=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2844/fashion1
|storemode=property
|title=Digital Intelligence as Prerequisite of Artificial Intelligence's Integration in the Clothing Industry 4.0
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2844/fashion1.pdf
|volume=Vol-2844
|authors=Evangelia Kampakaki,Evridiki Papahristou
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/setn/KampakakiP20
}}
==Digital Intelligence as Prerequisite of Artificial Intelligence's Integration in the Clothing Industry 4.0==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2844/fashion1.pdf
Digital Intelligence as Prerequisite of Artificial Intelligence’s
Integration in the Clothing Industry 4.0
Evangelia Kampakaki Evridiki Papahristou
Creative Design and Clothing Department Creative Design and Clothing Department
IHU International Hellenic University IHU International Hellenic University
Kilkis Greece Kilkis Greece
evakampakaki@gmail.com evridikipapa@ihu.gr
ABSTRACT
Technological progress has been continuously changing the 1 Introduction
fashion industry and the way our society works, produces and
Continuous technological progress undoubtedly affects and
consumes. Industry 4.0 focuses on cyber-physical systems, the
changes, in addition to our daily lives, every industrial activity.
Internet of Things and cloud computing and is extended to the
Smart devices, wearables, the Internet of things, Big data, smart
entire supply chain beyond manufacturing, to all textile and
industries, cloud computing, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and
apparel supply chain functions, including forecasting, consumer
machine learning, robotics, human-machine interaction, social
research, design, product development, merchandising, sourcing,
media and digital integration in all areas have changed the way
production, retailing and distribution. The rise of robotics and
we work, communicate, travel, being educated, consume, produce,
Artificial Intelligence calls for new skills and competencies.
live and form our lives.
Fashion industry employees are expected to have appropriate
competency. The new age employees need to be equipped with a From all these changes, the apparel industry could not be an
new set of skills in order to master technology, explore new exception. Although at a slower pace than other industries, the
possibilities, convert the new ideas into actions, communicate and fashion industry was not unaffected by the technological
collaborate with other people and with machines. In addition, a revolution, the so-called 4th Industrial Revolution or Industry 4.0.
new way of thinking is developing in the digital environment, New ways of production, new ways of communication,
called Digital Intelligence. It could be considered as the outcome transactions, distribution, suppliers and customers approaches,
of people’s need and their effort to adapt themselves to the run through the entire clothing chain. Workers in the clothing
continuously expanding digital environment. On top of that, as industry could not be unaffected by the new reality. Different
more complicated digital technologies will appear in the future, ways of working and working environments, new tools, different
digital intelligence could probably evolve into the most necessary working conditions, creation of new jobs and elimination of
type of intelligence for success in the digital era. Despite the great others, teleworking, different qualifications of the workforce,
importance of the subject, there is a gap in research that examines advanced requirements that an employee has to master in order
the required digital competency and intelligence of the future to meet the new conditions in Industry 4.0, constitute the new
workforce in the apparel industry especially in our country. Such reality.
research will provide academic programs with an up-to-date
In this reality some questions need to be answered. What are the
assessment of potential industry workforce needs, allowing
characteristics of the new digital environment and what is the
educators to make necessary changes to their curricula to better
position of the clothing industry in the age of industry 4.0? How
prepare students with the required skillsets.
does artificial intelligence affect the environment of modern
industry and in particular the clothing sector and what impact
does this have on those employed in it? Are the employees and
the future employees equipped with the appropriate qualifications
KEYWORDS
of the new era? What are these qualifications? As the clothing
Digital Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence, Clothing Industry 4.0, industry incorporates more and more digital tools, what
workforce digital competence knowledge, skills and attitudes should the workforce need in
order to make the most of the potential of "digital fashion"?
Future employees must possess digital competency in the Industry
4.0. But how can we define a framework for the digital
AI4FASHION2020, September 02–04, 2020, Athens, Greece
Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under
Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
competency of employees as required by the modern fashion appropriate digital skills in the workforce is an important
industry? Or do we now have to talk about a new way of thinking, component in order to compete in this rapidly emerging global
the so-called digital intelligence in order to respond to a more digital economy [5].
conscious effort of people to adapt to a constantly changing
environment?
3 Industry 4.0 – Apparel Industry 4.0
Our literature review shows the lack of research data on the
digital qualifications that people in the modern clothing industry The increasing fusion of Industrial production and Information
have and should have. We aim to highlight the importance of and Communication Technologies (ICT) has brought the so-called
exploring the digital competence of workers in the modern Industry 4.0 into the manufacturing world. This phenomenon is
apparel industry. It is becoming clear that this will help to carry making possible to connect information, objects and people due
out appropriate training programs but also to cultivate a more to the convergence of the physical and the virtual worlds and is
general philosophy of lifelong learning of the workforce, in order enabling the transformation of factories into smart environments
to adapt and meet current and future requirements. [1].
In the new era of Industry 4.0, the development and adoption of
digital technologies has become one of the most frequently
2 New Digital Environment trending topics in both academic and professional areas. The term
The world is constantly changing and evolving at a rapid rate, this “digital technologies” refers to a collection and a paradigm of
has affected many companies and the entirety of their supply various intelligent and innovative technologies in the era of
chain including all of its actors. This dynamic nature has put Industry 4.0, such as big data analytics, the Internet of Things and
pressure on companies to innovate, collaborate and redesign cloud computing, which realize connectivity, communication and
business processes that best fit their business; hence, this calls for automation [16].
incorporation of various technologies and integrated enterprise
The economic impact of this industrial revolution is supposed to
solutions to manage complex and intricate processes [17]. Digital
be huge, as Industry 4.0 promises substantially increased
technologies bring both opportunities and challenges for the
operational effectiveness as well as the development of entirely
sustainable development of manufacturing companies [16].
new business models, services and products. Enabled through the
With the development and industry revolution taking place communication between people, machines and resources the
production will take place much more differently. Physical beings fourth industrial revolution is characterized by the integration of
and machines will be more connected and will communicate with the Internet of Things (IoT) into the manufacturing process, the
each other. In future factories humans will have to work with a fusion of the physical and the virtual world and smart factories
complex world of processes, networks of processes, machines, connecting people, machines, products and data. These
sensors, robotics and devices. This system will require different connections lead to new ways of organizing and conducting
operating concepts for a better human-machine relation industrial processes [8].
operation. In the future quick, intelligent and self-adoptive
More recently, scholars suggest that the concept of Industry 4.0
manufacturing processes will be the measurement of success and
could be extended beyond manufacturing or factories to the entire
a competitive advantage [17].
supply chain. With the help of information technology, data from
The increasing digitalization of all manufacturing and each supply chain member can be shared with the whole supply
manufacturing-supporting tools is resulting in the registration of chain instantly. Logistics and finance departments would also get
an increasing amount of actor-and sensor-data which can support instantly updated in order to prepare shipping and distribution
functions of control and analysis. Digital processes evolve as a needs. Simultaneously, the feedback of production information
result of the likewise increased networking of technical could guide marketing and sales teams to help develop timely
components and, in conjunction with the increase of the retail and promotion strategies, ultimately responding to end-
digitalization of produced goods and services, they lead to users’ behavior [24].
completely digitalized environments. Those are in turn driving
Connecting people, objects and systems leads to the creation of
forces for new technologies such as simulation, digital protection
dynamic, self-organized, cross-organizational, real-time
or virtual responsibility and augmented reality [12].
optimized value networks, which can be optimized according to a
With the deep integration of intelligent technologies in the range of criteria such as costs, availability and consumption of
manufacturing industry, there has been a digital transformation resources [19]. Digital technologies create opportunities to
that has changed the traditional production and operations develop new business models, serve customers in innovative
management methods and offers the potential for the ways, and run organizations more efficiently and profitably.
improvement of product development, production efficiency and
The new challenge of the apparel industry is the digital approach.
customer service [16].
Digital fashion is the interplay between digital technology and
Digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics and couture. ICTs have been deeply integrated both into the fashion
automation are transforming the world of work. Developing the industry as well as within the experience of clients and prospects.
In the production cycle, digital technologies are being used in the With the emergence of the big data era, companies, and more
fabrics manufacturing. Digital tools support creativity of the especially fashion companies, are faced with a new relationship
fashion designers, as well as make it easier for them to develop a between consumers, suppliers, and competitors. Fashion
large variety of products. At the same time, digital fashion companies have also to manage different data with many and
includes also digital practices in the physical shops as well as complex correlations and dependencies between them and
eCommerce or the online sales of the fashion items [9]. uncertainties related to human factors. It is crucial for companies
to master these data flows to optimize their decision making. In
Fashion Apparel Industry 4.0, called a “smart apparel factory,” is
such situations, artificial intelligent techniques are particularly
the current trend of automation and data exchange in apparel
efficient. The potential applications of artificial intelligence in
manufacturing technologies. As a combination of several major
fashion industry cover a wide scope from design support systems
innovations in digital technology, it includes the Internet of
to fashion recommendation systems through sensory evaluation,
things, cloud computing, and cyber-physical systems that
intelligent tracking systems, textile quality control, fashion
communicate and cooperate with each other in real time, used by
forecasting, decision making in supply chain management or
participants of the value chain driving a new shift of change
social networks and fashion e-marketing [22].
across the economy, with major implications for the fashion
market – including RFID, sophisticated sensors, digital printing AI is constantly integrating with industry. AI can improve the
and fabrication, 3D product development, and more [2]. efficiency and quality of integrated innovation, enhance the
flexibility of production, enrich the channels and forms of
The growing popularity of social media and the prosperity of e-
communication, stimulate the satisfaction and promotion of
commerce has produced massive amounts of cross-media fashion
consumer demand, and deeply affect the development of fashion
data, such as street data shared by users, runway show data
industry [14]. AI also has the potential to completely disrupt the
released by fashion brands and product data provided by e-
fashion industry, not only because of new business models, new
commerce sites, displaying a rich and complex set of multimedia
ways of production but also on account of the impact on the
contents. Therefore, understanding and analyzing the semantics
people employed in the fashion industry and on their jobs [20].
of large-scale cross-media fashion data through machine learning
and computer vision techniques is one of the essential business The application of AI has been recognized in the Fashion and
analytics and technology tools for revolutionizing the industry Apparel (F&A) industry at various stages such as apparel design,
and reshaping the mechanics of fashion. For instance, an pattern making, forecasting sales production, supply chain
increasing number of popular designers and brands are leveraging management. With the emergence of globalization and
leading social networks to survey customer preferences, such as digitalization, AI has gained attention to connect businesses
opinions, ideas, feedback, and trends [7]. globally. In the last decade, the F&A industry has utilized AI to a
certain extent for improving supply chain processes like apparel
The consequences for fashion industry leaders are clear: more
production, fabric inspection, distribution. This was important as
than ever before, they need to refocus on a few truly
the F&A industry is volatile and it is always challenging to quickly
distinguishing core capabilities to create sustainable value in the
respond to change in trends and continuously evolving
future. Digital capabilities are vital for moving forward with
consumer’s demands. An additional impact of digitalization is
Industry 4.0. Apparel industry businesses must be proactive and
noticed in consumer behavior in the F&A industry. The increase
adopt and adapt to new mindsets and management tools and
in awareness and advent of new offline and online mediums has
digital culture to take full advantage of information technologies
changed the contemporary consumer’s decision-making pattern,
[2].
influenced by the various online and offline mediums. It is,
therefore, important to create digital platforms for efficient
4 Artificial Intelligence in Fashion industry requirements elicitation and collection. This can be attained by
utilizing the benefits accompanied by Information technology
Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with recent emerging (IT), Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, big data analytical
technologies such as Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), big data tools and other current technologies [6].
analytics, cloud computing and cyber physical systems will enable
operation of industries in a flexible, efficient, and green way [13].
5 Digital Intelligence-Digital competencies
With the current popularization of the Internet, the universal
existence of sensors, the emergence of big data, development of e- Rapid changes in the nature of work, influenced by the adoption
commerce, rise of the information community, and the of new technologies across all sectors, have stimulated an ever-
interconnection and fusion of data and knowledge with society, increasing debate in industry, as well as in policy and academic
physical space, and cyberspace, the information environment for writing in recent years. At the heart of the debate are questions
AI development has been changed profoundly. AI technology about the nature and impact of the changes, and the specific
facilitates the development of new models, means, and forms, character of the skills that are and will be required by the
system architecture, and technology systems in the domain of workforce [5].
intelligent manufacturing [14].
Industry 4.0 will lead to dynamic, international and process data based on statistical understanding, and know how to
interdisciplinary work environments. For being able to always create and/or use AI algorithms (e.g., machine learning, neural
adapt the latest technologies and make the most out of them, networks, deep learning) to recognize significant patterns and to
fashion schools graduates should apply life-long learning. Apart improve decision-making processes. They understand concepts
from behavioral competencies, graduates must also bring domain across multiple disciplines and identify the benefits, limits, and
related competencies as well as the ability to apply expertise and risks brought about through big data, AI, and related technology
use technology. In this area all graduates need to bring IT and [25].
technology affinity [18].
In terms of skills, individuals develop efficient and stable
It is expected that future workers must possess digital ability and processes to collect, store, extract, transform, load, and integrate
skills, or competency, to efficiently deal with digital resources and data at various stages in the data pipeline. They read, manage,
environments. Particularly, to address digital competency, analyze, and process data from a variety of sources, and prepare
researchers argue that future professionals must possess digital data in a structure that is easily accessed and analyzed according
intelligence, which indicates the ability to adjust in the digital to specific requirements. They create and build knowledge by
environment, and information, media, and technology skills [24]. analyzing data and communicate its meaning to others with
various data visualization tools. With understanding of AI, they
‘Digital competence’ has become a key concept in the discussion
develop, select, and apply relevant algorithms and advanced
of what kind of skills and understanding citizens must have in the
computational methods to enable systems or software agents to
knowledge society. Digital competence covers information
learn, improve, adapt, and produce desired outcomes or tasks [25].
management, collaboration, communication and sharing, creation
of content and knowledge, ethics and responsibility, evaluation They understand how data and AI may affect one’s perception and
and problem solving and technical operations [10] reasoning. Individuals are also able to leverage AI to augment
their own intelligence while remaining aware of how human
Digital competency is considered as the abilities and skills that
value judgements play into the applications of big data and AI in
future employees must possess, to successfully understand, apply,
society. Finally, in terms of Attitudes and Values, Individuals are
analyze, and create digital resources and environments in the
confident in pursuing innovative and analytical careers. They are
Industry 4.0. This implies that a new way of thinking is developing
also proactive in applying their knowledge of data and AI into
in the digital environment, i.e. digital intelligence. It could be
evaluating whether broader systems are acting in ways aligned
considered as the outcome of people’s need and their effort to
with community values that promote well-being [25].
adapt themselves to the continuously expanding digital
environment. And, as more complicated digital technologies will Another approach [23] refers that Digital intelligence has four key
appear in the future, digital intelligence could probably evolve elements. The first is to understand why we would want to use
into the most necessary type of intelligence for success in the technology, its strengths and the opportunities to apply it to our
digital era [21]. advantage. The second is knowing our options, what technology
is out there and the ability to choose the right tool for the job. The
According to DQ Institute [25], Digital Intelligence (DQ) is a
third is understanding how it works and having the ability to
comprehensive set of technical, cognitive, meta-cognitive, and
apply our digital tools in an effective way. Finally, we need to
socio-emotional competencies that are grounded in universal
develop the judgement to know when technology should be used,
moral values and that enable individuals to face the challenges and
when it is going to benefit what we are doing and when it is going
harness the opportunities of digital life. DQ has three levels, eight
to subtract. Out of the above four, it is perhaps the fourth,
areas, and 24 competencies composed of knowledge, skills,
judgement, which is the most important. [23].
attitudes, and values [25].
Researchers in their study [18] proposed a Digital intelligence
One of the Digital Intelligence competencies is Data and AI
quotient (DIQ), that encompasses a comprehensive set of
Literacy, that is part of Digital Competitiveness ability. Digital
technical, cognitive and socio-emotional competencies which
Competitiveness is the ability to solve global challenges, to
enable an individual to face challenges and adjust to the digital
innovate, and to create new opportunities in the digital economy
era. Recently, great leaps in technology have profoundly
by driving entrepreneurship, jobs, growth and impact. According
influenced everyday living with significant changes for both daily
to DQ Institute [25], Data and AI Literacy is the ability to generate,
and working life. In their research they proposed a comprehensive
process, analyze, present meaningful information from data and
questionnaire encompassing eight DIQ dimensions as digital
develop, use, and apply artificial intelligence (AI) and related
identity, digital use, digital safety, digital security, digital
algorithmic tools and strategies in order to guide informed,
emotional intelligence, digital communication, digital literacy and
optimized, and contextually relevant decision-making processes
digital rights [18].
[25].
The European Commission's science and knowledge service
More specifically, in terms of knowledge, Data and AI Literacy,
defines The Digital Competence Framework 2.0 and identifies the
means that individuals understand the theory of data analysis,
key components of digital competence in 5 areas: Information and
statistics, and AI-related mathematical concepts and computer
data literacy, Communication and collaboration, Digital content
programming. They understand how data is generated, how to
creation, Safety and Problem solving [4]. The digital competency to not only manipulate all the tools or technologies but also
that would be required in the Industry 4.0 could be constructed possess the abilities and skills to analyze the digital data created
from both Digital Intelligence and Information, media and by the digital terminals, and to make optimized working decisions.
technology skills. [24]. These supply chain functions may need additional training or
development to be efficient with digital resources [24].
6 The need to define skills Given that digital fashion domain might see further significant
growth and advances, which will be affecting the entire fashion
The current workplace requires highly skilled workers faced with industry, fashion educators need to make sure that the ICTs-
increasingly complex and interactive tasks. Such workers are related skills needed by the job market are duly covered by the
expected to efficiently select knowledge from the amount of overall curriculum and courses’ syllabus. Thus, digital fashion
available information and effectively apply such knowledge, both education and training must aim to enhance the ability of their
in their professional and personal lives. Employees not only need students to use a wide range of tools to increase their efficiency
excellent technical preparation; they also need sufficient skills to and responsiveness to a very dynamic market’s need [9]. It is
adapt to the changing requirements of the job. Such skills are important for educational institutions to understand their
critical for both people and organizations for keeping up with contribution to a stronger economy by bridging the gap between
developments and innovating products and processes. The subject matter taught in the classroom and real-world practices
growing impact of globalization and the knowledge society have and relevance [3].
led many to argue that 21st century skills are essential to be
successful in the workplace and that ICT is central to their While digital fashion is a reality, and there is a strong industry
development. Importantly, these skills go beyond the mere interest in the domain of digital fashion communication, the
technical annotation. How someone thinks, solves problems, and academic research and the educational offer in the related field are
learns, has a greater impact on a person's ability to function in a on their initial stages. Based on the changes happening in the
technologically rich society than just being knowledgeable about fashion industry, the specific skills that are required by the
specific software [10]. employees of the industry are also changing. Currently employers
in the fashion industry tend to choose new employees that are
Technology has supported changes that have reshaped skillful in information technology, being innovative and creative.
workplaces and the nature of work, which include flatter Unfortunately, the exact set of skills and competences that are on
management structures, task teams, and cross-organizational demand today in the digital fashion domain is still unclear and
networking. Since employees’ skills drive organizations’ under-researched [9].
competitiveness and innovation capacity, the rapid integration of
new information communication technologies results in It is not enough to accept that digital skills are essential for the
continuously evolving digital skills necessary for employment and workforce in the fashion industry. It is imperative that we define
participation in society. In an age where ICTs predominate, people a framework for defining and evaluating them, so that employees
need the capabilities to thrive in and beyond education. The have the opportunity to know how they can become more
current workplace requires employees who can find, process and competent and effective in their work.
structure information; who can solve problems; who are creative
innovators and who exhibit effective communication and
cooperation abilities [11].
Conclusion
Especially in the apparel industry the field of workforce
A significant conclusion is that there has to be a transformation
qualifications remains quite unexplored. In addition to exploring
of job processes as well as position redesigns for the purpose of
the required qualifications, it is necessary to develop a framework
ushering in this new era of employees plus technologies for more
as well as their evaluation procedures. Apart from formulating a
effectual outcomes as collaborative units in this industrial
broader qualification framework for the industry as a whole,
revolution encompassing artificial revolution. Artificial
unfortunately very few studies examine the digital skills held by
intelligence’s influence on the workplace is expected to be
employees as well as what digital skills and to what extent are
profound. Certain jobs, professions, plus definite skills will wane;
required by the modern apparel industry.
conversely others will increase and change as people complete job
tasks while working beside consistently changing and The current education systems need to be examined given the
progressively adept machines. The major task is to preserve the arrival of the AI-based wave of technological change. Τhe
flexibility to improve through people, processes, and technology, education system with its current structure may no longer be
while splintering blockades that obstruct harmonious change sufficient when it comes to educating future workers or retraining
through knowledge growth and collaboration [2]. workers who expect to have an increasingly lengthy work career
in a world that continuously changes. To better prepare future
Particularly in smart manufacturing and factories, computer
employees in the apparel industry, training programs need to be
controls, modelling, big data and other automation technologies
updated and modernized to meet the new data. Students in fashion
will be heavily utilized to improve product development,
schools cannot be left behind. It is imperative that they acquire
manufacturing, and distribution efficiencies; employees are asked
the qualifications to claim all the opportunities for professional
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