=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2820/paper3
|storemode=property
|title=MyUBot: Towards an Artificial Intelligence Agent System Chat-bot for Well-being and Mental Health
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2820/AAI4H-3.pdf
|volume=Vol-2820
|authors=Mauricio J. Osorio,Claudia Zepeda,Jose Luis Carballido
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ecai/OsorioZC20
}}
==MyUBot: Towards an Artificial Intelligence Agent System Chat-bot for Well-being and Mental Health==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2820/AAI4H-3.pdf
MyUBot: Towards an artificial intelligence agent
system chat-bot for well-being and mental health
Mauricio J. Osorio1 and Claudia Zepeda2 and José Luis Carballido3
Abstract. We propose the design of an architectural framework is who you really are. Currently there are different therapies to sup-
for a reasoning logic-based intelligent agent system chatbot for di- port a person in overcoming their psychological difficulties such as:
alogue composition named MyUBot. This framework is applied in Mindfulness [6, 21, 15] and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) [2]
the well-being mental health domain for the well-being development or Poetry Therapy [23].
of first-year university students. A particular aspect of our frame- Jon Kabat-Zinn defines Mindfulness as “Pay attention intention-
work’s capabilities is the handling of poetry and silence mild ther- ally to the present moment, without judging” [21]. This type of at-
apies. A machine language code defined in this work is used to de- tention allows us to detect a direct relationship with what is happen-
scribe and interpret micro-scripts that are used as atomic pieces for ing in our life, here and now, in the present moment. It is a way of
dialogue composition for the intelligent agent system chatbot. The becoming aware of our reality, giving us the opportunity to work con-
use of logic programming to provide reasoning skills to MyUBot sciously with our stress, pain, illness, loss or in general the problems
is proposed within the architectural framework. Logic Programming of our life. Even more, over the past twenty years, the amount of
theories, as a tool of knowledge representation are used to reason, published scientific research on the effectiveness of stress reduction
plan and optimally solve the Dialogue-Session Composition Prob- training based on mindfulness has been greatly increased to improve
lem. function in a broad list of both physical and psychological processes
[35, 15].
CBT was initially developed by J. Beck as a treatment for distorted
1 INTRODUCTION
thinking and brief depression by evaluation of negative thoughts in-
Stress is the world mental health disease of the 21st century [16] fluencing the behaviours. CBT is a psychotherapy that proposes mod-
and may be the trigger for depression and even suicide if it is not ification of the thought to produce effective health improvement as
treated correctly. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates has been shown in over 2,000 research studies [18].
that, in the world, suicide is the second cause of death in the group It is worth to mention that authors of [37, 36] indicate that mind-
of 15 to 29 years of age and that more than 800,000 people die due fulness involves cultivating an observer of consciousness, trying to
to suicide every year [41]. Mental illnesses generate high economic maintain reflective awareness of each moment. In contrast, flow in-
losses since sick people and those who care for them reduce their volves losing the inner observer within an altered state of conscious-
productivity both at home and at work [38, 40, 19]. WHO projected ness in which the moment blurs into a continuous stream of activ-
that for this year 2020, depression would be the second disease that ity. However, there is way to combine them and take advantage of
will cause the greater damage in society [39]. both sates of mind. From a self-regulatory perspective, an optimal se-
The mind has the ability to reeducate due to neuroplasticity, which quence might entail first mindfully surveying the situation and one’s
refers to the ability of neurons to regenerate and form new connec- reactions to it in order to decide what to do, then going into a flow
tions, and to make the students overcome problems they face. Over state in service of one´s selected actions, then going into a mindful
the years, science has shown that the brain and the mind work syn- state in order to observe the results of those actions, then going into
ergistically, that is why the brain can be reorganized by forming new another flow state to best accomplish the next actions, and so on.
nerve connections or paths when learning to control the mind through According to [31, 22, 8], therapists practicing standard CBT are
therapies [2]. These therapies could help persons to reach a flow state encouraged to adapt some changes to CBT practice such as an in-
[11] and being in your own element [34]. A flow state corresponds to creased use of smiling, silence, imagery, metaphors and interview
the operating mental state in which a person is completely immersed practices. These changes are due to the fact that language is consid-
in the activity that he/she executes, it is characterized by a feeling ered as a field of energy in practice and catharsis exercise to help psy-
of total involvement with the task, and the success in carrying out chological development. In this sense, Poetry Therapy can be consid-
the activity. This sensation is perceived while the activity is ongoing ered a beneficial option for those people who enjoy writing or reading
and it is called being in your own element, that is, doing something poetry [23].
that feels so completely natural to you and makes you feel that this The term well-being (meaning having no anxiety, depression or
1 UDLAP, México, email: osoriomauri@gmail.com.mx
stress) has recently gained attention as a term that covers our gen-
2 FCC-BUAP, México, email: czepedac@gmail.com.mx eral happiness and even more concrete good conditions in our lives,
3 FCC-BUAP, México, email: jlcarballido7@gmail.com.mx such as physical, psychological, and social wellness [25]. Even
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Cre- economists and governments are starting to focus on well-being and
ative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). This “Gross National Happiness” as a new metric for measuring the sta-
volume is published and copyrighted by its editors. Advances in Artificial tuses of the nations [25]. Based on research of Richard Davison [13]
Intelligence for Healthcare, September 4, 2020, Virtual Workshop.
well-being is a skill to be learned. to answer questions of university matters in order to try to create
The relationship between well-being and physical health have a link with the student because the system considers his/her plea-
been studied by many Scientists. Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. sures and hobbies. MyUBot handles silence within the dialogue ses-
Greider and Jack W. Szostak were awarded the Nobel Prize in Phys- sion in two directions: the silence from student to MyUBot, and the
iology or Medicine 2009 “for the discovery of how chromosomes silence as a response of MyUBot to student answers. We also have
are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase”. They show added to MyUBot, design Poetry Therapy within dialogue session, in
that Telomerase activity is a predictor of long-term cellular viability, order to motivate the student to read and write poetically for a well-
which decreases with chronic psychological distress [15]. being development. The core part of our proposal in the design of the
Technologies of inclusive well-being is a field of study that as- MyUBot, is the use of Logic Programming (LP) that allows to im-
sumes technology has the capacity of increasing emotional, psycho- plement a system responsible for defining the behavior of MyUBot
logical, and social well-being, and that investigates how information with the user. Moreover, LP is very useful to represent knowledge,
and communication technologies empower and enhance the quality and an inference mechanism is used to manipulate it. We propose
of personal experience in these areas [5]. In this sense, we consider to use a master-slave conceptual design for our architectural frame-
that it could be very useful to have an intelligent agent system that work, following a centralized approach for the agents. Hundreds of
could give support on managing stress, anxiety and depression to all slave agents perform a particular task dedicated to the interactions
individuals, but specially to young people in order to reduce the risk with the students and a master agent is charged to execute a plan
of failure in the university life due to problems in learning, health (which is obtained by a reasoning planning system) to direct them.
and behaviour when they face university challenges [33]. All the semantic knowledge of each slave agent plus a general the-
Hence, in this work, we describe a proposal about the design ory of interaction among them is written in LP. The master agent
of an architectural framework for a reasoning logical-based intelli- corresponds to an LP program. Our proposal also considers a ma-
gent agent system chatbot for dialogue composition named MyUBot. chine language code defined to describe and interpret micro-scripts
The goal of MyUBot is to encourage the well-being of the student that are used as atomic pieces for dialogue composition for the in-
by means of his/her interaction through questions and answers, and telligent agent system chatbot. We also specify, by means of LP, the
while MyUBot “learns” from him/her, it also allows the user to learn model of dialogue composition problem as an extended version of
from him/her-self. Once the student discovers elements that were un- the 0-1 knapsack problem that addresses the issue of optimizing en-
noticed by him/her, he/she can find a better way to improve when gagement, enjoyment, and smoothness for the dialogue session.
discovering her points of improvement. Thus, during sessions with We currently have an initial MyUBot prototype that is still un-
MyUBot, it is intended that the students understand, accept and “be- der development and therefore we still do not consider it relevant
come a friend of” their minds and emotions obtaining a better perfor- to test with users. This prototype still lacks: a suitable interface; a
mance both in school and in their personal life. MyUBot is directed balance between natural language and other communication alterna-
to every student, with particular interest in those suffering from mild tives; mindfulness options, poetry therapy, etc.; among other things.
symptoms of depression or anxiety, and who of course, are seeking We would also like to do more research on the above points and
support for this and are willing to practice constantly a mild therapy. receive feedback in this regard before testing the system. In other
MyUBot takes advantage of what Richard Davidson, founder of the words, we have first been concerned with architecture and content.
Center for Healthy Minds at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, But much remains to be improved in “the form”.
explains about the constituents of well-being in [12] : “The con- Our paper is structured as follows: in section 2 we discuss chatbots
stituents of well-being are rooted in specific brain circuits that ex- applied for mental health well-being, the major claim here is that they
hibit neuroplasticity, which gives people the opportunity to enhance are definitely useful and there is an opportunity to improve them,
their well-being with practice.”. Davidson also explains in [12] that this is very important in order to ensure engagement of the users in
well-being is a skill and in order to acquire some skill a person has using these tools. In Section 3 we present our design of MyUBot: An
to practice it, in this way this person improves by allowing pro-social intelligent chatbot system, one point to emphasize is that we present
behavior. In other words, in this article we describe a proposal for an extended version of the well known 0-1 Knapsack problem as the
a system whose final implementation, in a near future, can be used key ingredient to express our problem. Finally in section 4 we present
as a student support tool for practicing mild therapies, in order to our conclusions and future work.
strengthen an individual’s internal resources, thus allowing the pre-
vention of mental anxiety disorders or depression and thus to help to
reach well being. The mild therapies offered by MyUBot combine 2 RELATED WORK ABOUT APPLIED
the practice of two important elements: enriching talks and psycho- CHATBOTS FOR MENTAL HEALTH
logical techniques. The enriching talks is a process that is supported WELL-BEING
mainly on recommendations made by MyUBot. These recommen- Chatbots in health care may have the potential to provide patients
dations are based on the psychological techniques previously men- with access to immediate medical information, recommend diag-
tioned in this section: Mindfulness, Cognitive Therapy, Poetry Ther- noses at the first sign of illness, or connect patients with suitable
apy, and silent handling. It is worth specifying that the efficiency health care providers across their community [32]. Theoretically, in
in individuals who practice them in a reasonably short period of time some instances, chatbots may be better suited to help patient needs
has been tested in different scientific ways, and very favorable results than a human physician because they have no biological gender, age,
were obtained for individuals with the characteristics of a university or race and elicit no bias toward patient demographics [32]. “Chat-
student with mild anxiety and depression problems. MyUBot follows bots do not get tired, fatigued, or sick, and they do not need to sleep;
the basic principles of cognitive therapy [2] which were presented in they are cost-effective to operate and can run 24 hours a day, which
[30] is especially useful for patients who may have medical concerns out-
MyUBot is intended to be an intelligent agent system running on side of their doctor’s operating hours. Chatbots can also communi-
a smartphone that has the capacity, through the use of a chatbot, cate in multiple different languages to better suit the needs of indi-
vidual patients.”[32]. student tries to “deceive” the system. It also proposes the use of a
Early research [32] has demonstrated the benefits of using health module to detect student emotions following the idea of OCC (model
care chatbots in many aspects, with accuracy comparable to that of of emotions). In [29] a chatbot is described as a virtual companion
human physicians. Patients may also feel that chatbots are safer in- system to give support during confinement; it aims to achieve well
teraction partners than human physicians and, are willing to disclose being. In [30] an experimental chatbot is described to support univer-
more medical information and report more symptoms to chatbots. sity students based on psychological techniques such as mindfullnes
Psychological Internet interventions have frequently been evaluated and cognitive therapy, it uses Answer Set Programming.
and are viewed as a medium independent of time and place. They
might be able to help reduce treatment barriers and expand the avail-
ability of care. Numerous studies [4] have shown that these interven- 3 DESIGN OF ARCHITECTURAL
tions, often using cognitive-behavioral techniques, are comparable FRAMEWORK
in their effectiveness to classical face-to-face psychotherapy. Psycho- As far as we know, literature of related work does not include rea-
logical problems such as anxiety and depression are already being ef- soning logical based architecture for dialogue composition. In this
fectively addressed in this way. An example of this is Woebot, which sense, a contribution of this work is to propose the design of an ar-
is a template-based chatbot delivering basic CBT, that has demon- chitectural framework for a reasoning logical based intelligent agent
strated limited but positive clinical outcomes in students suffering system chatbot for dialogue composition. The general design of our
from symptoms of depression [3]. intelligent agent system is presented in this section. The ‘user model’
In related work [1], the authors explore how an intelligent digital is defined in similarity to the work related in [1] but adjusted to the
companion(agent) can support persons with stress-related exhaustion instantiated mental health domain for students well-being. Below, the
to manage daily activities. [1] presents a multipurpose goal model for user is referred as to student. The prototype of MyUBot can be re-
personalized digital coaching, which is a dialogue system that en- quested by e-mail to the authors.
ables a human to engage in dialogue with a software agent to reason Remember that the tool is suggested for any student and we are
about health-related issues in a home environment. Also the cogni- not considering severe cases of anxiety-depression. However, if this
tive architecture of an agent for human-agent dialogues is presented. is the case and MyUBot detects a serious case of anxiety-depression,
In [20], an empathy-driven, conversational artificial intelligence then it is proposed that the system transfers student to a human ex-
agent, called Wysa, for digital mental well-being that is using mind- pert therapist (situation that is normally possible in a university in-
fulness as mild therapy in combination with transfer to psychologist stitution). Even more, the student could press an emergency button4
whenever the user ask for it, is presented. available in MyUBot that provides resources for getting immediate
In [14], the author presents the development of a mindfulness- human experts help.
based mobile application to learn emotional self-regulation. A state Regarding the silence technique, a button can be implemented to
of the art in mindfulness-based mobile applications and the design of help so that a long silence on the part of the user may prompt him/her
a mindfulness mobile application to help emotional self-regulation to activate the button; otherwise a silence on the part of MyUBot may
in people suffering stressful situations are also shown. We invite the by activated automatically in case the user is relentlessly talking, for
reader to check [1] where a comparison of Applied Agents imple- example.
mented for improving mental health and well-being is carried on.
We now discuss some drawbacks of current applied well-being
chatbots. Despite their advantages, there are undeniable drawbacks- 3.1 A master-slave AI design
limitations of them. Several studies have investigated the clinical ef-
ficacy of remote-, internet- and chatbot-based therapy, but there are We propose a master-slave conceptual design for our architectural
other factors, such as enjoyment and smoothness, that are important framework, following a centralized approach for the agents. Namely,
in a good therapy session. A comparative study found evidence that we create hundreds of slave-agents (at least one thousand) such that
suggests that when compared against a human therapist control, par- each of them can perform a very concrete task and all of them are co-
ticipants find chatbot-provided therapy less useful, less enjoyable, ordinated by a distinguished slave agent. All the tasks correspond to
and their conversations less smooth (a key dimension of a positively interactions with the student. Each interaction is specified as atomic
regarded therapy session) [3]. Health care chatbots technology is usu- micro-dialogue. An example of a task could be the congratulation of
ally associated with poor adoption by physicians and poor adherence a student for a particular reason, then in order to establish this inter-
by patients. A study [32] suggest this may be because of the per- action, a micro-dialog about the congratulation should be specified.
ceived lack of quality or accountability that is characterized by com- Another example about a more complex task could be to teach the
puterized chatbots as opposed to traditional face-to-face interactions student how to try a meditation exercise.
with human physicians. The work in [4] suggests that when compar- Each task performed by a slave-agent is programmed in the Ba-
ing the effectiveness of classical psychotherapy with Internet- and sic Script/Resources Language (BSR-language). This is a low level
mobile-based interventions, one should consider that inter-individual language (to describe automaton) invented for this purpose (it could
differences. be as well, a small AI-ML script). Some of these slave-agents can
Finally, regarding experimental chatbots, such as the one presented be created by humans and some other can be constructed semi-
in this work, and which may be useful for specialist therapists, not automatically5 . Associated to each slave-agent we have its semantic
for end users, we mention the following works: [7] presents an exper- knowledge. For instance, slave-agent named E3 could correspond to
imental chatbot for a virtual company at the time of COVID-19, it is an exercise of sound-mindfulness. Furthermore, the intelligent agent
based on a vector and closest neighbor approach to model the prob- system has an explicit logical default rule saying that this type of ex-
lem. In [28] a logical-based AI agent system chatbot for emotional ercise normally helps to reduces anxiety, and so on. Note that these
well-being and mental health is described, it is characterized by the 4 A functionality learned from Woebot[17] chat-bot GUI.
implementation of a module that makes the system detect when the 5 We do not consider this issue in this paper.
default rules are very useful in this context and can naturally be ex- This is done by solving an extended version of the 0-1 knapsack op-
pressed in Logic Programming(LP) such as Answer Set Program- timization problem, but we associate a profit to the order of the ob-
ming [10]. jects by considering engagement, enjoyment, and smoothness for the
All the semantic knowledge of each agent-slave plus a general the- session. The cost of each object corresponds to the expected time it
ory of interaction among them is written in a LP language. The LP takes during the activity, and the profit is an emotional benefit es-
theory corresponds to the Master-Agent Artificial Intelligent Com- timated according to the student’s profile. The capacity is the time
poser (MAIC). The main goal of the MAIC is the definition of a se- allowed for the session (20 minutes)6 .
quence of few tasks that correspond to a plan. This plan is performed MAIC architecture design is independent of applied domain, in
by the slave agents and coordinated by the distinguished slave agent, our case we have applied MyUBot architecture to Mental Health
a program interpreter of BSR-language in Python. Well-being. MAIC optimizes in DCP the Mental Health of student
One of the most important goals of the coordinating agent corre- with an optimal coherent, enjoyable and smoothable session.
sponds to the collection of feedback of the student about his/her pro- II. Concrete dialogue script generation translates the ASDS list to
file at the end of each session with him/her. This allows updating the a single BRS languaje program. The idea behind the BSR-language
knowledge about the student profile, since MyUBot ”learns” about code (to describe automaton) is to define a basic programming lan-
him/her in each session, so this allows to offer a personalized sup- guage such that any program AI-task of our library is a highly
port by means of recommendations for student difficulties according malleable object where one could define and apply operators (mu-
to his preferences in future interactions. The coordinating agent cor- tation, crossover composition, selection, specialization, generaliza-
responds to a LP program because we are taking advantage on the tion). Two basic examples are the following: A “greeting” BSR-
fact that logic is used to represent knowledge and inference is used language code could be mutated for erasing or including an emoji-
to manipulate it. LP program uses different extensional knowledge icon set; another operator could eliminate some “production rules”
bases to represent knowledge, and to make inferences. One of the for deactivating some particular answer in the BSR-language. Here,
most important knowledge basis is that used to represent the profile we are not talking about the rationality of why to do it. For example a
of the student, which is updated in each session with the student, reason to apply these mutations can be concluded by a learning pro-
others are the knowledge base to represent microdialogs, emotional cess that find outs that it is more suitable to do it so for a particular
status or history record, and another is about the answered questions student.
where also the questions made to the student are recorded. III. Dialogue interpreter chatbot corresponds to the main process
charged to execute the composed dialogue session as interactions of
AI-task with the student.
3.2 MyUBot intelligent agent system chatbot IV. Feedback module is an extraction process of relevant infor-
Since MAIC is charged to generate the plans, it is based on a reason- mation and knowledge. This module filters a student conversation
ing planning system that consists on the generation and execution of record to obtain the student profile state (SPS). The SPS is used to
a cycle of 4 sequential processes-modules described below. The im- provide feedback and to update the Extensional Knowledge Bases
plementation of this reasoning planning system defines our MyUBot of the proposed Intelligent Agent System. The updates made in Ex-
intelligent agent system chatbot. tensional Knowledge Bases using the SPS could be about student
I. Abstract script dialogue session (ASDS) is a composition of profile, emotional status or history record, among others. This mod-
slave agent tasks sequence to be performed by MyUBot as a single ule also updates the answered questions Knowledge Base where also
dialogue session to establish an interaction with the student. Each the questions made to the student are recorded.
slave agent interaction task (AI-task) with the student is described in
BSR-language and is named; for example E3 could be a name of an
4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
AI-task for a enriching talk mindfulness exercise. Also each AI-Task
is associated to semantic knowledge described in an enriching talks One contribution of this work is to propose the design of an archi-
theories knowledge base denoted as ETalks-KB and implemented as tectural framework for a reasoning logical based intelligent agent
a theory in LP. system chatbot for dialogue composition. Another contribution is to
The composition of slave agent tasks sequence to be performed specify the model of the DCP as an extended version of 0-1 knap-
by MyUBot basically is obtained in two levels, each of them is im- sack problem addressing the problem of optimizing engagement, en-
plemented as a module of knowledge base reasoning represented joyment and smoothness for a dialogue session. Another contribu-
and specified via LP. The lowest level consists of a logical theory tion is to include and handle Poetry mild therapies for well-being de-
that generates a set of recommendations that are represented as a velopment to provide enriching talks within the composed dialogue
graph. The highest level consists of an LP program that proposes sessions. Finally, the applicability of this architectural framework in
the slave agent tasks sequence to be performed by MyUBot in or- well-being mental health domain.
der to solve an specific problem based in the constructed graph. As future work we consider the following ideas: Our proposed
The formal specification of this second level is in terms of an opti- work can be applied as a smart infotainment system to improve psy-
mization problem, named the Dialogue-Session Composition Prob- chological skills in any context. The use of machine-learning al-
lem (DCP). The DCP optimal solution can be computed specifying gorithms combining reasoning and logic generated in the feedback
the problem using Integer Programming but also logic programming model can be explored to complement the knowledge base of the stu-
paradigms. In particular, we propose to use Partial-Order Logic Pro- dents profile for the MyUBot reasoning. Finally, we propose to con-
gramming [27] which is suitable to describe DCP in a concise and sider alternative logic programming semantics as well as extension-
straight forward declarative language to compute the optimal solu- based argumentation semantics following ideas from [24, 9].
tion with efficiency by a APOL solver [26]. For each dialog-session
we propose the solution to an optimization problem: We select from 6 In this work, we do not have enough space to formalize this problem and
5 to 7 objects (questions/activities) according to the student´s needs. the solution.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS [20] Becky Inkster, Shubhankar Sarda, and Vinod Subramanian, ‘An
empathy-driven, conversational artificial intelligence agent (wysa) for
digital mental well-being: real-world data evaluation mixed-methods
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tion in everyday life’, Hachette Books, (2009).
[22] Heidi M Levitt, ‘Sounds of silence in psychotherapy: The catego-
rization of clients’ pauses’, Psychotherapy Research, 11(3), 295–309,
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