=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2851/paper18
|storemode=property
|title=Creation of the Eco-Logistic System Project Products Configuration in the Conditions of Uncertainty
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2851/paper18.pdf
|volume=Vol-2851
|authors=Sergiy Rudenko,Tetiana Kovtun
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/itpm/RudenkoK21
}}
==Creation of the Eco-Logistic System Project Products Configuration in the Conditions of Uncertainty==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2851/paper18.pdf
Creation of the Eco-Logistic System Project Products
Configuration in the Conditions Of Uncertainty
Sergiy Rudenkoa, Tetiana Kovtuna
a
Odesa National Maritime University, 34, Mechnikova str., Odesa, 65029, Ukraine
Abstract
The article considers the issue of creating the project products configuration. The specific
features of the eco-logistic system project phases products are revealed and the interrelation
between them is established. It is proposed to create a project products configuration in four
stages: specification of product parameters, product clustering, structuring of product
clusters, product identification. Product parameter specification is intended to create
descriptive product models that contain the set of parameters required to characterize the
project phase product. Product clustering involves the creation of product clusters
information models that contain information about the set of the project phases productst that
have similar parameter values. Structuring product clusters leads to a project product clusters
network, which allows to take into accountthe links between the products of the project
phases and create a potential set of the project phases product, which include products that
provide maximum value of the eco-logistic system project. Product identification by creating
an information model establishes compliance of a specific product to a cluster and consists in
the formation of a real project products chain. In the process of the project products
configuration forming , the uncertainty of the project implementation conditions is taken into
account.
Keywords 1
Eco-logistic system project, project life cycle, a configuration of project products, project
product chain.
1. Introduction
At the beginning of the XXI century, the problem of modern civilization unsustainable
development has acquired a new qualitative state and reached its limit. It has become clear that an
economy built on the technocracy principles and non-equivalent socio-natural exchange is not able to
ensure long-term sustainable development for humanity. The modern requirement for the eco-logistic
systems in the mankind sustainable development paradigm is to take into account the eco-destructive
impact of the system and the result of its operation - a set of logistics services to promote direct and
reverse material flows on the environment. Prevention and elimination of the negative impact
consequences require the use of modern approaches, including eco-logistic systems project
management. From the standpoint of the project approach, the eco-logistic system is considered as a
unique result obtained from purposeful temporary activities. Thus, the project of creating an eco-
logistic system is given a limited time, which is called the life cycle of the project. During the project
life cycle, which is divided into separate phases, intermediate results are obtained - the products of the
eco-logistic system project life cycle phases [1]. The specificity of the products obtained as a result
of the phases implementation is reflected in their configuration as a set of functional and physical
characteristics of the project products [2].
Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop IT Project Management (ITPM 2021), February 16-18, 2021, Slavsko, Lviv region, Ukraine
EMAIL: rudsv@i.ua (A. 1); teta.kovtun@gmail.com (A. 2)
ORCID: 0000-0002-1671-605X (A. 1); 0000-0002-5410-4783 (A. 2)
©️ 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
2. Analysis of recent research and problem statement
The project approach involves the division of the project life cycle into phases characterized by
obtaining a certain result - the product [3,4]. There are many options for dividing the project life
cycle into phases, for different types of projects can be used different phases, which are characterized
by obtaining different results, which greatly complicates the coordination of projects. The result of
individual phases of the project life cycle is the certain products getting. The important place
occupied by the concept of "product" in project management is indicated in [5]. The authors note that
the project is a controlled system of actions to change the object of influence state during the life
cycle, the result of which is the product of the project but do not take into account the possibility of
creating multiple products during the project life cycle. The paper [6] identifies the main types of
project product in terms of business level, which is necessary to determine the specifics of project
marketing. The relationship "product life cycle - project - organization" is analyzed and a generalized
idea of this connection is obtained. The following types of project products are presented: material
products, services or ability to provide it, an intangible result (new state of the system), but the main
attention is paid to the product as the final result of the project, the possibility of obtaining
intermediate products are not taken into account. In [7] there are two interdependent systems: the
product of the project and the project itself, the first of which determines the second, but at the same
time, which interact closely in the management process. The project and the product of the project
which will be synthesized at the end of the project are allocated, classification of products of the
project in [8] is carried out, but questions of their configuration are not considered. The concept of
project product is closely related to the concept of project configuration. In [9] a conceptual model of
the configuration management process in projects was developed, where it is shown that to achieve
the goal of this process, it is necessary to manage the configuration of the project, product and project
environment. The paper shows the relationship between the tasks of synthesis and configuration
management in projects during its life cycle but focuses on the study of the configuration of the
project environment. In [10] the scientific and methodological bases of the process of coordination of
product-system configurations and their projects, which takes place with four processes: product-
system configuration management, product-system configuration, project configuration management
and configuration-formation of design-technological structures formation of the product systems
configuration. The main attention is paid to the definition of configuration matching, their essence is
not sufficiently studied. In [2] a study of the purpose, role and place of the process of configuration
management of the project environment in the overall process of configuration management in the
project. The purpose of the configuration management process in the project is specified and the
terms of the integrity of the project product, the integrity of the project and the integrity of the
expectations of the project stakeholders are introduced. When determining the integrity of the
product does not take into account the possibility of having many products of the project. Thus, the
analysis of current research in the field of project management has shown the lack of a unified vision
of the configuration management process in projects in terms of defining objects, entities, processes
and management methods [14-20].
The issue of project product configuration management is most often studied, without considering
the possibility of obtaining several products during the project life cycle, their integration into a single
system and creating a single product configuration of project life cycle phases. Research in this area
will allow a thorough analysis of the results to be obtained during the project. The purpose of the
article is to develop a mechanism for creation the configuration of the eco-logistic system project
products in conditions of uncertainty. To achieve this goal the following tasks are set:
• identify the features of the life cycle and products of the eco-logistic system project;
• to develop the configuration formation mechanism of the eco-logistic system project products
in the conditions of uncertainty.
3. Presenting the main material
The need to take into account and eliminate the negative consequences of the eco-logistic system
functioning has led to the need to extend its life cycle through the introduction of additional eco-
oriented phases. It is proposed to divide the project life cycle of the eco-logistic system into the
following phases: pre-investment, investment, operational, regenerative, revitalization [1]. The first
three phases (pre-investment, investment, operational) are standard phases for modern investment
projects, including logistics systems. The presence of the fourth regenerative phase reflects the
specifics of the environmentally-oriented logistics system and ensures the closure of the logistics
chain. It is during this phase that circular processes take place to return the product (its parts or
materials) to the processes of production and consumption. The last, fifth revitalization phase is
related to the elimination of the eco-destructive consequences of the ecosystem from the creation and
functioning of the logistic system. It can be long-lasting, as the negative impact on the environment
may not manifest itself immediately and have a prolonged effect, and the ecosystem also needs time
to recover. Each phase of the project ends with a certain result - the product:
1) in the pre-investment phase - a documented project of the eco-logistic system;
2) in the investment phase - the eco-logistic system in the material representation;
3) in the operational phase - a set of logistic services to promote direct material and reverse
flows;
4) in the regenerative phase - a set of logistics services to promote reverse recycling flows;
5) in the revitalization phase - a set of actions for the revival, recovery of the ecosystem (Fig. 1).
Figure 1: Life cycle and products of the eco-logistic system project
The formation of the configuration of the project phases products is proposed to be carried out in the
following sequence:
1. The specification of product parameters is to create descriptive models of products that reflect
the set of parameters required to characterize the product phase of the project.
2. Product clustering involves the creation of information models of product clusters that contain
information about the set of the project phases products that have similar parameter values.
3. Structuring product clusters leads to the creation of a project product clusters network, which
allows you to display the links between the products of the project phases and create a
potential set of product chains of the project phases.
4. Product identification shows the compliance of a particular product to a cluster and consists
of creating an information model of the real product chain of the project phases (Table 1).
Table 1
Characteristics of the stages of formation of the phases products of the eco-logistic system project
Stage Research Tools Model Result
Specification Theory of pattern Descriptive models of Set of parameters of
recognition products products of the project
phases
Clustering Information models of Sets of values of
product clusters parameters of clusters
of products of the
project
Structuring The morphological A network of product The set of potential
method, fuzzy set clusters product chains of the
theory project phases
Identification Fuzzy set theory Chain information The optimal set of
model products of the project
project products phases
The specification of product parameters is to create descriptive models that reflect the properties of
products that characterize the products of the project phases as objects of consumption. It is proposed
to use the tools of pattern recognition theory (frame modelling) for identification. It is possible to give
the characteristic of the eco-logistic system products using frame models containing the information
on the properties of separate phases products. The frame is a universal information structure that not
only stores the necessary information about the characteristics of the object, phenomenon or process
under study but also indicates the relationships between them and other information objects [11].
Such properties of frames allow creating a network of frames in which interrelations between
elements are reflected that is an adequate tool for research not only communications between products
but also between separate parameters of products of an eco-logistic system project phases. The
product frame of the project phase has a certain structure and consists of elements - slots
(characteristics, attributes, properties, parameters), which show the characteristics of the frame -
specific information about the product. Depending on the amount of information that contains the
content of the frame, they are divided into:
• sample frames (prototypes, photo frames) - templates for describing entities that have a
common structure and behaviour (for example, a prototype frame of a project product);
• instance frames - the implementation of a frame that reflects specific entities, phenomena,
processes, etc. (for example, a frame instance of the project product) (Table 2).
Table 2
Types of frames on the information load in the project
Type Characteristics of Slots Interpretation of Example of a
frames frames frame frames in the frame in a project
project
Frames- Templates for Characteristics Reflect Project phase, a
prototypes describing abstract (parameters) of knowledge of product of the
entities that have a the frame general concepts project phase,
common structure without specific in the project. process,
and behaviour. values. operation, event,
risk situation.
Copies frames Implement a frame Characteristics Reflect Product of the
that reflects specific (parameters) with knowledge of investment phase
objects, specific values specific concepts of the eco-logistic
phenomena, and in the project. system project,
situations, corresponding recycling a
processes, etc. procedures. circular process.
The frame model is universal and can, depending on the content, display information through frame-
objects (frame of the product cluster of the investment phase of the project), role-frames (frame of the
project investor), frames-operations (processes) (frame of the planning process), scenario frames
(project product chain frame), situation frames (project underfunding risk frame) (Table 3).
Table 3
Types of frames on the content in the project
Type frames Interpretation of frames in the Example of a frame in a project
project
Frames-objects Reflect the elements of the Project life cycle, life cycle
project content, basic concepts phase, a product of the project
and components of the project. phase, project resource
potental.
Frames-roles Reflect the roles of project Project participant, project
stakeholders, team members, customer, investor, project
project executors. team leader.
Frames-situations Reflect situations that are Milestone event of the project,
planned to occur or can occur risk situation in the project.
in the project.
Frames-operations (processes) Reflect the processes WBS-structure, work package,
(management and operational) project management process,
of the project and their logistics business process.
components (functions,
operations, works).
Frames-scripts Reflects alternative ways of The alternative project, project
project development. product chain, etc.
At the stage of a specification to determine the characteristics that are inherent in the products of the
project phases, it is possible using of product prototype frames. In the frame model, each product is
described by a set of slots - parameters. Formation of a set of parameters X f = x1f ;...; x jf ;...; xJf f ,
( )
characterizing the product of the phase f , f = 1; F the project, is a heuristic operation and depends
on the required amount of information about the product for further research. Relationships are
observed between the products of the eco-logistic system project phases, which reflect the dependence
of the some products characteristics on the properties of others. The formation of project products
over time is the result of an orderly sequence of each project phase works and is carried out, starting
with the pre-investment and ending with the revitalization phase. From the point of view of the goal-
setting process during project development, the sequence of product parameters formation has the
opposite direction and is carried out starting from the products of the operational and regenerative
phase and ending with the product of the pre-investment phase (Fig. 2).
The product of the operational phase - a set of services to promote direct material flow generates a
product of the regenerative phase - a set of services to promote reverse material flow. The
characteristics of the direct material flow (volumes and composition of the product; properties of the
substances that make up the product; consumption and reusability, etc.) depend on the characteristics
of the reverse recycling flow (volumes, composition, flow intensity, recycling processes that can be
used, etc.). It also affects the composition of the participants and the structure of the eco-logistic
system (its straight linear section).
The characteristics of the investment phase product are influenced by the regenerative phase product
- a set of services to promote the reverse material flow. The eco-logistic system itself produces the
product of the revitalization phase - a set of actions to eliminate the negative consequences of the eco-
logistic system creation and functioning and the ecosystem recovery.
Figure 2: Relationships between the products of the phases of the eco-logistic system project
Clustering of the project phases products consists in creation of products clusters the having close
values of parameters. Since the formation of product characteristics is carried out at the beginning of
the project life cycle, to accurately determine the values of the parameters is quite problematic. The
necessary information is not enough for this procedure. The problem can be solved by creating
clusters of the project phases products with similar parameter values. It is proposed to represent
product clusters using the product cluster instances, which are created based on product prototype
frames and contain information about the values of product parameter slots included in this cluster.
The clustering task is to divide the space of product parameter values into areas corresponding to
( ) ( )
specific clusters С g f , f = 1; F , g = 1; G f , to minimize the possible number of errors in assigning
f
the product to the cluster. Sets of project phases products clusters are formed
C f = c1f ;...; cgf f ;...; cGf f ( f = 1; F ) . As a result of clustering, the product of the project
,
described by the set of parameters
X f = x1f ;...; x jf ;...; xJf f
f
(
, )
f = 1; F , which take values
X jf = x jf1 ;...; x jnf ;...; x jNf , ( j = 1; J f ) , refers to a specific cluster С g f . It is possible to characterize
f
the products of the project using of quantitative and qualitative parameters. Depending on whether
the parameter belongs to a certain group, the measurement scale and the method of determining the
similarity of the parameter are chosen. The frame instance of the cluster must contain information
about the value of the qualitative parameter or the range of the quantitative parameters values.
The structuring of product clusters is the next step in the formation of project product parameters,
which leads to the creation of a network structure, nodes of which are clusters of project products,
represented by appropriate instances, between which there are links to create many alternatives to
potential project product chains. The apparatus of fuzzy set theory allows taking into account the
uncertainty when creating product chains of the project phases. It is used to analyze the structural
links between clusters, which is not only to determine the presence or absence of links between
certain products clusters of different project phases, but also to identify levels of these links
dominance , which is important for further chain creation of the project phases products.
It is suggested that the relationships between products be displayed as fuzzy relationships between
f +k
( ) ( )
product clusters С g f RС g f +k , k = − K , K , g = 1, G f . Under fuzzy relations is understood as a
f
f +k
fuzzy relation R on the direct product of universal sets С g f and С g f +k , that takes values on the
f
set of membership functions [12]. Fuzzy relationships between product clusters of project phases are
defined by their membership functions (
R С gf , С gf + k
f f +k
) , which reflect the degree of
correspondence (affinity) between product clusters that are at the appropriate network levels and have
connections.
Fuzzy relations between clusters of products are represented in the form of matrices of relations, rows
and columns of which are matched by clusters of products, and at the intersection of rows and
columns are the functions of belonging to fuzzy relations (Table 4).
Table 4
Matrix of fuzzy relationships between clusters of products
Product Product clusters of the f+k phase of the project
clusters of C1f +k … C gf f++kk … CGf f++kk
project f
phase
Cf 1 R ( C1 , C1
f f +k …
) f f +k …
(
R С1 , Cg f +k
) (
R C1f , CGf f++kk )
… … … … … …
C f
gf (
R C , C f
gf 1
f +k
) …
(
R C , C f
gf
f +k
g f +k ) …
(
R Cgf f , CGf f++kk )
… … … … … …
C f
Gf (
R C , C f
Gf 1
f +k
) …
(
R C , C f
Gf
f +k
g f +k ) …
(
R CGf f , CGf f++kk )
Information about fuzzy relationships between product clusters allows you to form on the product
network many variants of the project phases product chains, based on fuzzy relationships and the
degree of dominance of these relationships. In hierarchical order, the network levels are arranged as
follows (bottom to top):
• clusters of the operational phase products - complexes of logistics services to promote direct
material flow С g =
3
C ;...; C ;...; C ;
3
1
3
g3
3
G3
• clusters of the regenerative phase products - complexes of logistics services to promote the
reverse material flow С g =
4
C ;...; C ;...; C ;
1
4 4
g4
4
G4
• clusters of the investment phase products - eco-logistic systems
g
С = C ;...; C ;...; C
2
1
2 2
g2
2
G2 ;
• clusters of the revitalization phase products - options for ecosystem revival
g
С = C ;...; C ;...; CG55
5 5
1
5
g5 ;
• clusters of the pre-investment phase products - documented projects of the eco-logistic system
С1g = C11 ;...; C1g1 ;...; CG11 (Fig.3)
When creating a chain link between clusters at different levels of the network, those clusters are
selected, the degree of dominance of fuzzy relationships between which reaches the maximum
possible value.
Also, when advancing on the network, it is necessary to take into account the threshold values of the
relations dominance degree R , which is determined by the priority of creating a link between
products clusters in terms of achieving the maximum value of the project. The value of this type of
projects is proposed to be considered from the standpoint of compliance with the basic rules of eco-
logistic: the necessary product, in the right quality, in the right quantity, in the right place, at the right
time, the right consumer, with minimal costs and minimal eco-destructive impact [13].
Figure 3: Network of products of the phases of the project of the eco-logistic system
If the membership function does not reach the threshold value,
(
R Cgf , Сgf + k
f f +k
) R
(1)
the fuzzy ratio is considered insignificant. Therefore, progress in this direction and the inclusion of
this area in the production chain is not appropriate. Otherwise, when the membership function has
exceeded the threshold value
(
R Cg , Сg
f
f
f +k
f +k
) R
(2)
advancement to another level of the network on this branch is possible. We propose to apply fuzzy
relations as a threshold value of the membership function. Many variants of pairs of clusters of
products of project phases are formed
( ) (
D f ; f + k = Cgf f ; Cgf f++kk ;...; Cgf f ; Cgf f++kk
1 s f ; f +k
) (
;...; Cgf f ; Cgf f++kk
)
, f = 1; F ) , ( g = 1; G ) ,
S f ; f +k (
( k = − K ; K ) , which include pairs of clusters at certain levels of the cluster network, between which
connections have been established that have crossed the membership function of fuzzy relations
threshold.
The following cluster pairs sets are created on the network of the eco-logistic system project phases
product clusters:
( ) ( ) ;...; (C ;C )
D3;4 = Cg33 ; Cg44 ;...; Cg33 ; Cg44
1 s
3
g3
4
g4
S3;4
,
D = ( C ; C ) ;...; ( C ; C ) ;...; ( C ; C )
3;2 3
g3
2
g2
3
g3
2
g2
3
g3
2
g2 ,
1 s S3;2
(
D 4;2 = Cg44 ; Cg22 ) ;...; (C ; C ) ;...; (C ; C ) ,
1
4
g4
2
g2 s
4
g4
2
g2 S4;2
( ) ( ) ;...; (C ; C )
D 2;5 = Cg22 ; Cg55 ;...; Cg22 ; Cg55
1 s
2
g2
5
g5
S2;5
,
D = ( C ; C ) ;...; ( C ; C ) ;...; ( C ; C )
3;1 3
g3
1
g1
3
g3
1
g1
3
g3
1
g1 ,
1 s S3;1
D = ( C ; C ) ;...; ( C ; C ) ;...; ( C ; C )
4;1 4
g4
1
g1 1
4
g4
1
g1 s
4
g4
1
g1 S ,
4;1
D = ( C ; C ) ;...; ( C ; C ) ;...; ( C ; C )
2;1 2
g2
1
g1 1
2
g2
1
g1 s
2
g2
1
g1 S ,
2;1
D = ( C ; C ) ;...; ( C ; C ) ;...; ( C ; C )
5;1 5
g5
1
g1
5
g5
1
g1
5
g5
1
g1 .
1 s S5;1
The number of possible combinations of product clusters will be determined by the formula:
( )
E
Q = Cgf f ; Cgf f++kk (3)
e =1
The approach, which involves considering all possible variants of cluster pairs, guarantees their
participation in further study of product chains and requires considerable time for calculations. To
reduce the problem to a smaller dimension and significantly reduce the number of calculations allows
the use of morphological synthesis of product chains, which is aimed at creating the optimal criterion
for the value of the chain. The priority of the application of the chain lh , h = 1; H , the products of ( )
the project phases from the set of circuits L = l1 ;...; lh ;...; lH is determined by calculating the total
value of fuzzy relations dominance degree. Formalization of the process is carried out using the
operation of combining the functions of membership of fuzzy relationships between clusters of
products in individual sections of the network branch
R ( lh ) = (
R Chgf ; Chgf + k
f f +k
) (4)
( f = 1, F ) , ( g = 1, G ) , ( k = −K , K ) , ( h = 1, H ) .
Thus, the product chains include those clusters that provide the maximum possible products total
value that fall into the clusters located on the chain. The project phases products identification is to
recognize the compliance of a particular product to a particular products cluster and is carried out by
creating an information model of the product chain - a code structure that reflects the compliance
degree of slot parameters a frame instance of the product cluster. It is possible to display the
affiliation of a product variant Рmf f , belonging to a set of product variants
P f = p1f ;...; pmf f ;...; pMf f , ( m = 1; M ) , a certain phase f, ( f = 1, F ) a project, to a cluster of
f
this phase products, thanks to a comparative analysis of product variant parameter values to product
cluster parameters C g f ,
f
( g = 1, G ) . The belonging of a product to a certain cluster is expressed by
f
the membership degrees of the product parameters values to the values of product parameters
belonging to a certain cluster xm f jn , C f
gj
( x ) . The product of the project belongs to the
m f jn
cluster for which the value of the general characteristic function, which reflects the degree of the
product membership, reaches the maximum value. The parameters can vary in importance, it should
be taken into account when calculating the total membership function using normalized weights j .
C ( Pmf ) =
j C f ( xmjn ) xmj X mjf
,
f
g gj
(5)
( f = 1, F ) , ( g = 1, G ) , ( m = 1, M ) , ( j = 1, J ) , ( n = 1, N )
f f f
where - normalized weighting factor, which reflects the level of the j parameter product
j
importance, C f ( xmj ) - the degree to which the values of the product j parameter Рm
f
belong
gj
to the set of values corresponding to the cluster С g .
f
Areas for determining the membership functions of individual parameters should have a lower
limit of the threshold value
( )
xmj / Cf
gj
xmj j (6)
where j 1 .
The preliminary setting of threshold values of parameters belonging degrees will allow avoiding
inclusion in project phases products chains those products which have inadmissible values of separate
parameters. Thus, it is possible to form a project products configuration in the form of a real
productschain with such values of product parameters, through which it is possible to implement an
eco-logistic system project in compliance with environmental rules and achieve the maximum
possible value of the project.
4. Conclusion
The offered mechanism of the eco-logistic system project products configuration creation allows
forming products chains whereby which it is possible to reach the maximum of the general value of
the received project results. The formation of the configuration is carried out in four stages. The
specification of product parameters is to create descriptive models of products that contain the set of
parameters required to characterize the project phase product. Product clustering involves the
creation of product clusters information models that contain information about the set of the project
phases products that have similar parameter values. Structuring product clusters leads to a network of
project product clusters, which allows to reflect the links between the products of the project phases
and create a potential set of product chains, which include products that provide maximum value of
the project eco-logistic system. Product identification, by creating an information model, reflects the
compliance of a particular product to a particular cluster and consists in the synthesis of a real project
products chain.
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