=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2851/paper39
|storemode=property
|title=Business Process Management of Virtual Enterprise based on Augmented Reality
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2851/paper39.pdf
|volume=Vol-2851
|authors=Oleg Dulishkovych,Hrystyna Lipyanina,Oleg Sachenko,Taras Lendyuk,Oleksandr Osolinskiy,Ivan Kit
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/itpm/DulishkovychLSL21
}}
==Business Process Management of Virtual Enterprise based on Augmented Reality==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2851/paper39.pdf
Business Process Management of Virtual Enterprise based on
Augmented Reality
Oleg Dulishkovycha, Hrystyna Lipyaninaa, Oleg Sachenkoa, Taras Lendyuka, Oleksandr
Osolinskiya, Ivan Kita
a
West Ukrainian National University, Lvivska Str., 11, Ternopil, 46000, Ukraine
Abstract
Authors proposed a generalized structure of the information space for a virtual enterprise and
developed the architecture of its core-virtual office using augmented reality (AR). The article
reveals the essence and significance of virtual enterprises and their management. The basic
principles of virtual enterprises are defined. The structural scheme of the organization of
virtual enterprise management by means of the augmented reality is presented. The main
features that reveal the meaning of the concept of "virtual office of a virtual enterprise" are
identified. The paper offers a generalized structure of the information space of a virtual
enterprise with augmented reality and developed the architecture of its main virtual office
using augmented reality. Implementation of the information space of a virtual enterprise with
augmented reality is possible with the help of the following blocks of the control system:
complex process models; process optimization algorithms; dynamic model of operational
management. The main components of the virtual office architecture of a virtual enterprise
with the use of augmented reality are presented. The main resource for managing a virtual
office is the enterprise knowledge base, in which employees can quickly find information to
make the right decision and understand each other. Based on the simulation experiment, the
equation of the online store (as an example of a virtual enterprise) in modes without and
using augmented reality is compiled. The creation of models and the modeling process itself
takes place in the AnyLogic modeling environment. The results of the experiment confirmed
that the use of augmented reality can reduce the processing time of orders in three times. All
1000 orders are processed in 17 hours. Manpower was fully utilized. Further research will be
the development of an integrated virtual environment for virtual enterprises using augmented
reality.
Keywords 1
augmented reality, virtual enterprise, virtual office, simulation model.
1. Introduction
The development of the global economy and the emergence of information and communication
technologies have given rise to a new – virtual structure of enterprise organization. A virtual
enterprise (VE) is a temporary alliance of enterprises that come together to share core competencies
and resources to better organize a multi-project business to realize market opportunities and whose
collaboration is based on networking. A virtual organization is formed by selecting of human,
economic, material, organizational, scientific, technical and other resources from different companies
and their integration using computer networks. This one makes opportunity of creation a flexible and
active organizational system, which is more adapted to the fastest release and timely delivery of a new
product to the market.
Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop IT Project Management (ITPM 2021), February 16-18, 2021, Slavsko, Lviv region, Ukraine
EMAIL: dylishkovycholeg@gmail.com, xrustya.com@gmail.com, olsachenko231@gmail.com, tl@wunu.edu.ua,
osolinskiy.oleksandr@gmail.com, kitivan400@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0002-8826-3619; 0000-0002-2441-6292; 0000-0001-9337-8341; 0000-0001-9484-8333; 0000-0002-0136-395X;
©️ 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
That is, the creation of a virtual enterprise means the integration of unique experience, production
capabilities and advanced technologies of partner companies to implement a project that cannot be
performed by each of the partners separately. In this today, augmented reality comes to the aid of
virtual enterprises. World sales of goods and services related to augmented and virtual reality
technologies, from 11.4 billion dollars. In 2017 will increase to almost 215 billion dollars. in 2021,
according to IDC analysts [1]. Thus, the average market volume will grow annually by 113.2%.
There are already companies in the world that are actively investing in augmented reality,
companies usually implement this technology for specific scenarios to solve certain business
problems. It is primarily about increasing productivity and increasing efficiency. In the coming years,
augmented reality will master a number of specific areas: on-site service, logistics, warehousing,
repair, design, management and many other areas.
In addition, the development of practically implemented augmented reality models and
substantiation of proposals for business process management of a virtual enterprise based on them
remain unresolved.
2. Related Work
The system [2] performs local face detection and face tracking on a device (e.g. a smartphone) and
then refers to a cloud service to recognize faces based on the user’s personal contact list (gallery).
Authors [3] describe how to use AR for enriching the Konzerthaus Berlin printed media. It has been
studied [4] that construction management students easily perceive augmented reality, which has a
cognitive benefit in educational institutions. Authors [5] proposed to implement AR for improving the
Grow Box System in smart house within IoT environment. The effects of using AR in joint project
management teams with special attention to motivation and emotional activation have been studied
[6]. The methodology of using AR and implementation in real industrial research in cooperation with
a small enterprise in the sector of used electronic and electrical equipment and waste (UEEE / WEEE)
is proposed [13].
In [14] augmented reality user interfaces and control of automated systems based on information
about user activity and preliminary preparation of information are presented. Authors [15] developed
the concept of VR hypermodel solution for visualization, navigation and interaction with ArchiMate
models and business process modeling notations in VR is presented.
In [8] the Enterprise Architecture Framework for Cities has been proposed to support their
reasonable maneuverability in spatial data to create value-added services through a variety of shared
networks or virtual enterprises that span organizational boundaries. In [9] the so-somatic solution for
assessing the readiness of joint technologies for Industry 4.0 for virtual enterprises is proposed. A
Reference [10] presents international social entrepreneurship as a form of social entrepreneurship that
uses innovative technologies supported by information and communication technologies and a
network with international partners as a virtual network of enterprises to create social and economic
values abroad. In [11] a proposal is considered based on the digital economy to create
environmentally friendly virtual enterprises and implement the correspondent solutions for products
and services. In [16] an integrated information system is developed for modelling the changes of key
parameters of IT projects using cloud data warehouses and was proposed a method for analyzing the
effects of changes on the terms of project execution. In [17] was developed the strategy of proactive
formation of project team competencies within an industrial enterprise to form a project team
considering the accumulated experience and knowledge of its participants.
In general, it can be noted that despite the importance of the research, the above references do not
offer specific concepts of virtual enterprise management based on augmented reality. Therefore, the
purpose of this paper is to improve the management of business processes of a virtual enterprise on
the basis of augmented reality.
3. Virtual Enterprise Management with AR
For a virtual enterprise, the functioning of a virtual team and a virtual office is important. In a
virtual team, members are geographically distant from each other and connected through electronic
communication channels, performing common tasks using applications to support group work.
enterprise based on the principles of teleworking, which means work outside the office, for example,
work at home, mobile work. This is why the use of augmented reality (AR) is important for a virtual
enterprise.
Virtual enterprises are based on the following principles:
first – the rejection of the enterprise territorial integrity;
secondly – partners for the production of a joint product exist as long as their supplies meet quality
standards and the manufacturability level;
third – in the global economy, partners must be sought around the world;
fourth – it is profitably to have a flexible structure of enterprise, with maximal efficient in using of
existing and acquired resources;
fifth – in the conditions of fast development of technologies it is unprofitable to invest big money
in purchasing of equipment or large buildings, especially if it is not known what volume of production
will be let out;
sixth – it is desirable to reduce non-production costs, this is primarily related to management.
To build an effective virtual enterprise, it is necessary to solve two basic tasks:
• develop a functional and organizational framework of the virtual enterprise (determine the
rules of virtual enterprise and form a model of a combined information space);
• develop an operational management system designed to solve the problems of operational
distribution of individual technological operations in accordance with available resources of the
participants of the virtual enterprise (agents) and further coordination of activities in the process of
fulfilling the customer’s order.
The issue of management system development is the most complex, as process management in a
virtual enterprise is associated with a number of features: unstable system structure and related
management flexibility requirements, the processes complexity increases many times due to
cooperation of different enterprises, expanding search space due to the increasing degree of processes
complexity, the presence of several distributed sources of information that must be coordinated in real
time using AR (Fig. 1).
Principles of Competition and Legal Independence
Storage at
Storage of materials Transportation Manufacturing Transportation
manufacturing
Virtual Enterprise
Transportation Transportation
Combined information space
AR
AR
Supplier Rules of a virtual enterprise Packaging
Organizational level
Transportation
AR
Storage of final
Purchasers Transportation Warehouse Transportation
products
The principle of free entry / exit (the principle of open systems)
Figure 1. Block diagram of the organization of virtual enterprise management using AR
The introduction of information technology should be accompanied by a change in business
processes and enterprise’s principles. This led to the emergence of the process modeling stage in
transition to new forms and the creation of a methodology for changing processes, the introduction of
process management principles in enterprises and obtaining a basis for the introduction of information
technology[18-26].
The Internet and Web 2.0 technologies are potentially relevant for internal collaboration and
knowledge management for both the virtual office and the virtual enterprise. This has led to the
widespread establishment and use of so-called corporate social networks, which are internal tools of
Web 2.0. Typically, these internal networking jobs are available through the most common devices:
browsers on laptops and desktops or other portable devices such as iPads or smartphones. However,
technological advances are further pushing the boundaries of IT availability. In particular, smart
glasses with AR, are the latest advances in information and communication technologies. For
example, smart AR glasses are worn like regular glasses, and include virtual information in the user’s
field of vision, the so-called information “at hand” during operation. Bright examples are Google
Glass, Elbit / Everysight Raptor, Microsoft HoloLens, or Epson Moverio.
The virtual enterprise management system should be built taking into account of two main aspects:
on the one hand, the network approach; on the other hand, combined system should be formed to
provide the necessary communications to all employees and virtual enterprise systems to support the
necessary work processes.
The information space of a virtual enterprise is an environment for the integration of various
information systems and the basis for coordinating the activities of agents of a virtual enterprise.
Previous analysis showed that the architecture of the information space of a virtual enterprise with
AR should include the following elements (Fig. 2) functional “core” and a common “virtual”
information space.
The key element (functional core) of the presented architecture is the center of business process
management and coordination, in particular:
• planning and managing the execution of customer orders (analysis of the external
environment, configuration of the process of creating value and distribution of work between
agents);
• analysis of the implementation of processes (identification of the causes of deviations of the
actual values of individual elements of the processes with the planned);
• accumulation of information on the best process configurations for further use and
improvement.
System of agent 1 control
Answer: Answer:
Division of labour Capacity, storage
etc.
Data accounting of
processes execution
Information channel
Answer: Agents Answer: Agents
offer offer
Answer: Answer:
Query: Division of
Division of Agent labor
labor capabilities
Common DB ERP /CSRP /
Storage and updating of SCM /CRM
agents data Storage and accounting
of basic data
AR Database
Request: Terms Store and update data on the
System of agent 2 of participation
of agents work of the virtual team Query: Agent capabilities System of agent 3
control control
Functional "core" of the integrated
information space with augmented
reality
Answer: Division of labor
Answer: power,
stocks, etc.
System of agent 4 control
Figure 2. The general scheme of architecture of information space of the virtual enterprise with AR
The virtual enterprise coordination center can be implemented in the form of a virtual office with
AR, which ensures the functioning of the virtual enterprise on the basis of computer networks in real
time, taking into account the territorial distribution of virtual enterprise objects. Based on this, the
virtual office architecture of a virtual enterprise using AR includes the following main components
(Fig. 3):
AR virtual space
AR Database
Users Subsystem of Specialized functional
applications
User access control
Subsystem of Standard business
applications
Document management
Structured
information
Document export /
import subsystem
Scanning documents Subsystem of Document-oriented
Text recognition specialized applications
Document storage management
Fax service Unstructured
Email information
Computer telephony
Internet
Traditional document
repository
Figure 3. Virtual office architecture using AR
• local networks and the Internet;
• international standard for data exchange, for example for STEP (Standard for the Exchange of
Product model data);
• application interoperability standards, such as Common Object Request Broker Architecture
(CORBA) standards;
• AR object description standard – ARML 2.0 language.
The main features that reveal the meaning of the concept of “virtual office of virtual enterprise”
are the following:
• integration of the best tools and experience in different companies within the strategically
appropriate management team of company;
• organization of business around key processes (end-to-end business processes of the projects
and products life cycle);
• education of autonomous working groups, ensuring cooperation and coordination of
individuals and teams, spatially distant from each other;
• temporary nature, flexibility, the possibility of rapid education, development, restructuring
and disbandment at the right time;
• a combination of decentralization and centralization in management with the predominant
development of decentralized (distributed) management, the priority of coordination;
• the widest possible distribution and flexible redistribution of power, decision-making at all
levels of the organizational hierarchy, a combination of communication ascending and descending;
• organization of specialists’ group interaction using computers, including “meeting on the
network” and coordinated workflows, ensuring the free exchange of ideas within and between the
organizational hierarchy levels;
• development of heterogeneous computer environments and networks, using of client-server
architecture, the use of groupware (classware).
Software-communication environment of the virtual office is based on continuous information
support of the company’s life cycle.
The information support of the virtual office can have different basic technology of information
transmission and storage. Paper documents, letters and notes, bulletin boards, corporate newspapers,
telephones – all this is a traditional technology for information storing and transmitting. From the
information point of view, communication is the knowledge search and transfer within business
processes. There are three major groups of methods for managing information support of business
processes, including:
• Representation of office and managers activities in terms of resources (finance, inventory,
staff), while ensuring resource management and control.
• Presentation of the office work and managers as a system of business processes. Here the
central concepts are: process, function, data, event. The main purpose of management for these
methods is to ensure coordination of events and functions.
• Representation of the office and managers as a system of small teams of staff who solve a
common problem, and in the role of organizing factors are knowledge and effective
communication.
The main resource of management is the knowledge base of the enterprise, in which employees
can quickly find information to make the right decision and understand each other. This base
concentrates the team’s collective experience and creates the context of corporate communications.
The main purpose of management is to ensure coordination, communication and rapid search for
information for independent decision-making.
4. Simulation of Business Processes of Virtual Enterprise Management with
AR
An important resource for managing a virtual enterprise is a knowledge base in which can be
quickly found information to make the right decision. However, the development of a single
information space of a virtual enterprise is a labor-intensive and costly project, so it is worth
evaluating the benefits of using AR in the management of a virtual enterprise.
Conducting a conference in the developed AR Remote Assistant, will look like following (Fig. 4).
Development of video chat for project management of a virtual enterprise is carried out in Unity3D.
Unity Editor has a simple Drag & Drop interface that is easy to customize, consisting of different
windows, so it is possible debugging of 3D visualization directly in the editor.
The developed application gives only a small part, the possibility of AR using in project
management. Therefore, for further development it is necessary to consider opportunities: in working
with documentation processes, displaying best practices in the project, frequently asked questions,
error analysis, contact information and others. That is, the information that users need, as they say “at
hand” during operation.
Consider this on the example of the business process of planning and managing the execution of
customer orders (see Figure 2) in the online store – a kind of virtual enterprise. For the experiment,
we will simulate the functioning of the online store in the normal mode (without the use of AR) and in
the mode using AR, which will reveal the amount of time spent from ordering goods to delivery to the
customer. The creation of models and the simulation experiment itself was implemented in the
AnyLogic modeling environment.
Figures 5 and 6 show the process of ordering goods in an online store as an object that can be a
virtual enterprise, here is the ordinate – the number of orders, here is the abscissa-time, h.
Figure 4. Conference in AR Remote Assistant
Figure 5. Process modeling of online store operation without using AR
At the first stage, customers form an application. Orders are transferred to operators (5 people)
who accept orders and contact the store operators (5 people), who check the availability of goods in
store and print invoices. Invoices are handed over to the store operator (1 person), who inspects the
goods with the invoice and transfers it to the driver for delivery (1 person). The driver of delivery
again compares the goods with the consignment note and transfers them for loading, after which the
goods are delivered to the customer.
Therefore, we will perform modeling for 1000 orders (Fig. 4), for modeling we selected data from
the popular site Rozetka [12], which states that 70 orders are processed per hour. An error occurred
after 267 processed orders, due to the fact that the store operators were overloaded and did not have
time to process the order. Accordingly, the simulation of the model suspended for 13.5 hours of
operation of the online store. Of course, it can increase the number of operators, but this will lead to
constant additional costs.
Consider the structure of the model of the online store using AR (Fig. 6). After receiving the order,
the operator with the help of AR verifies the goods in the warehouse and forms an invoice directly in
the system, which significantly reduces the cost of time. Next, store operator and driver of delivery in
the accelerated mode (due to the presence of AR) perform the operations described above.
Figure 6. Process modeling of online store operation using AR
Next, we will simulate the work of the online store using AR (Fig. 6). The input data for modeling,
selected the same as for the operation of the online store without the use of AR. All 1000 orders
processed in 17 hours. Labor resources were fully used. If we compare both models (see Fig. 5 and
Fig. 6), it is easy to calculate that the use of AR can reduce the processing time of orders by about 3
times. In addition, the use of AR makes it possible to reduce labor resources, namely the shop
operator can easily perform the work of a store operator. Therefore, the use of AR in the work of the
online store, allows three times faster to process orders compared to the existing approach. and makes
it possible to increase the workload on employees to 109 orders per hour.
5. Conclusions
The generalized structure of the information space of the virtual enterprise is offered and the
architecture of its core – the virtual office with the use of augmented reality is developed. The
advantages of using AR in the management of a virtual enterprise are evaluated on the example of the
business process of planning and managing the execution of customer orders within the online store –
a kind of virtual enterprise. To do this, a simulation experiment was conducted and a comparison of
the online store in modes without and using AR. It is shown that the use of AR can reduce the
processing time of orders by three times. Moreover, the use of AR makes it possible to decrease labor
resources, namely the store operator can easily perform the work of a warehouse operator. The
direction of further research will be the development of an integrated virtual environment for virtual
enterprises using augmented reality based on a virtual project approach-innovative web-based project
management Software.
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