=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2830/paper24
|storemode=property
|title=Automated Systems of Ecological Monitoring as an Effective Factor of Sustainable Development
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2830/paper24.pdf
|volume=Vol-2830
|authors=Angelina Kalenchuk-Porkhanova,Vadim Tulchinsky
}}
==Automated Systems of Ecological Monitoring as an Effective Factor of Sustainable Development==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2830/paper24.pdf
Automated Systems of Ecological Monitoring as an
Effective Factor of Sustainable Development
Angelina Kalenchuk-Porkhanova [0000-0003-3054-1492] and
Vadim Tulchinsky[0000-0002-0280-223X]
V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics, 40 Acad. Glushkov Ave., Kiev 03187, Ukraine
dep145@gmail.com
Abstract. Scientific basis for development and implementation of automated
control systems (ACS) in the USSR of 1960s provided the 10 principles pro-
posed by V.M. Glushkov. They summarized the experience of first industrial
control systems “Lviv” and “Galvanic” introduced in the production processes.
During that period, many industrial ACS were created in Soviet Union. Among
them the ACS of the Ministry of Radio Industry was of particular importance.
Its chief designer was A.I. Kitov with V.M. Glushkov as scientific supervisor.
The ACS has been selected by Government as a model for all 9 military-related
ministries. The hierarchical multi-level problem-oriented systems for solving
environmental problems in accordance with the UN Concept of the Earth Sus-
tainable Development became an important direction of further ACS develop-
ment at V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics. The Institute achievements in
methods of mathematical modeling and simulation of processes in complex sys-
tems began from solving the problems of modeling the water objects posed to
scientists immediately after the Chernobyl accident. The developed models
have created the basis for the first in Ukraine automated simulation system for
water objects SIMVO. The next stage of the direction progress has begun from
the first in Ukraine standard regional automated environmental monitoring sys-
tem EMS implemented in Kiev in early 2000s. Both of the systems have had no
analogues. Now, an ecology ACS is developed within the Ukrainian part of the
Horizon-2020 project ERA-PLANET which combines national and internation-
al goals to achieve the sustainable development and increases the contribution
of Europe to the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS).
Keywords: automated systems, automated control systems, ACS, ecological
monitoring, sustainable development, smart city.
1 Introduction
V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics (GIC) of National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine (NASU) under supervision of Academician V.M. Glushkov since early 1960s
held works on automation of scientific research and complex object testing, on auto-
mated problem-oriented laboratories (APOL), on automated design of computers. The
first Soviet general-purpose computer for technological processes control “Dnepr-2”
Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific and Practical Conference named after A. I. Kitov
"Information Technologies and Mathematical Methods in Economics and Management
(IT&MM-2020)", October 15-16, 2020, Moscow, Russia
© 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
(1961) equipped with Object Communication Device (USO) began development of
automated control systems (ACS) in the national economy of USSR [1 – 4].
The USO of the "Dnepr-2" computers made it possible for the first time to imple-
ment remote communication between Ukrainian academic institutes (a prototype of
regional network). It was used also for implementation at Dnieper Metallurgical Plant
of the first in Europe remote automated control on the Bessemer technological pro-
cess. For many years, “Dnepr-2" computers were used to automate the technological
process control in hundreds of enterprises and operated as the onboard computers of
various military vehicles, ships and equipment. During the Soyuz-Apollo space flight,
two “Dnepr-2” computers controlled the large-screen information display of the Sovi-
et Flight Control Center.
The success of the above projects was facilitated also by choosing GIC as the lead-
ing organization in the All-Union Target Programme for Automation of Scientific
Research, Complex Object Tests, and Design Work.
Those works were preceded by two important achievements. First, Small Electron-
ic Calculating Machine (MESM) developed by a team of scientists from the Kiev
Institute of Electrotechnology under the direction of S.A. Lebedev (1951) was the
first universally programmable electronic computer in the Soviet Union [5]. Second,
research publications of A.I. Kitov, A.A. Lyapunov, S.I. Sobolev and others [6 – 9]
had explained the meaning and importance of cybernetics and computer technology to
Soviet Union leaders and society. Among the publications, the country's first book on
this subject [9] played an important role in overcoming the negative interpretation of
cybernetics as a “bourgeois science” which was official in 1950s. The achievements
led to computer technology recognition and development in Soviet Union. The writ-
ten appeal of A.I. Kitov, then head of Computing Center of the USSR Ministry of
Defense, to the Central Committee of Communist Party of Soviet Union (CC CPSU)
in which he declared the need to develop computer technology affected the Decree of
CC CPSU and Council of Ministers of the USSR on accelerating and increasing the
production of computers and their implementation in the national economy (1959). At
the same time, A.I. Kitov prepared a report (“Red Book”) for CC CPSU substantiat-
ing the feasibility of creating a unified ACS for the armed forces and the national
economy on the base of a common network of computer centers (Economic Automat-
ed Management System, EAMS) for improvement of central planning. The idea of
EAMS had not received recognition from the country's leadership because of con-
cerns in the military that they would be required to share information with civilian
planners. But, along with the publications [10 – 13], “Red Book” highly contributed
to the idea future development [5].
V.M. Glushkov’s publications [14, 15] on the role of computers and cybernetics in
the production process automation, and especially his 10 basic principles of ACS
development and implementation [16] created then a scientific basis for implementa-
tion of computer technology, economic and mathematical methods in the national
economy of Soviet Union. The active implementation of early ACS in Soviet Union
was facilitated by the Academician V.M. Glushkov appointment in 1963 as Chairman
of the Interdepartmental Scientific Council in Computer Technology under the State
Committee for Science and Technology.
In 1963-1965, active work began on the development of ACS for production pro-
cesses (ACSPP) at enterprises of various sectors of the national economy and the
military-industrial complex (MIC). The earliest ACSPP were implemented at the big
enterprises “Lviv” and “Galvanic” on the basis of the Lviv television plant “Electron”
and the Kiev plant “Arsenal”.
In the early 1960s, V.M. Glushkov proposed a project to create a nationwide auto-
mated system for managing the economy of the country (OGAS) [17]. It aimed both
electronic document management (“paperless economy”) and electronic payments
(“moneyless economy”), and its distributed multilayer network of computer centers
resembled future American ARPANET [18]. After the OGAS project was not accept-
ed for national scale implementation (the request for funding was turned down in
1970), the development of enterprise scale ACS has intensified in various sectors and
departments of the national economy and the military-industrial complex (MIC). The
developments were understood as the first steps toward OGAS.
During 1960s and 1970s, a big number of industrial automated control systems
were implemented. Among them the ACS of the USSR Ministry of Radio Industry
was selected by the Government as the model for automated control systems of all 9
military related Ministries of USSR. The ACS chief designer was A.I. Kitov, and its
scientific supervisor was V.M. Glushkov. Another typical ACS “Healthcare” also
developed under A.I. Kitov leadership became widely distributed in heath care centers
of USSR. Huge work on the automated control system development and implementa-
tion was carried out by many leading scientists of the former Soviet Union, leaders
and representatives of various industries and Government departments.
The fundamental results of V.M. Glushkov in theory and practice of planning and
controlling complex processes [19 – 22] together with the IC achievements in optimi-
zation methods [23 – 28] and in technology of hierarchical multi-level problem-
oriented systems [29], and in efficient parallel solving of ordinary differential equa-
tion systems [30] started the next stage of ACS development and became the basis for
early ACS applications to environmental problems.
It is a well known fact that for many years the human society development priority
was economy. Insufficient accounting the important environmental factors caused a
significant increase in anthropogenic impact on the environment and has led to threat-
ening negative consequences. Global understanding the consequences initiated the
adoption by United Nations of the sustainable development concept. In 1992, the UN
Conference on Environment and Development published the Earth Charter, which
outlines the building of a just, sustainable, and peaceful global society in the 21 st cen-
tury and included the action plan “Agenda 21” aimed changing business approaches
to involve cross-sectoral coordination, broad public participation and integration of
the environmental and social concerns into all development processes. With this in
mind, there is a need to create, in addition to ACS in the economy, automated envi-
ronmental monitoring systems.
GIC traditionally elaborates a wide range of research and development projects of
assessing the risks of environmental and technological disasters and predicting
measures to eliminate their consequences on the base of a systematic approach to
monitoring, mathematical modeling and simulation of processes in complex systems.
The work on modeling the hydrodynamic states of water objects began in GIC
immediately after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. They resulted in
development of the first in Ukraine automated System for Water Objects Simulation
SIMVO [31, 32]. It aimed obtaining comprehensive assessments of the ecological
conditions of specific water bodies and watercourses on the basis of a systematic ap-
proach to the development of mathematical methods, models and simulation using
hardware-software complexes for automating the studies. Then, in 2003, GIC devel-
oped the standard regional automated environmental monitoring system EMS. It was
implemented in Kiev city also first in Ukraine. The systems was developed taking
into account the basic Glushkov’s principles of ACS construction as automated hier-
archical problem-oriented systems and in accordance with the concept of sustainable
development. At present, IC is participating in the ERA-PLANET/UA Academic
Research Programme of NASU. ERA-PLANET/UA aimed at the implementation of
the Ukrainian part of the EU Horizon 2020 project ERA-PLANET [33].
ERAPLANET/UA joins efforts of 6 NASU institutes and several non-academic or-
ganizations under general supervision of Space Research Institute of NASU and State
Space Agency of Ukraine in the development of a new integrated open data solution
for environment monitoring, simulation and decision support as a part of European
Research Area (ERA). Planned studies are Europe’s contribution to the emerging
Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). They help achieving national
and international goals of sustainable development.
The paper describes SIMVO, EMS and ERA-PLANET to show how general prin-
ciples of ACS for complex environment monitoring, simulation and evaluation were
transformed in time.
2 Automated Systems of Ecology and Environment Protection
2.1 Automated System for Water Objects Simulation SIMVO
With the aim of the Chernobyl disaster mitigation, GIC has developed models and
implemented the layer-by-layer calculations of the Dnieper river Kiev reservoir cur-
rent states under various hydrometeorological conditions. The modeling results were
immediately transferred to the Governments of Ukraine and Soviet Union and have
played a paramount role in making the operational decisions. Similar calculations
were then carried out for the entire cascade of Dnieper reservoirs. In addition, the data
preparation and calculations provided input information for water flow simulation
models. The modeling results which presented the integrated water circulation model
in the form of information arrays, maps and diagrams were transferred to the disaster
mitigation management for making operational decisions on eliminating the conse-
quences of the Chernobyl disaster. The same data were transferred to Institute of Hy-
drobiology of NASU, to relevant ministries and Government departments for use in
assessing water quality and bio-productivity of water objects, for predicting hydro
biological indicators and parameter evolution.
Similar modeling was implemented for Sasyk reservoir, reservoir-cooler of
Krivorozhska power plant, and all lemans of the North-Western Black Sea region.
The developed models of layer-by-layer current states were also used to model the
desalination processes of the estuaries of Dniester, Tiligul, Berezan, and Dnieper-Bug
lemans. For them, simulations and evaluation of current states at various depths were
carried out for more than 1000 variants of hydro-meteorological conditions (for dif-
ferent wind directions and speeds). This allows us to predict the values of the integral
water circulation, the direction of the currents and water exchange depending on the
wind and to obtain the dynamic characteristics of the estuaries (Fig. 1, 2).
Fig. 1. Water circulation patterns in the Sasyk reservoir during the transit of Danube water of
flow rate 500 m3/sec and the average wind from north (a), south (b), east (c) and west (d)
Fig. 2. Water circulation patterns in the Dniester leman with northern (a), eastern (b), southern
(c), and western (d) wind of velocity 5 m/sec. The flow rate of Dniester is 300 m3/sec
Computer graphic presentation of the results in the form of drawings, diagrams,
vectors of wind directions with an indication of the scale of the grid was implemented
using an interactive program Environment developed in Leningrad at the Institute of
Social and Economic Problems (ISEP).
The research results were put in the base of implementation of the Complex Re-
publican Research Program "Economic and Environmental Problems of the Creation
of the Danube-Dnieper Water Management Complex for 1986-1990," which was
however subsequently canceled.
The complex of models developed in the GIC during the above works has become
the basis for development of problem-oriented subsystems of the system SIMVO for
modeling the flow states of water objects. Now, SIMVO consists of 4 subsystems:
WODA for modeling changes in the oxygen regime in watercourses;
FEFLOW for modeling the underground aquifer processes;
STREAM for modeling the pollution transfer in watercourses;
and POTOK for modeling the stationary stock-wind currents in shallow water
reservoirs at specific deep horizons.
Besides, SIMVO includes the program library APPROXIMATION for processing,
compression and recovery of numerical data arrays with guaranteed accuracy. The
library is based on the set of best Chebyshev approximation algorithms that are opti-
mal in accuracy. It is an invariant component included in all the subsystems [34].
The relevance and novelty of SIMVO is based on use of the ready to use verified
models of all its subsystems for water objects of Ukraine. It uses the models first de-
veloped at GIC within the described works. But from the structure viewpoint, SIMVO
is an open system able to incorporate more models. It is planned to replenish it with
new models and port to the SCIT cluster complex [35] as a part of its basic applica-
tion software toolkit. More detailed description of SIMVO was published in [36].
SIMVO is important because of collected archives of the water current states at
specific winds which help predicting water exchange rates in Ukrainian water bodies
and evaluating their dynamic characteristics.
The development and use of SIMVO models played a decisive role in assessing the
real consequences of the Chernobyl disaster and for taking water protection measure-
ments as a part of the complex work of its mitigation.
2.2 Automated Environmental Monitoring System EMS for Kiev City
The automated EMS of Kiev was developed according to all the 10 Glushkov’s basic
principles of ACS design [16] and general recommendations for the functioning of
multi-level hierarchical problem-oriented systems [28], as well as the sustainable
development concept based environmental factor priority.
The system development started from approval of the first in Ukraine technical
specification for a Typical Regional Automated Hierarchical (two-level) Environmen-
tal Monitoring System (2003). Its hierarchical architecture corresponds to the recom-
mendations of [28], and its regional (cross-sectoral) nature fits to the “Agenda 21”
approach. The structural basis of the EMS according to [16] is an open geographically
distributed radial computer network of problem-oriented control complexes (POCC),
the Center of Operational Monitoring (COM) and the customer organizations of the
system with their local computer networks protected as well as the communication
channels between POCC and COM or between PTO and the customers. The EMS
basic principles of modularity and openness simplify adding new POCCs. Using sys-
tematic approach the technical specification proposed interfaces for the data structure
compatibility of information from different monitoring objects and the possibility for
the information integration within the predictive assessments of the environment inte-
grated state. The EMS software also includes the set of data processing and compres-
sion libraries based on the best Chebyshev approximation algorithms.
EMS was planned as a typical regional system. Its first phase implementation in
Kiev was explained by several factors including increased environmental hazard in
the city (industrial pollution of air, soil-water-vegetation ecosystems, dangerous geo-
logical processes, etc.), the Kiev capital status, good communication and ecology
control networks, and high concentration of research and budget resources. Kiev city
seems to be the most prepared region of Ukraine for transition to the path of sustaina-
ble development.
The relevance of creating EMS in the city of Kiev is due to the facts that the global
problems of sustainable development are manifested and solved at the regional level,
and the negative technological impacts of megacities is among the most critical (both
strong and raising) ecological risk sources. High environmental hazards in the city
include industrial pollution of air along highways and near residential areas, soil-
water-vegetation ecosystem exhaustion, and dangerous geological processes (erosion,
flooding, landslides, etc.).
The basic information and technical resource of Kiev EMS included hardware and
software tools for automated data collection, processing, saving, display and transmis-
sion. Its hardware was organized in local workstation networks. Its basic software
consisted of intelligent application software for processing and compressing infor-
mation arrays, system software of central database (EMS DB) and problem-oriented
databases of individual POCCs with ensuring compatibility of their data structures.
The results of the Kiev EMS work have been repeatedly demonstrated at exhibi-
tions of various levels, in particular, at the annual Dovkillia 2004 and Dovkillia 2012
exhibition forums, at the Pan-European Ecology Summit, were awarded with diplo-
mas and received positive feedback from experts.
In 2013, Kiev EMS was put in the base of a NASU Programme for development of
Automated Integrated Environmental Monitoring System (ASKEM). The Programme
was developed under the leadership of GIC together with scientists from other aca-
demic institutes of NASU and specialists from many other organizations. ASKEM
was proposed as a typical regional component the Unified National Monitoring Sys-
tem. Unfortunately, the Programme funding was not started.
2.3 Smart City Interoperable System of ERA-PLANET/UA Infrastructure
The ERA-PLANET project of the European Horizon 2020 Programme is dedicated to
the implementation of the European Research Area (ERA) principles in the field of
Earth research in order to strengthen Europe's role in Group on Earth Observatory
(GEO) and Copernicus. Participants of the project are 35 research centers from 15
European countries. The project combines work packages into 4 strands:
the work package SMURBS (SMart URBan Solutions for air quality, disasters
and city growth) for the strand 1 “Smart Cities and Resilient Societies”,
the work package GEO-Essential (Essential Variables workflows for resource
efficiency and environmental management) for the strand 2 “Resource Effi-
ciency and Environmental Management”,
the work package iGOSP (Integrated Global Observing Systems for Persistent
Pollutants) for the strand 3 “Global change and Environmental treaties”,
the work package iCUPE (Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on
Polar Environments) for the strand 4 “Polar areas and natural resources”.
Ukraine participates in the first 3 strands [37, 38], and GIC participates in works on
SMURBS. The SMURBS purpose is to integrate data from local monitoring stations,
smart sensors, satellites, simulation systems, open data sources and individual observ-
ers to inform target working groups, decision makers and ordinary citizens, as well as
to coordinate through the data the national and regional environmental protection
programs for cities in 3 main areas: urban growth, air quality, environmental disaster
management (including peat fires, landfill fires, man-caused disasters).
In the direction of urban growth, SMURBS task is to develop machine learning and
gridding technology to calculate and annually update Urban Atlas maps [39] for all
major cities based on open multi-channel data from satellites (such as Landsat-8 [40],
Radarsat-2 [41], Terra and Aqua MODIS [42], Copernicus Sentinel-1A and other
satellites [43], MetOp series satellites A/B/C [44], Suomi NPP [45], Aura [46]), open
maps of the road network with adjacent buildings (such as Open Street Map [47]),
population levels (GHSL [48]), atmosphere monitoring systems (CAMS [49]), etc.
Now, Urban Atlas presents data only for EU cities with a population of over 100,000.
In the direction of air quality, SMURBS should calculate similar pollution maps
based on satellite data, in-situ monitoring of air pollution by "big particles" of dust
(PM10 – up to 10 microns) from roads and industrial plants and "small particles" of
smoke (PM2.5 - up to 2.5 microns), analysis of the air chemical composition in sta-
tionary and mobile control points, the Real-time Air Quality Index data (WAQI [50])
and indirect data of the analysis of plants and water reservoirs, as well as the popula-
tion medical surveys.
In the direction of disaster protection, SMURBS tasks are detection of fire sources
on the base of temperature data from satellites, generalized estimation of air composi-
tion and density of impurities, simulation based pollution forecasting by meteorologi-
cal reports and satellite data on temperature, cloudiness, force and direction of winds.
An information system for solving such complex problems meets the difficult task
of integrating data of different origins and nature, of different formats, scales and
coordinate systems with the requirement of bidirectional interoperability (i.e. open-
ness for easy integration with existing and future data sources and information sys-
tems) [51]. Similar problems were solved by GIC within the automated control sys-
tem development for SIMVO and SEM, but, in a much smaller scale. A novel feature
of the new system is implementation of the European open data principles for the
research results. To date, GIC has implemented a final version of the working proto-
type of the system for mapping information and two prototype variants for general
information (semantic directories, dashboards). The choice of the two remains to be
made. General architecture of ERA-PLANET/UA subsystem of SMURBS is present-
ed on Fig. 3. The work continues.
Satellite data: Generalized maps In-situ data:
Sentinel, MODIS, of thematic data: stationary control points,
MetOp, Landsat, CAMS, GHSL, smart sensor networks,
Radarsat, Aura, WAQI, Open mobile meters;
Suomi NPP, etc. Street Maps citizen observatories;
local ecology studies
Data processing:
maps harmonization, data data collections,
fusion, validation analytic reports,
documents
geodata collections
Geoserver map Machine learning,
integrator Data Storage map computing
(gridding)
maps
MapStore-2 DKAN/CKAN
web-GIS Open Data
Directory
Clouds:
Amazon AWS,
GEOSS SCIT OpenStack
API
SRI NASU SMURBS
dashboard: dashboard:
EU/Global National web portal of web portal of
map services: resources: the ERA- ERA-PLANET
Urban Atlas, Kiev Smart PLANET/UA
GEOSS, etc. City portal project
Fig. 3. Architecture of ERA-PLANET/UA SMURBS subsystem
3 Conclusion
The extensive experience of V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics in the develop-
ment and implementation of ACS, power of its parallel computer complex SCIT of
cluster architecture provide the Institute with the status of a basic organization for the
further development of automated regional control systems of ecological monitoring
and modeling based decision making in accordance with the Concept of Sustainable
Development of Planet Earth.
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