The article considers the issue of creating the project products configuration. The specific features of the eco-logistic system project phases products are revealed and the interrelation between them is established. It is proposed to create a project products configuration in four stages: specification of product parameters, product clustering, structuring of product clusters, product identification. Product parameter specification is intended to create descriptive product models that contain the set of parameters required to characterize the project phase product. Product clustering involves the information models that contain information about the set of the project phases productst that have similar parameter values. Structuring product clusters leads to a project product clusters network, which allows to take into accountthe links between the products of the project phases and create a potential set of the project phases product, which include products that provide maximum value of the eco-logistic system project. Product identification by creating an information model establishes compliance of a specific product to a cluster and consists in the formation of a real project products chain. In the process of the configuration forming , the uncertainty of the project implementation conditions is taken into account. Eco-logistic system project, project life cycle, a configuration of project products, project Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop IT Project Management (ITPM 2021), February 16-18, 2021, Slavsko, Lviv region, Ukraine
At the beginning of the XXI century, the problem of modern civilization unsustainable development has acquired a new qualitative state and reached its limit. It has become clear that an economy built on the technocracy principles and non-equivalent socio-natural exchange is not able to ensure long-term sustainable development for humanity. The modern requirement for the eco-logistic systems in the mankind sustainable development paradigm is to take into account the eco-destructive impact of the system and the result of its operation - a set of logistics services to promote direct and reverse material flows on the environment. Prevention and elimination of the negative impact consequences require the use of
modern approaches, including eco-logistic systems project management. From the standpoint of the project approach, the eco-logistic system is considered as a unique result obtained from purposeful temporary activities.
Thus, the project of creating an
ecologistic system is given a limited time, which is called the life cycle of the project. During the project
life cycle, which is divided into separate phases, intermediate results are obtained - the products of the
eco-logistic system project life cycle phases [
2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
The project approach involves the division of the project life cycle into phases characterized by
obtaining a certain result - the product [
The issue of project product configuration management is most often studied, without considering the possibility of obtaining several products during the project life cycle, their integration into a single system and creating a single product configuration of project life cycle phases. Research in this area will allow a thorough analysis of the results to be obtained during the project. The purpose of the article is to develop a mechanism for creation the configuration of the eco-logistic system project products in conditions of uncertainty. To achieve this goal the following tasks are set: • identify the features of the life cycle and products of the eco-logistic system project; • to develop the configuration formation mechanism of the eco-logistic system project products in the conditions of uncertainty.
The need to take into account and eliminate the negative consequences of the eco-logistic system
functioning has led to the need to extend its life cycle through the introduction of additional
ecooriented phases. It is proposed to divide the project life cycle of the eco-logistic system into the
following phases: pre-investment, investment, operational, regenerative, revitalization [
product chains of the project phases
The specification of product parameters is to create descriptive models that reflect the properties of
products that characterize the products of the project phases as objects of consumption. It is proposed
to use the tools of pattern recognition theory (frame modelling) for identification. It is possible to give
the characteristic of the eco-logistic system products using frame models containing the information
on the properties of separate phases products. The frame is a universal information structure that not
only stores the necessary information about the characteristics of the object, phenomenon or process
under study but also indicates the relationships between them and other information objects [
(parameters) of the frame without specific values.
Reflect that reflects specific (parameters) with knowledge of objects, phenomena, situations, processes, etc. specific values and corresponding procedures.
frames in the
knowledge of general concepts in the project. specific concepts in the project.
product of the project phase, process, operation, event, risk situation.
investment phase of the eco-logistic system project, recycling a circular process.
The frame model is universal and can, depending on the content, display information through frameobjects (frame of the product cluster of the investment phase of the project), role-frames (frame of the project investor), frames-operations (processes) (frame of the planning process), scenario frames (project product chain frame), situation frames (project underfunding risk frame) (Table 3). At the stage of a specification to determine the characteristics that are inherent in the products of the project phases, it is possible using of product prototype frames. In the frame model, each product is described by a set of slots - parameters. Formation of a set of parameters X f = x f ;...; x f ;...; xJf , 1 j f characterizing the product of the phase f , ( f = 1; F ) the project, is a heuristic operation and depends on the required amount of information about the product for further research. Relationships are observed between the products of the eco-logistic system project phases, which reflect the dependence of the some products characteristics on the properties of others. The formation of project products over time is the result of an orderly sequence of each project phase works and is carried out, starting with the pre-investment and ending with the revitalization phase. From the point of view of the goalsetting process during project development, the sequence of product parameters formation has the opposite direction and is carried out starting from the products of the operational and regenerative phase and ending with the product of the pre-investment phase (Fig. 2).
The product of the operational phase - a set of services to promote direct material flow generates a product of the regenerative phase - a set of services to promote reverse material flow. The characteristics of the direct material flow (volumes and composition of the product; properties of the substances that make up the product; consumption and reusability, etc.) depend on the characteristics of the reverse recycling flow (volumes, composition, flow intensity, recycling processes that can be used, etc.). It also affects the composition of the participants and the structure of the eco-logistic system (its straight linear section).
The characteristics of the investment phase product are influenced by the regenerative phase product - a set of services to promote the reverse material flow. The eco-logistic system itself produces the product of the revitalization phase - a set of actions to eliminate the negative consequences of the ecologistic system creation and functioning and the ecosystem recovery. Clustering of the project phases products consists in creation of products clusters the having close values of parameters. Since the formation of product characteristics is carried out at the beginning of the project life cycle, to accurately determine the values of the parameters is quite problematic. The necessary information is not enough for this procedure. The problem can be solved by creating clusters of the project phases products with similar parameter values. It is proposed to represent product clusters using the product cluster instances, which are created based on product prototype frames and contain information about the values of product parameter slots included in this cluster. The clustering task is to divide the space of product parameter values into areas corresponding to specific clusters Сgff , ( f = 1; F ) , ( g = 1; G f ) , to minimize the possible number of errors in assigning the product to the cluster. Sets of project phases products clusters are formed C f = c1f ;...; cgf f ;...; cGf f , ( f = 1; F ) . As a result of clustering, the product of the project described by the set of parameters
X f = x1f ;...; x jff ;...; xJf f , ( f = 1; F ) , which take values
X jf = x jf1;...; x jfn ;...; x jfN , ( j = 1; J f ) , refers to a specific cluster Сgff . It is possible to characterize
the products of the project using of quantitative and qualitative parameters. Depending on whether
the parameter belongs to a certain group, the measurement scale and the method of determining the
similarity of the parameter are chosen. The frame instance of the cluster must contain information
about the value of the qualitative parameter or the range of the quantitative parameters values.
The structuring of product clusters is the next step in the formation of project product parameters,
which leads to the creation of a network structure, nodes of which are clusters of project products,
represented by appropriate instances, between which there are links to create many alternatives to
potential project product chains. The apparatus of fuzzy set theory allows taking into account the
uncertainty when creating product chains of the project phases. It is used to analyze the structural
links between clusters, which is not only to determine the presence or absence of links between
certain products clusters of different project phases, but also to identify levels of these links
dominance , which is important for further chain creation of the project phases products.
It is suggested that the relationships between products be displayed as fuzzy relationships between
product clusters Сgf f RСgf f++kk , (k = −K , K ) , ( g = 1, Gf ) . Under fuzzy relations is understood as a
fuzzy relation R on the direct product of universal sets Сgff and Сgf f++kk , that takes values on the
set of membership functions [
R ( Сgf f , Сgf f++kk ) , which reflect the degree of correspondence (affinity) between product clusters that are at the appropriate network levels and have connections.
Fuzzy relations between clusters of products are represented in the form of matrices of relations, rows and columns of which are matched by clusters of products, and at the intersection of rows and columns are the functions of belonging to fuzzy relations (Table 4). R (CGf f , CGf f++kk ) C f +k
1 R (C1f , C1f +k ) … … R (Cgff , C1f +k ) R (CGf f , C1f +k ) … … … … … Information about fuzzy relationships between product clusters allows you to form on the product network many variants of the project phases product chains, based on fuzzy relationships and the degree of dominance of these relationships. In hierarchical order, the network levels are arranged as follows (bottom to top): • clusters of the operational phase products - complexes of logistics services to promote direct material flow Сg3 = C13 ;...; Cg33 ;...; CG33
; clusters reverse material flow С 4 = C 4 ;...; Cg4 ;...; C 4 ;
g 1 4 G4 of the investment phase products clusters of the regenerative phase products - complexes of logistics services to promote the eco-logistic systems clusters Сg2 = C12 ;...; Cg22 ;...; CG22 ;
of the revitalization Сg5 = C15 ;...; Cg55 ;...; CG55
; clusters of the pre-investment phase products - documented projects of the eco-logistic system Сg1 = C11;...; C1g1 ;...; CG11 (Fig.3) When creating a chain link between clusters at different levels of the network, those clusters are selected, the degree of dominance of fuzzy relationships between which reaches the maximum possible value.
Also, when advancing on the network, it is necessary to take into account the threshold values of the
relations dominance degree R , which is determined by the priority of creating a link between
products clusters in terms of achieving the maximum value of the project. The value of this type of
phase
products - options for ecosystem
revival
projects is proposed to be considered from the standpoint of compliance with the basic rules of
ecologistic: the necessary product, in the right quality, in the right quantity, in the right place, at the right
time, the right consumer, with minimal costs and minimal eco-destructive impact [
R (Cgff , Сgff++kk ) R (1) the fuzzy ratio is considered insignificant. Therefore, progress in this direction and the inclusion of this area in the production chain is not appropriate. Otherwise, when the membership function has exceeded the threshold value
R (Cgff , Сgff++kk ) R (2) advancement to another level of the network on this branch is possible. We propose to apply fuzzy relations as a threshold value of the membership function. Many variants of pairs of clusters of products of project phases are formed D f ; f +k = (Cgff ; Cgff++kk )1 ;...; (Cgff ; Cgff++kk )s f ; f +k ;...; (Cgff ; Cgff++kk )S f ; f +k , ( f = 1; F ) , ( g = 1;G ) , ( k = −K ; K ) , which include pairs of clusters at certain levels of the cluster network, between which connections have been established that have crossed the membership function of fuzzy relations threshold.
The following cluster pairs sets are created on the network of the eco-logistic system project phases product clusters:
D3;4 = (C3 ; C 4 ) ;...; (C3 ; C 4 ) ;...; (C3 ;C 4 )
g3 g4 1 g3 g4 s g3 g4 S3;4 D3;2 = (C3 ; C 2 ) ;...; (C3 ; C 2 ) ;...; (C3 ;C 2 )
g3 g2 1 g3 g2 s g3 g2 S3;2 D4;2 = (Cg44 ; Cg22 )1 ;...; (Cg44 ; Cg22 )s ;...; (Cg44 ; Cg22 )S4;2 D2;5 = (Cg22 ; Cg55 )1 ;...; (Cg22 ; Cg55 )s ;...; (Cg22 ; Cg55 )S2;5 D3;1 = (C3 ; C1 ) ;...; (C3 ; C1 ) ;...; (C3 ; C1 )
g3 g1 1 g3 g1 s g3 g1 S3;1 D4;1 = (C 4 ; C1 ) ;...; (C 4 ; C1 ) ;...; (C 4 ; C1 )
g4 g1 1 g4 g1 s g4 g1 S4;1 D2;1 = (Cg2 ; C1 ) ;...; (Cg2 ; C1 ) ;...; (Cg2 ; C1 )
2 g1 1 2 g1 s 2 g1 S2;1 D5;1 = (C5 ; C1 ) ;...; (C5 ; C1 ) ;...; (C5 ; C1 ) g5 g1 1 g5 g1 s g5 g1 S5;1 , , , , , , , .
The number of possible combinations of product clusters will be determined by the formula:
E Q = (Cgf ; C f +k )
f g f +k e=1 The approach, which involves considering all possible variants of cluster pairs, guarantees their participation in further study of product chains and requires considerable time for calculations. To reduce the problem to a smaller dimension and significantly reduce the number of calculations allows the use of morphological synthesis of product chains, which is aimed at creating the optimal criterion for the value of the chain. The priority of the application of the chain lh , ( h = 1; H ) , the products of the project phases from the set of circuits L = l1;...; lh ;...; lH is determined by calculating the total value of fuzzy relations dominance degree. Formalization of the process is carried out using the operation of combining the functions of membership of fuzzy relationships between clusters of products in individual sections of the network branch R (lh ) = R (Chfg f ; Chfg+f k+k ) (3) (4) ( f = 1, F ) , ( g = 1, G ) , (k = −K , K ) , (h = 1, H ) .
Thus, the product chains include those clusters that provide the maximum possible products total value that fall into the clusters located on the chain. The project phases products identification is to recognize the compliance of a particular product to a particular products cluster and is carried out by creating an information model of the product chain - a code structure that reflects the compliance degree of slot parameters a frame instance of the product cluster. It is possible to display the affiliation of a product variant Рmf f , belonging to a set of product variants P f = p1f ;...; pmf f ;...; p Mf f , ( m = 1; M f ) , a certain phase f, ( f = 1, F ) a project, to a cluster of this phase products, thanks to a comparative analysis of product variant parameter values to product g f , ( g = 1, Gf ) . The belonging of a product to a certain cluster is expressed by cluster parameters C f the membership degrees of the product parameters values to the values of product parameters belonging to a certain cluster xm f jn ,
Cgf j ( xm f jn ) . The product of the project belongs to the cluster for which the value of the general characteristic function, which reflects the degree of the product membership, reaches the maximum value. The parameters can vary in importance, it should be taken into account when calculating the total membership function using normalized weights j . Cgf ( Pmf ) = j Cgfj ( xmjn ) , x mj X f mj ( f = 1, F ) , ( g = 1, G f ) , (m = 1, M f ) , ( j = 1, J f ) , (n = 1, N ) xmj /
Cgfj ( xmj ) j (5) (6) where
j - normalized weighting factor, which reflects the level of the j parameter product importance, C gfj ( xmj ) - the degree to which the values of the product j parameter Рmf belong to the set of values corresponding to the cluster С f
g .
Areas for determining the membership functions of individual parameters should have a lower limit of the threshold value where j 1 .
The preliminary setting of threshold values of parameters belonging degrees will allow avoiding inclusion in project phases products chains those products which have inadmissible values of separate parameters. Thus, it is possible to form a project products configuration in the form of a real productschain with such values of product parameters, through which it is possible to implement an eco-logistic system project in compliance with environmental rules and achieve the maximum possible value of the project.
The offered mechanism of the eco-logistic system project products configuration creation allows forming products chains whereby which it is possible to reach the maximum of the general value of the received project results. The formation of the configuration is carried out in four stages. The specification of product parameters is to create descriptive models of products that contain the set of parameters required to characterize the project phase product. Product clustering involves the creation of product clusters information models that contain information about the set of the project phases products that have similar parameter values. Structuring product clusters leads to a network of project product clusters, which allows to reflect the links between the products of the project phases and create a potential set of product chains, which include products that provide maximum value of the project eco-logistic system. Product identification, by creating an information model, reflects the compliance of a particular product to a particular cluster and consists in the synthesis of a real project products chain.