♥❡❡❞❡❞✳ ❚♦ t❤✐s ❡♥❞✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❛r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❛✉❞✐♦✲✈✐s✉❛❧❧②
❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦✉ts✐❞❡✳ ❚♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❤✐♥ts✱ t❤❡ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡ ✐s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡ t❤❡
t❡♥s❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❝❛❧❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts✱ t❤❡ ❛❝t♦r
✭t❤❡ ❞✐s❣✉✐s❡❞ ●❛♠❡♠❛st❡r✮ ❧❡❛✈❡s ❝❧✉❡s ❧✐❦❡✿ ✏❍❛✈❡ ②♦✉ ❧♦♦❦❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❞r❛✇❡r❄
❚❤❡② ✉s✉❛❧❧② ♣✉t ❛❧❧ t❤❡✐r st✉✛ t❤❡r❡✳✑
❆s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s s❡❝t✐♦♥✱ r✐❞❞❧❡ ✻ ✐s ♦♣t✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❚❤✐s ✇❛s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞
t♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②✐♥❣ t✐♠❡✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ❜❡✐♥❣
♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣s t❤❛t t❛❦❡ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✱ t❤✐s
✐s ❛ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ♦♣t✐♦♥✳ ❘✐❞❞❧❡ ✻ ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ✜♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♣❤♦♥❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤❡
♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ✇❤❡♥ ❣✐✈❡♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧✱ ♣❛rt❧② ♦✉t❞❛t❡❞✱ ❧✐sts ♦❢ ♥✉♠❜❡rs✳ ■♥
♦r❞❡r t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤✐s r✐❞❞❧❡✱ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❝❛❧❧ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♥✉♠❜❡r ❛❢t❡r
✜♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t ❧✐st✳ ❊❛❝❤ ❝❛❧❧ ✐s r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ●❛♠❡♠❛st❡r✱ ✇❤♦✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣
♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r✱ ❝❛♥ r❡❛❝t ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣❧②✿
✶✮ ❆♥s✇❡r t❤❡ ♣❤♦♥❡ ✇✐t❤✿ ✏P❡rs♦♥ ❳✱ ❢r♦♠ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t✳ ❍♦✇ ♠❛②
■ ❤❡❧♣ ②♦✉❄✑
✷✮ ◆♦t ❛♥s✇❡r t❤❡ ♣❤♦♥❡ ❛t ❛❧❧✳
✸✮ ❆♥s✇❡r t❤❡ ♣❤♦♥❡ ✇✐t❤ s♦♠❡ ❡①❝✉s❡ t❤❛t t❤❡② ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ t❤❡ ✇r♦♥❣
♥✉♠❜❡r✳
❲❤❡♥ s❦✐♣♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ r✐❞❞❧❡✱ t❤❡ ●❛♠❡♠❛st❡r ❥✉st ❛♥s✇❡rs t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❤♦♥❡ ❝❛❧❧
✇✐t❤ ♦♣t✐♦♥ ♥✉♠❜❡r ✶✮✳
✹✳✹ ▼❛✐♥ ●♦❛❧s
❆s t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✐s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞s ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❊❞✉❝❛✲
t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r ❙▼❊s✱ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❛t❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ t♦
t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦❢♦r❝❡✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❣♦❛❧s ✐s t♦ r❛✐s❡ ❛✇❛r❡♥❡ss
❛♥❞ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡
❝♦♠♣❛♥② ✳ ❚❤✐s r❛♥❣❡s ❢r♦♠ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t ♦♥❡ ❦♥♦✇s✱ t♦ ❛r✲
t✐❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡
✐♥ q✉❡st✐♦♥✳ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❞✐✣❝✉❧t✐❡s ✐♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r
❛♥❞ t❤❡ st❛t✉s q✉♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❡♥t❡r♣r✐s❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❣♦❛❧✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱
❜② s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❛ ✇♦rst✲❝❛s❡ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ♦❢ ❤♦✇ ♥♦t t♦ ❞♦ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡
tr❛♥s❢❡r ❛♥❞ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡❞ t♦ t❛❧❦ ♦♣❡♥❧② ❛♥❞ ❢r❡❡❧②
❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❢❛❝✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❡✈❡r②❞❛② ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❧✐❢❡ ✳
389 CERC 2020
Business and Society
◆❡❡❞s ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✈✐❛ ❛♥ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✾
✺ ❊①♣❧♦r❛t♦r② ❙t✉❞② ✐♥ t✇♦ ❙▼❊s
❏♦✐♥t ✇♦r❦ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ❜❡❣✐♥s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✲
❛❣❡♠❡♥t t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥ts✳ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡s❡ ✜rst r❡s✉❧ts✱ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞
♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ t❛st❡r ❞❛②✭s✮ ✐s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧② ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥
t♦ ❛ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❝♦♥t❡♥ts✱ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ t❛st❡r
❞❛② ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣s ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❛ ♥❡❡❞s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡❡❞s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s
✐♥t❡♥❞s t♦ r❡✐❢② t❤❡ ❞✐s❝r❡♣❛♥❝② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐r❡❞ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ s✐t✲
✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤✉s ❤❛s t❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ ✏❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ ❞❡✜❝✐ts ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣r♦♠♦t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛t t❤❡ str❛t❡❣✐❝✱ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧✑
❬✺✱ ♣✳ ✽✷✺❪✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t s❡❧❡❝ts t❤❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦❢♦r❝❡ ✇❤♦
♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ t❛st❡r ❞❛②✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝r✐t❡r✐❛✳ ❚❤❡② r❡♣✲
r❡s❡♥t ❛ ❣r♦✉♣ ❛s ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞❡♣❛rt♠❡♥ts✱
❤✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧s✱ tr❛✐♥✐♥❣✱ ❣❡♥❞❡r✱ ❢✉❧❧✲t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✲t✐♠❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t✱ ❡t❝✳
■♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r ❙▼❊s✱ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s
❝♦♠♣r✐s❡s t✇♦ t❤❡♠❛t✐❝ ♣r✐♦r✐t✐❡s✿ ❞✐❣✐t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✳ ❲❤✐❧❡
t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ ♦❢ ❞✐❣✐t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣r✐♠❛r✐❧② ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞
▲❊●❖ ❘ ❙❊❘■❖❯❙ P▲❆❨ ❘ ✱ t❤❡ s❡❧❢✲❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡
♣r✐♠❛r✐❧② s❡r✈❡s t♦ ❛ss❡ss ♥❡❡❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱
t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t❤❛t ♠❛② ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡
✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛t t❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t ❛s ✇❡❧❧✳
❚❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ✐s ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t✇♦
♣❛rts✿ ✶✮ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✐s ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② ❛ s❤♦rt ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ r♦✉♥❞
✇✐t❤ r❡✢❡❝t✐✈❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✷✮ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡
tr❛♥s❢❡r ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ s✉r✈❡②s✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧
t❛st❡r ❞❛② t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✜❧❧ ✐♥ q✉❡st✐♦♥♥❛✐r❡s ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r t♦♣✐❝s✱
t❤❡② ❛❧s♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥♣✉t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡
tr❛♥s❢❡r ✭✶✷ ✐t❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ✺ ♣♦✐♥t ▲✐❦❡rt s❝❛❧❡ r❛♥❣✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ✏❢✉❧❧② ❛❣r❡❡✑ t♦ ✏t♦t❛❧❧②
❞✐s❛❣r❡❡✑✮✳
✺✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥♥❛✐r❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠
■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst st❡♣✱ s♦♠❡ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥♥❛✐r❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠
♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛s ❛ t♦♦❧ ❢♦r ♥❡❡❞s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❣✐✈❡♥✳ ■t ♣r♦✈❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐✈❡
❛♥❞ ❡♥❥♦②❛❜❧❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ ❛s ✾✵✳✺ ✪ ✭♥ ❂ ✷✶✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ✈✐s✐t❡❞
❛♥ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❢r❡❡ t✐♠❡ ②❡t✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❛❧♠♦st ❛❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❤❛❞ ❢✉♥ ✐♥
t❤❡ s❡ss✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ t❛st❡r ❞❛② ✭✾✺✳✷ ✪ ✏❢✉❧❧② ❛❣r❡❡❞✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❛❣r❡❡❞✑
♦♥ t❤✐s ✐t❡♠✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♦♥❡ ✇❛s ✏♥❡✉tr❛❧✑✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t② ❛♥❞ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❛s❦s ✇❡r❡
❢✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡ ❞❡❡♠❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❜② t❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✭✽✺✳✼ ✪ ❛♥❞
✽✶ ✪ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ❢♦r ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs✱ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t ✏t♦t❛❧❧② ❞✐s❛❣r❡❡❞✑✱
✇❤✐❝❤ ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ r❡✢❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ s❡ss✐♦♥ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞
✐♥ ✺✳✷✮✳
❆♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛s s✉❝❤✱ ✐ts s✉✐t❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ✐ts ❣♦❛❧ r❛✐s✲
✐♥❣ ❛✇❛r❡♥❡ss ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ✇✐t❤✐♥ ♦♥❡✬s
❝♦♠♣❛♥② ✇❛s r❛t❡❞✳ ❚♦ t❤✐s ❡♥❞✱ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✇❡r❡ ❛s❦❡❞ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡② ✏❢♦✉♥❞
t❤❡ ❵❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠✬ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧ t♦ t❤✐♥❦ ❛❜♦✉t ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ✐♥ ❬t❤❡✐r❪
CERC 2020 390
Business and Society
✶✵ Pr♦ ❥❡❝t ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r ❙▼❊s
❡✈❡r②❞❛② ✇♦r❦✑✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ✶✹✳✸ ✪ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t t❛❦❡ ❛♥② s✐❞❡ ❛♥❞ ✹✳✽ ✪ ❞✐s❛❣r❡❡❞ ♦♥
t❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✇❛s ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ❜② ✽✵✳✾ ✪✳ ❆❧s♦✱ ♠♦st ♦❢
t❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥ts ✭✼✻✳✷ ✪✮ ❛❣r❡❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❤❡❧♣❡❞ t❤❡♠ ✏t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞
t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❜❡tt❡r✑✳ ❆s❦❡❞ ❢♦r ♥❡✇ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts ❛❜♦✉t ❦♥♦✇❧✲
❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s❢❡r ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❡✈❡r②❞❛② ✇♦r❦✱ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❛♥s✇❡rs
❞✐✈❡r❣❡❞ ♠♦r❡✱ r❛♥❣✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ✏t♦t❛❧❧② ❛❣r❡❡✑ ✭✶✾ ✪✮ t♦ ✏❞✐s❛❣r❡❡✑ ✭✹✳✽ ✪✮❀ t❤❡
♠❛❥♦r✐t② ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ✏❛❣r❡❡❞✑ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛✇❛r❡ ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ❛s♣❡❝ts ✭✻✶✳✾ ✪✮✳ ❈♦♥✲
s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✏♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✑ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✱ ♠♦st ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts
✇❡r❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✭✼✻✳✷ ✪✮ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ t❤❡✐r ❛✇❛r❡♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡
t♦♣✐❝✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❛❧♠♦st ❛ q✉❛rt❡r ✭✷✸✳✽ ✪✮ ❤❛❞ ❛ ♥❡✉tr❛❧ st❛♥❝❡ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤✐s
q✉❡st✐♦♥✱ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❛t s♦♠❡ ✐ss✉❡s ♠✐❣❤t ♥♦t ❜❡ ♥❡✇✳
✺✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❋❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ❈♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥
■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❡ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♥♦♥②♠♦✉s ❡✈❛❧✉✲
❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✇❛s ❤❡❧❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛②✱ s♦♠❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ t✇♦ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦
r♦✉♥❞s ❤❡❧❞ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ♦♥✳ ❆s❦❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡
♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ♣❧❛②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠✱ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐t t♦
❜❡ ✏♦❦❛②✑✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts t❤❡♥ ♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ♦✉t t❤❛t✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❛❣r❡❡❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤✐s ♣❧❛②✲
❢✉❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ ✐t ✇❛s ❛ r❛t❤❡r ✉♥r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡✐r ✇♦r❦✱ ✐♥ t❤❛t
✉s✉❛❧❧② s✉❝❤ ✐ss✉❡s ❛r❡ ♥♦t s♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ t❡❛♠✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦r
♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛✣♥✐t② ❢♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs✱ t❤❡ t❡❛♠ ✇❛s ❛♥ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧
❢❛❝t♦r ❢♦r s♦❧✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ r✐❞❞❧❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ♦♥❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t✬s
❥✉❞❣♠❡♥t ✇❤♦ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ✜♥❞ t❤❡ t❛s❦✬s ❞✐✣❝✉❧t② ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡✳
❊✈❡♥ t❤✐s ✜rst q✉❡st✐♦♥ r❡❧❛t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts✬ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡
❘♦♦♠✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ♠❛✐♥❧② ♠❡❛♥t t♦ s❡r✈❡ ❛s ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t
♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t② ♦❢ s❡♣❛r❛t✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ♦♥
t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ❢r♦♠ st❛t❡♠❡♥ts ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠✬s t♦♣✐❝ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧✲
❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡s❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥ts ✇❡r❡ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞
❣♦❛❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r
❙▼❊s t♦ ❧❡❛r♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❞✐✣❝✉❧t✐❡s ✐♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ st❛t✉s
q✉♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts t♦ t❛❧❦ ♦♣❡♥❧② ❛♥❞ ❢r❡❡❧②
❜②
❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❢❛❝✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❡✈❡r②❞❛② ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❧✐❢❡ ✳ ❚♦ t❤✐s ❡♥❞✱
t❤❡ ❝❧♦s❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✭❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✮ t♦♣✐❝ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡
♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② t♦ ❞✐s❝✉ss ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t ✐ss✉❡s✳ ■♥
t❤✐s ✈❡✐♥✱ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛s♣❡❝ts ✇❡r❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐t②
♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ t♦ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❞❡♣❛rt♠❡♥ts✱ q✉❡st✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧s ❛♥❞
✇❛②s ♦❢ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✳ ❘❛t❤❡r✱ t❤❡s❡ ❛s♣❡❝ts s❡r✈❡❞ ❛s ❛ st❛rt✐♥❣
♣♦✐♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♥❣ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ✐ss✉❡s ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢
t❤❡ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❜② ♦✣❝✐❛❧
❛rr❛♥❣❡♠❡♥ts ♦r ✉♥♦✣❝✐❛❧ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s✳
✺✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥s ❛❜♦✉t ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❚r❛♥s❢❡r
✏❉♦ ②♦✉ ❦♥♦✇ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐♥ ②♦✉r ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦r ✇❤♦ ②♦✉
❝❛♥ ❛s❦ ❛❜♦✉t ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ t♦♣✐❝❄✑ ❚❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥ s❡r✈❡s ❛s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r
391 CERC 2020
Business and Society
◆❡❡❞s ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✈✐❛ ❛♥ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✶✶
t❤❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ♦♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ t❛st❡r
❞❛②s✳
■♥ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ s❡ss✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ s②st❡♠s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t t♦ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛r❡
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ ♥❡❡❞s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤✐s ❧✐st✱ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❛❝t✐♦♥
♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞✐♥❣ ❊s❝❛♣❡
❘♦♦♠ ❙❡ss✐♦♥ ✐s✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r t❤✐♥❣s✱ t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ t❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❝r✐t✐❝✐③❡ ❛♥❞
r❡✢❡❝t✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✉s✉❛❧❧② r❡s♣♦♥❞ ✈❡r② ♦♣❡♥❧② t♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥s r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡
❝✉rr❡♥t s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳ ❚❤✐s ❧❡❛❞s t♦ r❡s✉❧ts✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs
s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ✜❣✳ ✸✳
■♥ t❤❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t s❡✈❡r❛❧ s✉r✈❡②s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝
♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r
t♦ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✏❍♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ t✐♠❡ ❞♦ ②♦✉ s♣❡♥❞ s❡❛r❝❤✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥
②♦✉r ❞❛✐❧② ✇♦r❦❄✑ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♥❣ t✇♦ ♣✐❧♦t ❙▼❊s ❛♥❞ t❤r❡❡ ♦♥❧✐♥❡
s❡♠✐♥❛rs ❛❜♦✉t ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✳ ❆s ❛ r❡s✉❧t✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧
❢♦r ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❧❡❛❞ t♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t t✐♠❡
s❛✈✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✳
How much time do you spend searching for information in your daily work ?
Answer %
5 minutes 3.7 22.2%
10 minutes 22.2 44.4%
30 minutes 29.6
more than 60 minutes 44.4
29.6%
Survey results over the years 2019 and 2020.
n = 81 (Collected in Project Education 4.0 for SMEs
needs analysis sessions and online seminars)
❋✐❣✳ ✸✳ ❙✉r✈❡② ❘❡s✉❧ts✳
❆ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✇❛s r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ s✉r✈❡② ♦❢ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✶✻✵✵ ♦✣❝❡ ✇♦r❦❡rs✱
✇❤✐❝❤ ❢♦✉♥❞ t❤❛t ✷✺ ✪ ♦❢ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥ts s♣❡♥t ✉♣ t♦ ✻✵ ♠✐♥✉t❡s ♣❡r ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❞❛②
s❡❛r❝❤✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❬✷✶❪✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡❡❞s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ✉s✉❛❧❧②
❤❛✈❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ■❚ s②st❡♠s ✐♥ ♣❧❛❝❡ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ s❡r✈❡ ❛s t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s ❢♦r ❛ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥✲
❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡✳ ❚♦ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡✲♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts
❦♥♦✇ ✇❤❡r❡ t♦ ✜♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❛ t♦♣✐❝ ♦r ✇❤♦ t♦ ❛s❦✱ ♠♦st r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥ts ❛♥✲
s✇❡r❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡② r♦✉❣❤❧② ❦♥♦✇ t❤✐s✱ ❜✉t t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s st✐❧❧ ❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t
♦❢ ✇♦r❦ t♦ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ t♦ ✜♥❞ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛
s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡❞✉❝❡s t❤❡
❛❜♦✈❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ s❡❛r❝❤ ❡✛♦rt✳
CERC 2020 392
Business and Society
✶✷ Pr♦ ❥❡❝t ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r ❙▼❊s
✺✳✹ ▲❡ss♦♥s ▲❡❛r♥❡❞
❉✉❡ t♦ t✐❣❤t ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ s❡ss✐♦♥✱ s♦♠❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs
st❛②❡❞ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡❧② s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧✳ ●✐✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ♠♦r❡ t✐♠❡ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❛❜♦✉t ✸✵
♠✐♥✉t❡s ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ✶✺✲✷✵ ♠✐♥✉t❡s✮ t♦ r❡✢❡❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r
✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ♠✐❣❤t ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ♠♦r❡ ♣r♦❢♦✉♥❞ r❡s✉❧ts✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡s
r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s s❤♦rt ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✇❡r❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡❞
❢✉rt❤❡r ✐♥ ❢✉t✉r❡ st✉❞✐❡s✳ ❆ ❜❛s✐s ❢♦r t❤✐s ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❡ r❡❧❛①❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♣♦s✐✲
t✐✈❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ t❤❛t ✇❛s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐s ❛❧s♦
❝❧♦s❡❧② ❧✐♥❦❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❡✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ s❡ss✐♦♥✱ ❜❛♥t❡r ♦♥ t❤❡
●❛♠❡♠❛st❡r❵s ✏♠❡❛♥✑ r✐❞❞❧❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❞♠✐ss✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ r✐❞❞❧❡ ✇❛s ✏r❡✲
❛❧❧② ❛♥♥♦②✐♥❣✑✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ✈❛r✐♦✉s s❡ss✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❧❛✉❣❤t❡r s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥♥❡❞
❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ st❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t♦r②
♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❤✐❣❤❧② r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r st✉❞✐❡s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✜♥❞ ♦✉t ♠♦r❡
❞❡t❛✐❧s✳
■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❣❛✐♥❡❞ ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❛t❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♣♦✐♥ts
❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ♥♦t❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✐ts❡❧❢✳ ❖♥❡ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② ❢♦r
✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ✐s t❤❡ ❝❧✉❡ s②st❡♠✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡
✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts✳ ❊✈❡♥ t❤♦✉❣❤ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❡♥❝♦✉♥t❡r❡❞ s♦ ❢❛r✱
t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦♥ s✐t❡ ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥❞♦♦rs✮ ♠✐❣❤t ❝❛✉s❡
tr♦✉❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❢✉t✉r❡ s❡ss✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤✐s ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❛❞❞✐♥❣ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ✇❛② ♦❢
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❡✳❣✳ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦r ♦t❤❡r ✐♥t❡r♥❡t s♦✉r❝❡s✳ ❆
♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❡♠❡r❣❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡
❞♦♥❡ r❡♠♦t❡❧② ✉s✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ♠❡ss❡♥❣❡rs ♦r ✈✐❞❡♦ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ t♦♦❧s✱ t❤✉s s❤✐❢t✐♥❣
t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ t♦ ❛♥ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ❝♦✉❧❞
❜❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❜❡tt❡r ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❞❛✐❧② ✇♦r❦ r♦✉t✐♥❡✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❜② ❞❡❝♦✉♣❧✐♥❣ ✐t
❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣s✱ t❤✉s r❡q✉✐r✐♥❣ ❧❡ss t✐♠❡✳
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❋✉rt❤❡r ❲♦r❦
■♥ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✭♠❡t❤♦❞✮ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ❤❛s
❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② s♦♠❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛ t♦♦❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss s❡tt✐♥❣ t♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡
t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞s ♦❢ ✐♥✲❝♦♠♣❛♥② ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ❞♦❡s ♥♦t
❛❧❧♦✇ ❢♦r ❛ ❝❧❡❛r st❛t❡♠❡♥t r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡♠♦t✐♦♥❛❧❧② ✐♥❞✉❝✐♥❣ ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡
❘♦♦♠ ♠✐❣❤t ❤❛✈❡ ❤❛❞ ♦♥ ✐ts ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣❧②✱ ✐t ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ r✉❧❡❞ ♦✉t
❡♥t✐r❡❧② t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡♥s✉✐♥❣ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦✉❧❞
❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ♦♥❧② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞✐♥❣ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠✳ ❋✉t✉r❡
r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✐♠ ✐♥q✉✐r② ♦r r❡tr♦s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❥✉❞❣♠❡♥t
♦❢ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts✬ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ st❛t❡s✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝✲
t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ st❛t❡s ♠♦r❡ ❝❧♦s❡❧②✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t❡❞ s♦ ❢❛r ❝♦✉❧❞
❜❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡❡♣❡♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❣r♦✉♣ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s ♦r ✐♥❞✐✲
✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✐♥t❡r✈✐❡✇s ✇✐t❤ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦❢♦r❝❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐♥
♦r❞❡r t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛❧❧ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✕ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♥❣ ❙▼❊s ✕ t❤❡
♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② t♦ ❣❛✐♥ ❛ ❞❡❡♣❡r ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s
♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦✛❡rs ✈❛r✐♦✉s ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧
✜❡❧❞s ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❍✉♠❛♥ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡
393 CERC 2020
Business and Society
◆❡❡❞s ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✈✐❛ ❛♥ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✶✸
r✐❞❞❧❡s t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❝❛♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ t❡❛♠ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐❢ t❤❡
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t ♦❜✈✐♦✉s ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❤✉r❞❧❡s ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡✳
❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥ts
❚❤❡ Pr♦❥❡❝t ✏❇✐❧❞✉♥❣ ✹✳✵ ❢ür ❑▼❯✑ ✭✏❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r s♠❛❧❧ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❞✐✉♠✲s✐③❡❞
♠❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r✐♥❣ ❡♥t❡r♣r✐s❡s✑✱ ●r❛♥t ♥✉♠❜❡r ✵✶P❆✶✼✵✶✹✮ ✐s ❢✉♥❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ●❡r♠❛♥
❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ▼✐♥✐str② ♦❢ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❋✉♥❞ ❢♦r
●❡r♠❛♥② ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ✏❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ▼❡❞✐❛ ✐♥ ❱♦❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚r❛✐♥✐♥❣✑ ♣r♦❣r❛♠✳
❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s
✶✳ ❆❜❡❧❡✱ ❊✳✱ ❑✉❤♥✱ ❙✳▼✳✱ ▲✐❡❜❡❝❦✱ ❚✳✿ ❲✐ss❡♥s♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✉♥❞ ❦♠✉✳ ❩❲❋
❩❡✐ts❝❤r✐❢t ❢ür ✇✐rts❝❤❛❢t❧✐❝❤❡♥ ❋❛❜r✐❦❜❡tr✐❡❜ ✾✽✭✼✲✽✮✱ ✸✼✺✕✸✼✾ ✭✷✵✵✸✮
✷✳ ❆❜t✱ ❈✳❈✳✿ ❊r♥st❡ ❙♣✐❡❧❡✿ ❧❡r♥❡♥ ❞✉r❝❤ ❣❡s♣✐❡❧t❡ ❲✐r❦❧✐❝❤❦❡✐t✳ ❑✐❡♣❡♥❤❡✉❡r ✫
❲✐ts❝❤ ✭✶✾✼✶✮
✸✳ ❆❜t✱ ❈✳❈✳✿ ❙❡r✐♦✉s ❣❛♠❡s✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♣r❡ss ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ✭✶✾✽✼✮
✹✳ ❇❛❦❤s❤❡s❤✐✱ ❋✳❋✳✿ ❙❡r✐♦✉s ❣❛♠❡s ❛♥❞ s❡r✐♦✉s ❣❛♠✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❡s❝❛♣❡ r♦♦♠s✳ ■♥✿ ✷✵✶✾
■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙❡r✐♦✉s ●❛♠❡s ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ✭■❙●❙✮✳ ♣♣✳ ✹✷✕✹✼✳ ■❊❊❊ ✭✷✵✶✾✮
✺✳ ❇❡❝❦❡r✱ ▼✳✿ P❡rs♦♥❛❧❡♥t✇✐❝❦❧✉♥❣✿ ❇✐❧❞✉♥❣✱ ❋ör❞❡r✉♥❣ ✉♥❞ ❖r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥s❡♥t✇✐❝❦✲
❧✉♥❣ ✐♥ ❚❤❡♦r✐❡ ✉♥❞ Pr❛①✐s✳ ❙❝❤ä✛❡r✲P♦❡s❝❤❡❧✱ ❙t✉tt❣❛rt ✭✷✵✶✸✮
✻✳ ❇✐r❦❡♥❜✉s❝❤✱ ❏✳✱ ❈❤r✐st✱ ❖✳✿ ❈♦♥❝❡♣ts ❜❡❤✐♥❞ s❡r✐♦✉s ❣❛♠❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r✲❜❛s❡❞
tr❛✐♥✐♥❣s ✐♥ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❝❛r❡✿ ✐♠♠❡rs✐♦♥✱ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡✱ ✢♦✇✳ ■♥✿ ❙❡r✐♦✉s ❣❛♠❡s ❛♥❞ ✈✐rt✉❛❧
✇♦r❧❞s ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤❝❛r❡✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✕✶✹✳ ■●■ ●❧♦❜❛❧
✭✷✵✶✸✮
✼✳ ❇♦rr❡❣♦✱ ❈✳✱ ❋❡r♥á♥❞❡③✱ ❈✳✱ ❇❧❛♥❡s✱ ■✳✱ ❘♦❜❧❡s✱ ❙✳✿ ❘♦♦♠ ❡s❝❛♣❡ ❛t ❝❧❛ss✿ ❊s❝❛♣❡
❣❛♠❡s ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s t♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡ t❤❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳
❏❖❚❙❊ ✼✭✷✮✱ ✶✻✷✕✶✼✶ ✭✷✵✶✼✮
✽✳ ❈❧❛r❦❡✱ ❙✳❏✳✱ P❡❡❧✱ ❉✳❏✳✱ ❆r♥❛❜✱ ❙✳✱ ▼♦r✐♥✐✱ ▲✳✱ ❑❡❡❣❛♥✱ ❍✳✱ ❲♦♦❞✱ ❖✳✿ ❊s✲
❝❛♣❊❉✿ ❆ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ❈r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s ❛♥❞ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡
●❛♠❡s t♦ ❋♦r ❍✐❣❤❡r✴❋✉rt❤❡r ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥t✳ ❏✳ ❙❡r✐♦✉s ●❛♠❡s ✹✭✸✮ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✼✵✽✸✴✐❥s❣✳✈✹✐✸✳✶✽✵✱ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❥♦✉r♥❛❧✳s❡r✐♦✉s❣❛♠❡ss♦❝✐❡t②✳
♦r❣✴✐♥❞❡①✳♣❤♣✴■❏❙●✴❛rt✐❝❧❡✴✈✐❡✇✴✶✽✵
✾✳ ❈♦r❦✐❧❧✱ ❊✳✿ ❘❡❛❧ ❡s❝❛♣❡ ❣❛♠❡ ❜r✐♥❣s ✐ts ❝r❡❛t♦r✬s ✇♦♥❞❡r♠❡♥t t♦ ❧✐❢❡✳ P♦③②s❦❛♥♦
③ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳ ❥❛♣❛♥t✐♠❡s✳ ❝♦✳ ❥♣✴❧✐❢❡✴✷✵✵✾✴✶✷✴✷✵✴t♦✲❜❡✲s♦rt❡❞✴r❡❛❧✲❡s❝❛♣❡❣❛♠❡✲
❜r✐♥❣s✲✐ts✲❝r❡❛t♦rs✲✇♦♥❞❡r♠❡♥t✲t♦✲❧✐❢❡✴★✳ ❱✲❇●✻✈❈▲❙❤❞ ✭✷✵✶✻✮
✶✵✳ ❉❛✈❡♥♣♦rt✱ ❚✳✱ Pr✉s❛❦✱ ▲✳✿ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✿ ❍♦✇ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s ▼❛♥❛❣❡ ✇❤❛t
❚❤❡② ❑♥♦✇✳ ❊❇❙❈❖ ❡❇♦♦❦ ❈♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❍❛r✈❛r❞ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❙❝❤♦♦❧ Pr❡ss ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❜♦♦❦s✳❣♦♦❣❧❡✳❞❡✴❜♦♦❦s❄✐❞❂◗■②■❲❱❤❞❨♦❨❈
✶✶✳ ❋r❡❞r✐❝❦s♦♥✱ ❇✳▲✳✱ ❇r❛♥✐❣❛♥✱ ❈✳✿ P♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❊♠♦t✐♦♥s ❇r♦❛❞❡♥ ❚❤♦✉❣❤t✲❆❝t✐♦♥
❘❡♣❡rt♦✐r❡s✿ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❇r♦❛❞❡♥✲❛♥❞✲❇✉✐❧❞ ▼♦❞❡❧✳ ❈♦❣♥✳ ❊♠♦t✳ ✶✾✭✸✮ ✭✷✵✵✺✮
✶✷✳ ●❧❛✈❛s✱ ❆✳✱ ❙t❛s❝✐❦✱ ❆✳✿ ❊♥❤❛♥❝✐♥❣ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ t♦✇❛r❞s ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s t❤r♦✉❣❤
✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❡s❝❛♣❡ r♦♦♠ ❣❛♠❡s✳ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣r♦❢❡s✲
s✐♦♥ ♣♣✳ ✷✽✶✕✷✾✸ ✭✷✵✶✼✮
✶✸✳ ●♦❧❞✱ ❆✳❍✳✱ ▼❛❧❤♦tr❛✱ ❆✳✱ ❙❡❣❛rs✱ ❆✳❍✳✿ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✿ ❆♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐✲
③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s
✶✽✭✶✮✱ ✶✽✺✕✷✶✹ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✼✹✷✶✷✷✷✳✷✵✵✶✳✶✶✵✹✺✻✻✾✱ ❤tt♣s✿
✴✴✇✇✇✳t❛♥❞❢♦♥❧✐♥❡✳❝♦♠✴❞♦✐✴❛❜s✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✼✹✷✶✷✷✷✳✷✵✵✶✳✶✶✵✹✺✻✻✾
CERC 2020 394
Business and Society
✶✹ Pr♦❥❡❝t ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✳✵ ❢♦r ❙▼❊s
✶✹✳ ●r❛♠ÿ ❉❡♥✐s❡ ❆◆❉ P✐❧❧❛t❤✱ P✳❆✳◆✳❉✳❙✳❈✳✿ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✕ ▼✐t❛r❜❡✐t❡♥❞❡ ❢ür
❞✐❣✐t❛❧❡s ▲❡r♥❡♥ ❜❡❣❡✐st❡r♥✳ ■♥✿ ❉❛❝❤s❡❧t ❘❛✐♠✉♥❞ ❆◆❉ ❲❡❜❡r✱ ●✳ ✭❡❞✳✮ ▼❡♥✲
s❝❤ ✉♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t✳ ✷✵✶✽ ✲ ❲♦r❦✳ ●❡s❡❧❧s❝❤❛❢t ❢ür ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❦ ❡✳❱✳✱ ❇♦♥♥ ✭✷✵✶✽✮✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✽✹✷✵✴♠✉❝✷✵✶✽✲❞❡♠♦✲✵✺✵✼
✶✺✳ ●r♦t❤❡✱ ▼✳✱ ▲❛♥❞❡♥❜❡r❣❡r✱ ❍✳✱ ❙❝❤✐❧❞❤❛✉❡r✱ ❚✳✿ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss
❱✐❧❧❛❣❡ ●♠❜❍✱ ●♦❡tt✐♥❣❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮
✶✻✳ ✈♦♥ ●✉r❡t③❦②✱ ❇✳✿ ❇❛✉st❡✐♥❡ ❢ür ❡✐♥❡ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥s♦r✐❡♥t✐❡rt❡✱ ✇✐ss❡♥s❜❛s✐❡rt❡
✉♥t❡r♥❡❤♠❡♥s❦✉❧t✉r ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✲♦❢✲❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳❞❡✴❜❡✐tr❛❣✴
❜❛✉st❡✐♥❡✲❢✉❡r✲❡✐♥❡✲✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥s♦r✐❡♥t✐❡rt❡✇✐ss❡♥s❜❛s✐❡rt❡✲✉♥t❡r♥❡❤♠❡♥s❦✉❧t✉r
✶✼✳ ❍❡r♠❛♥♥s✱ ▼✳✱ ❉❡❛❧✱ ❇✳✱ ❍✐❧❧❤♦✉s❡✱ ❙✳✱ ❖♣❡❧❧❛✱ ❏✳❇✳✱ ❋❛✐❣❧❡✱ ❈✳✱ ❈❛♠♣❜❡❧❧ ■❱✱ ❘✳❍✳✱
❡t ❛❧✳✿ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✧❡s❝❛♣❡ r♦♦♠✧ t♦♦❧❜♦① ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡ ♣❤❛r♠❛❝♦❧♦❣② ❡❞✉❝❛✲
t✐♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✼✮
✶✽✳ ❑✐♥✐♦✱ ❆✳❊✳✱ ❉✉❢r❡s♥❡✱ ▲✳✱ ❇r❛♥❞②s✱ ❚✳✱ ❏❡tt②✱ P✳✿ ❇r❡❛❦ ♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠✿ ❚❤❡
❯s❡ ♦❢ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠s ❛s ❛♥ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ❚❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❙tr❛t❡❣② ✐♥ ❙✉r❣✐❝❛❧ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳
❏✳ ❙✉r❣✳ ❊❞✉❝✳ ✼✻✭✶✮✱ ✶✸✹✕✶✸✾ ✭✷✵✶✾✮✳ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❥✳❥s✉r❣✳✷✵✶✽✳✵✻✳✵✸✵✱
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳s❝✐❡♥❝❡❞✐r❡❝t✳❝♦♠✴s❝✐❡♥❝❡✴❛rt✐❝❧❡✴♣✐✐✴❙✶✾✸✶✼✷✵✹✶✽✸✵✸✷✽✸
✶✾✳ ❑✉❤❧✱ ❏✳✱ ❇❛✉♠❛♥♥✱ ◆✳✿ ❙❡❧❢✲r❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r✉♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✿ ◆❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❛✛❡❝t ❛♥❞ ✐♠✲
♣❛✐r❡❞ s❡❧❢✲❛❝❝❡ss✐❜✐❧✐t②✳ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❍✉♠✳ ❇❡❤❛✈✳ ▼❡♥t✳ Pr♦❝❡ss✳ ❈♦♥s❝✐♦✉s✳ ❊ss❛②s
❍♦♥♦r ✻✵t❤ ❇✐rt❤❞✳ ❆✉❣✉st ❋❧❛♠♠❡r ♣♣✳ ✷✽✸✕✸✵✺ ✭✷✵✵✵✮
✷✵✳ ❑✉❤❧❡♥✱ ❘✳✿ ❈❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠ ✐♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✲ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r t❤❡
❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳ ■♥✿ ❑♥♦✇❧✳ ▼❛♥❛❣✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✺✶✺✴✾✼✽✸✶✶✵✾✺✺✵✼✶✳✷✶
✷✶✳ ❑❨❖❈❊❘❆✲❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t✲❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✿ ❲✐ss❡♥s♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♠✐t ❞♠s✿ ▼✐t
❞♠s ✉♥t❡r♥❡❤♠❡♥s✇✐ss❡♥ ❜❡ss❡r ✈❡r❢ü❣❜❛r ♠❛❝❤❡♥ ✭✷✵✶✽✮✱ ❤tt♣s✿
✴✴✇✇✇✳❦②♦❝❡r❛❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳❞❡✴❞❡✴s♠❛rt❡r✲✇♦r❦s♣❛❝❡s✴♠❡❞✐❛✲❝❡♥t❡r✴
❡✲❜♦♦❦s✴❡✲❜♦♦❦✲✇✐ss❡♥s♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✲❞♠s✳❤t♠❧
✷✷✳ ▲❛♥❡✱ ❆✳▼✳✱ ❲❤②t❡✱ ●✳P✳✱ ❚❡rr②✱ P✳❈✳✱ ◆❡✈✐❧❧✱ ❆✳▼✳✿ ▼♦♦❞✱ s❡❧❢✲s❡t ❣♦❛❧s ❛♥❞ ❡①✲
❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✿ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❞❡♣r❡ss❡❞ ♠♦♦❞✳ P❡rs✳ ■♥❞✐✈✐❞✳
❉✐❢✳ ✸✾✭✶✮✱ ✶✹✸✕✶✺✸ ✭✷✵✵✺✮
✷✸✳ ▲✐♥❞❡✱ ❋✳✿ ❇❛rr✐❡r❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❡r❢♦❧❣s❢❛❦t♦r❡♥ ❞❡s ✇✐ss❡♥s♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥ts✕❡r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡ ❡✐♥❡r
♦♥❧✐♥❡❜❡❢r❛❣✉♥❣✳ ❍▼❉ ✷✹✻✱ ✷✵✕✷✽ ✭✷✵✵✺✮
✷✹✳ ▲♦❡✇✱ ❘✳✿ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❇r♦❦❡r❛❣❡ ✕ ❆ ♥❡✇ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✉s✐♥❣ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡✲
♠❡♥t✳ ❈♦r❦ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ❈♦r❦✱ ■r❡❧❛♥❞ ✭✷✵✵✾✮
✷✺✳ ●✉st ✈♦♥ ▲♦❤✱ ❙✳✿ ❲✐ss❡♥s♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✉♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s❜❡❞❛r❢s❛♥❛❧②s❡ ✐♥ ❦❧❡✐♥❡♥
✉♥❞ ♠✐tt❧❡r❡♥ ✉♥t❡r♥❡❤♠❡♥✿ ❚❡✐❧ ✷✳ ✇✐ss❡♥s♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❦♠✉✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❲✐s✲
s❡♥s❝❤❛❢t ✉♥❞ Pr❛①✐s ✺✾✭✷✮✱ ✶✷✼✕✶✸✺ ✭✷✵✵✽✮
✷✻✳ ▼❛✐❡r✱ ❘✳✿ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❙②st❡♠s✿ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥
❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❢♦r ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r ❇❡r❧✐♥ ❍❡✐❞❡❧❜❡r❣ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❜♦♦❦s✳❣♦♦❣❧❡✳❞❡✴❜♦♦❦s❄✐❞❂■◗❉✽❏❈①s❊②❊❈
✷✼✳ ▼❛rt❡♥s✱ ❚✳✿ ❲❛s ✐st ❛✉s ❞❡♠ ■♥t❡❣r✐❡rt❡♥ ❍❛♥❞❧✉♥❣s♠♦❞❡❧❧ ❣❡✇♦r✲
❞❡♥❄ ■♥✿ ❑❡♠♣❢✱ ❲✳✱ ▲❛♥❣❡❤❡✐♥❡✱ ❘✳ ✭❡❞s✳✮ ■t❡♠✲❘❡s♣♦♥s❡✲▼♦❞❡❧❧❡ ✐♥
❞❡r s♦③✐❛❧✇✐ss❡♥s❝❤❛❢t❧✐❝❤❡♥ ❋♦rs❝❤✉♥❣✳ ❘❡❣❡♥❡r✱ ❇❡r❧✐♥ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❤tt♣s✿
✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❡❞♦❝s✳❞❡✴✈♦❧❧t❡①t❡✴✷✵✶✻✴✶✷✸✷✼✴♣❞❢✴▼❛rt❡♥s❴✷✵✶✷❴❲❛s❴✐st❴❛✉s❴
❞❡♠❴■♥t❡❣r✐❡rt❡♥❴❍❛♥❞❧✉♥❣s♠♦❞❡❧❧❴❣❡✇♦r❞❡♥✳♣❞❢
✷✽✳ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧✱ ❉✳❘✳✱ ❈❤❡♥✱ ❙✳▲✳✿ ❙❡r✐♦✉s ❣❛♠❡s✿ ●❛♠❡s t❤❛t ❡❞✉❝❛t❡✱ tr❛✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠✳
▼✉s❦❛ ✫ ▲✐♣♠❛♥✴Pr❡♠✐❡r✲❚r❛❞❡ ✭✷✵✵✺✮
✷✾✳ ◆✐❝❤♦❧s♦♥✱ ❙✳✿ ❚❤❡ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❡s❝❛♣❡✿ ❊s❝❛♣❡ r♦♦♠ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t✐❡s✳ ▼❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧
P❧❛② ✭✷✵✶✻✮
✸✵✳ ◆♦❤r✱ ❍✳✱ ◆❖❍❘✱ ❍✳✿ ❲✐ss❡♥s♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ st✉tt❣❛rt❡r ✉♥t❡r♥❡❤♠❡♥✕❡r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡
❡✐♥❡r ✉♠❢r❛❣❡✴❢❛❝❤❤♦❝❤s❝❤✉❧❡ st✉tt❣❛rt✳ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❆r❜❡✐ts♣❛♣✐❡r❡ ❲✐ss❡♥s♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t
✭✶✵✮ ✭✷✵✵✵✮
395 CERC 2020
Business and Society
◆❡❡❞s ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✈✐❛ ❛♥ ❊s❝❛♣❡ ❘♦♦♠ ✶✺
✸✶✳ P❡❦r✉♥✱ ❘✳✿ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❡♠♦t✐♦♥s✳ ❍❛♥❞❜✳ ▼♦t✐✈✳ ❙❝❤✳ ✷✱ ✶✷✵✕✶✹✹ ✭✷✵✶✻✮
✸✷✳ P❡❦r✉♥✱ ❘✳✱ ❙t❡♣❤❡♥s✱ ❊✳❏✳✿ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❡♠♦t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥✿ ❆P❆ ❊❞✉❝✳ Ps②❝❤♦❧✳ ❤❛♥❞❜♦♦❦✱
❱♦❧ ✷ ■♥❞✐✈✐❞✳ ❉✐✛❡r✳ ❈✉❧t✳ ❈♦♥t❡①t✳ ❢❛❝t♦rs✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✕✸✶✳ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧
❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✷✮
✸✸✳ Pr♦❜st✱ ●✳✱ ❘❛✉❜✱ ❙✳✱ ❘♦♠❤❛r❞t✱ ❑✳✿ ▼❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✲❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ❜❧♦❝❦s ❢♦r s✉❝✲
❝❡ss✳ ❖r❣❛♥✳ ❙t✉❞✳ ●r✳ ❖r❣❛♥✳ ❙t✉❞✳ ✷✷✭✶✮✱ ✶✽✻ ✭✷✵✵✶✮
✸✹✳ ❘✐❡❣❡✱ ❆✳✿ ❚❤r❡❡✲❞♦③❡♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✲s❤❛r✐♥❣ ❜❛rr✐❡rs ♠❛♥❛❣❡rs ♠✉st ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✵✽✴✶✸✻✼✸✷✼✵✺✶✵✻✵✷✼✹✻
✸✺✳ ❘♦♠❡r♦✱ ▼✳✱ ❯s❛rt✱ ▼✳✱ ❖tt✱ ▼✳✱ ❊❛r♣✱ ❏✳✱ ❞❡ ❋r❡✐t❛s✱ ❙✳✱ ❆r♥❛❜✱ ❙✳✿ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣
t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♣❧❛②✐♥❣ ❢♦r ♦r ❛❣❛✐♥st ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r❄ Pr♦♠♦t✐♥❣ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✐♥
❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❣❛♠❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✷✮
✸✻✳ ❙❝❤❛✉❡r✱ ❍✳✱ ❋r❛♥❦✱ ❯✳✿ ▼❡t❤♦❞❡♥ ❞❡s ✇✐ss❡♥s♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❲✐ss❡♥s♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t
❢ür ❑▼❯ ♣♣✳ ✶✹✼✕✶✻✻ ✭✷✵✵✼✮
✸✼✳ ❙❝❤✇❛r③✱ ◆✳✿ ❋❡❡❧✐♥❣s✲❛s✲✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡♦r②✳ ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦ ♦❢ t❤❡♦r✐❡s ♦❢ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♣s②✲
❝❤♦❧♦❣② ✶✱ ✷✽✾✕✸✵✽ ✭✷✵✶✶✮
✸✽✳ ❙♦t♦✲❆❝♦st❛✱ P✳✱ P♦♣❛✱ ❙✳✱ ❈♦♥❡s❛✱ ■✳✿ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥✲
❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞②♥❛♠✐s♠ ❛s ❞r✐✈❡rs ♦❢ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥ ❛♠❜✐❞❡①t❡r✐t②✿
❛ st✉❞② ✐♥ s♠❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♣♣✳ ✽✷✹✕✽✹✾ ✭✵✷ ✷✵✶✽✮✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✵✽✴❏❑▼✲✶✵✲✷✵✶✼✲✵✹✹✽
✸✾✳ ❚♦♠❛s❡❧❧♦✱ ▼✳✱ ❈❛r♣❡♥t❡r✱ ▼✳✿ ❙❤❛r❡❞ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧✐t②✳ ❉❡✈✳ ❙❝✐✳ ✶✵✭✶✮✱
✶✷✶✕✶✷✺ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✶✶✴❥✳✶✹✻✼✲✼✻✽✼✳✷✵✵✼✳✵✵✺✼✸✳①✱ ❤tt♣s✿
✴✴♦♥❧✐♥❡❧✐❜r❛r②✳✇✐❧❡②✳❝♦♠✴❞♦✐✴❛❜s✴✶✵✳✶✶✶✶✴❥✳✶✹✻✼✲✼✻✽✼✳✷✵✵✼✳✵✵✺✼✸✳①
✹✵✳ ✈❛♥ ❞❡r ▲✐♥❞❡♥ ❏♦s ❛♥❞ ❊r❦❡♥s✱ ●✳✱ ❍❡♥❦✱ ❙✳✱ P❡t❡r✱ ❘✳✿ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣✳ ■♥✿
❙✐♠♦♥s ❘♦❜❡rt✲❏❛♥ ❛♥❞ ✈❛♥ ❞❡r ▲✐♥❞❡♥✱ ❏✳✱ ❚♦♠✱ ❉✳ ✭❡❞s✳✮ ◆❡✇ ▲❡❛r♥✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✼✕✺✹✳
❙♣r✐♥❣❡r ◆❡t❤❡r❧❛♥❞s✱ ❉♦r❞r❡❝❤t ✭✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✵✼✴✵✲✸✵✻✲✹✼✻✶✹✲✷❴✸
✹✶✳ ❱✉♦♣❛❧❛✱ ❊✳✱ ❍②✈ö♥❡♥✱ P✳✱ ❏är✈❡❧ä✱ ❙✳✿ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠s ✐♥ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡
❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ ❆❝t✐✈❡ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❍✐❣❤❡r ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥
✶✼✭✶✮✱ ✷✺✕✸✽ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✼✼✴✶✹✻✾✼✽✼✹✶✺✻✶✻✼✸✵
✹✷✳ ❲❛r♠❡❧✐♥❦✱ ❍✳✱ ▼❛②❡r✱ ■✳✱ ❲❡❜❡r✱ ❏✳✱ ❍❡✐❥❧✐❣❡rs✱ ❇✳✱ ❍❛❣❣✐s✱ ▼✳✱ P❡t❡rs✱ ❊✳✱ ▲♦✉✇✲
❡rs❡✱ ▼✳✿ ❆▼❊▲■❖✿ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❡❛♠✲❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦❢ ❛ ♠✐①❡❞ r❡❛❧✐t② ❡s✲
❝❛♣❡ r♦♦♠ ❣❛♠❡✳ ■♥✿ ❊①t✳ ❆❜str✳ P✉❜❧✳ ❆♥♥✉✳ ❙②♠♣✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t✳ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✳ P❧❛②✳ ♣♣✳
✶✶✶✕✶✷✸ ✭✷✵✶✼✮
✹✸✳ ❲♦❧❢✱ ❚✳✱ ❉❡❝❦❡r✱ ❙✳✱ ❆❜❡❝❦❡r✱ ❆✳✿ ❯♥t❡rstüt③✉♥❣ ❞❡s ✇✐ss❡♥s♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥ts ❞✉r❝❤
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s✲ ✉♥❞ ❦♦♠♠✉♥✐❦❛t✐♦♥st❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡✳ ■♥✿ ◆ütt❣❡♥s✱ ▼✳✱ ❙❝❤❡❡r✱ ❆✳❲✳
✭❡❞s✳✮ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✹✺✕✼✻✺✳ P❤②s✐❝❛✲❱❡r❧❛❣ ❍❉✱ ❍❡✐❞❡❧✲
❜❡r❣ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✵✼✴✾✼✽✲✸✲✻✹✷✲✺✽✻✻✸✲✼❴✸✾
✹✹✳ ❲♦♦✱ ❏✳❈✳✿ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❣❛♠❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ s✉♣♣♦rts st✉❞❡♥t ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝♦❣♥✐✲
t✐✈❡ s✉❝❝❡ss✱ ❛♥❞ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
✫ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ✶✼✭✸✮✱ ✷✾✶✕✸✵✼ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❥st♦r✳♦r❣✴st❛❜❧❡✴✶✵✳✷✸✵✼✴
❥❡❞✉❝t❡❝❤s♦❝✐✳✶✼✳✸✳✷✾✶
CERC 2020 396