=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2914/Paper27.pdf
|storemode=property
|title=Features of the Tourism Industry Development in the Context of Overcoming the Consequences of COVID-19
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2914/paper27.pdf
|volume=Vol-2914
|authors=Anna A. Dorofeeva,Elena Yu. Ponomareva,Anatoliy N. Kazak,Nikolay N. Oleinikov,Anna A. Kazak
}}
==Features of the Tourism Industry Development in the Context of Overcoming the Consequences of COVID-19==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2914/paper27.pdf
307
Features of the Tourism Industry Development in the
Context of Overcoming the Consequences of COVID-19*
Anna A. Dorofeeva1[0000-0003-0328-16051], Elena Yu. Ponomareva1[0000-0003-2060-033X],
Anatoliy N. Kazak1[0000-0001-7678-9210], Nikolay N. Oleinikov1[0000-0002-9348-9153],
and Anna A. Kazak2
1 V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Prospekt Vernadskogo 4, Simferopol, 295007,
Russian Federation
2 Udmurt State University, Universitetskaya St. 1, Izhevsk, 426034, Russian Federation
3 Adyghe State University, Pervomayskaya, St, 208, Maykop, Republic of Adygea, 385000
Russian Federation,
kazak_a@mail.ru
Abstract. The paper examines the trends and prospects for the development of
the tourism industry in the context of overcoming the consequences of COVID-
19. The pandemic of the new coronavirus infection has hit the tourism industry
very hard. The tourist flow decreased by more than half, and incomes fell accord-
ingly. The recovery will very much depend on how the pandemic progresses and
on the state of affairs in the economy. The Russian travel industry was not ready
for a surge in summer demand from Russian tourists, and a significant increase
in prices for quality hotels exposed the problem of their shortage on the market.
The program to stimulate domestic tourism is an absolute innovation in promot-
ing regions and certainly an effective tool to stimulate sales in the tourism indus-
try at the country level.
Keywords: Economic Growth; COVID-19, Domestic Tourism.
1 Introduction
The global tourism industry is the third-largest export sector in the world economy after
fuels and chemicals, accounting for 7% of global trade in 2019. In January-May 2020
alone, the tourism sector lost almost a third of a trillion dollars. In addition, more than
120 million jobs were at risk.
Every tenth inhabitant of the Earthworks in the field of tourism. It provides liveli-
hoods for hundreds of millions of people not directly involved in it. The importance of
tourism can hardly be overestimated because it is not only an important component of
the world economy but also allows the inhabitants of the planet to exchange cultural
values and brings them together. The pandemic of the new coronavirus infection has
* Copyright 2021 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
308
hit the tourism industry very hard. The tourist flow has more than halved, and revenues
have dropped accordingly.
The negative impact of the coronavirus on tourism is a very strong shock even for
rich developed countries, but for developing countries and, especially, island states and
African countries, the pandemic is a disaster. The pandemic is indeed the biggest shock
to the tourism sector in developing countries, with the tourism sector accounting for
more than 20% of GDP in some countries.
The tourism industry's export losses in the first five months of this year were $ 320
billion, three times the loss of 2009, which was the peak of the global financial crisis.
No country has managed to secure its tourism sector from Covid. According to the
UNWTO forecast, for the entire 2020, the global tourism sector may lose from 0.96 to
1.2 trillion dollars. This will lead to a decrease in the GDP of the entire planet by 1.5 -
2.8%. The situation in the tourism sector also affects related sectors of the economy,
including food production, which employs 144 million people worldwide. A significant
number of them may also lose their jobs. Small tour operators are especially vulnerable
to the coronavirus.
Particular attention should be paid to the cultural component of tourism, which is a
key means of preserving natural and cultural heritage. Natural tourism accounts for
about 7% of the entire tourism sector. Moreover, this segment is developing especially
rapidly - up to 3% growth annually. Falling incomes have led to an increase in poaching
and environmental destruction around protected areas. The fall in income will also lead
to the closure of many UNESCO World Heritage Sites that supply the nearby popula-
tion [1, 2, 3, 4].
Recovery will largely depend on how the pandemic develops and the state of the
economy.
2 Main content.
The travel industry around the world has proven to be the most vulnerable due to the
pandemic, border closures, and other quarantine restrictions. In Russia, international
transport links have been closed since the end of March. Rostourism has already esti-
mated the industry's losses at one and a half trillion rubles, which is half of its annual
turnover, and as a result, the amount may turn out to be even higher. Some companies
have suspended their activities, but so far there are no bankrupts among tour operators
for some reasons, including thanks to the new tour operator liability insurance system
and operational measures of state support.
After a record last year's turnover of 3.7 trillion rubles, the Russian tourism industry
has plummeted this year due to the pandemic. According to the head of Rostourism, in
just six months, the industry lost 1.5 trillion rubles. Since the industry, whose contribu-
tion to the country's GDP is estimated at almost 3.4%, continues to generate losses,
losses at the end of the year may be even greater. Travel companies' revenues from
inbound and outbound tourism have dropped to almost zero over the past three months.
In April and May, there were no domestic sales either [4, 5, 6, 7].
Today, leading tour operators have switched to organizing travel within the country.
309
In recent weeks, against the backdrop of bans on international flights, this segment of
the tourist market began to grow actively: the Russians who stayed locked up after the
lifting of restrictions preferred to hastily get out of their cities.
According to the estimates of the Association of Tour Operators of Russia (ATOR),
as of March, about 600 thousand unfulfilled obligations of travel companies had accu-
mulated on the market, about 200 thousand more were canceled with a refund to cus-
tomers. In total, by the beginning of March, the Russians made an advance payment of
about 50 billion rubles, some managed to get the money back at the expense of the fund
of the industry association "Turpomosch", which does not have enough funds for eve-
ryone.
Since the beginning of the year, the turnover for outbound and inbound tours has
decreased by 98 percent. Almost everyone now agrees to postpone tours, since the law
now allows this to be done instead of a mandatory refund. Some are ready for the fact
that they will be paid vouchers, or will wait until the end of 2021 when they can get
their money back. We are talking about a law passed in early June that allowed the
government to introduce special rules for the return of money by tour operators to cli-
ents for canceled tours: if a tourist does not agree to postpone a voucher to a later date,
then he can receive his money only next year. At the same time, the tourist should be
offered an equivalent tourist product in return.
The Russian tourism industry was not ready for the surge in summer demand from
Russian tourists, and a significant increase in prices for quality hotels exposed the prob-
lem of their shortage on the market.
The hotel business continues to be in a fever. In the spring, as soon as the pandemic
began, hoteliers complained about a sharp drop in demand: the occupancy rate of hotels,
hotels, and all kinds of sanatoriums fell to 5-10%, and some facilities were completely
closed. In the summer, on the contrary, Russians, tired of the coronavirus and unable to
go on vacation abroad, left en masse to rest inside the country. Resort hotels, country,
and beach hotels turned out to be in the most advantageous position: in July-August,
the occupancy rate of objects in the Krasnodar Territory and Crimea reached 98-100%.
The same happened with loading in hotels and tourist centers of the Moscow region, on
the banks of rivers and lakes in the European part of the country. To cope with a situa-
tion where there was not even enough service personnel, hoteliers have raised prices
and even keep them high during the velvet season.
The most vulnerable sectors of the Russian economy are presented in table 1.
310
Table 1. The most vulnerable sectors of the Russian economy.
Forecast of the dynamics of added value
โ Index, % 2019 2020
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 year
1 GDP 1,3 1,8 -18,0 -0,9 1,3 -3,8
Manufacturing
2 1,6 3,7 -17,5 0,0 2,1 -2,9
industry
3 Building industry 0,4 1,5 -11,2 0,0 5,0 -0,2
Wholesale and
4 1,7 5,0 -26,1 0,0 3,2 -4,3
retail trade
5 Transport 2,1 -1,0 -40,2 -2,0 1,0 -10,6
6 Hotels and catering 3,2 0,0 -69,5 -15,0 -5,0 -22,2
7 Healthcare -2,0 2,0 2,3 2,0 1,5 2,0
8 Culture and sport 1,8 -1,0 -78,9 -10,0 5,0 -21,2
Unlike resort hotels, which managed to earn money during the season, for city hotels
the onset of autumn and the peak of business activity will not bring the usual dividends:
for urban tourism, autumn is a low season, large-scale business events, which are usu-
ally not expected to attract customers to city hotels; borders with most countries are
closed, foreigners will come even to large Russian cities only pointwise, and some are
even waiting for the second wave of quarantine; the number of business travelers has
also declined recently as businesses are accustomed to working remotely. As a result,
the occupancy rate of hotels in the coming months may again, like in the spring, fall
below the operating payback.
In 2020, something happened in the hotel business that no one expected: consumer
demand almost completely stopped. As a result, even taking into account the first two
rather successful months of the year and the high summer season, occupancy rates and
hotel prices fell on average. In Moscow, in July, the average occupancy rate of urban
upscale hotels was 35% against 74% last year, the average selling price for a room was
5700 rubles (in 2019 - 6500 rubles). In St. Petersburg, the average occupancy rate this
year is 26% versus 65% last year, and the room rate dropped to 4,800 rubles (in 2019 -
8,200 rubles) [8-15].
In general, higher-end hotels have chosen to raise prices or keep them low because
their customers are the least sensitive to prices. This is especially noticeable for the
largest international network players, who tried their best to stay in their price niche.
At the same time, if the increase in prices for high-class hotels was justified (since they
increased revenue and turnover), then this practice did not matter for middle-class ho-
tels, since the number of nonresident customers was limited, and this would immedi-
ately lead to an outflow of guests.
The drop in prices was most noticeable in suburban hotels. In connection with the
restrictive measures, in just two months of the resort season, from July 1 to September
1, 3,539.1 thousand tourists rested in Crimea. Since the beginning of the holiday season,
from July 1 to July 31, 1 million 432.8 tourists have rested in Crimea. During the second
311
month of the resort season, from 1 to 31 August, 2,106.3 thousand tourists rested in
Crimea, which is 15.3% more than in the same period last year.
In August, the number of tourists who left for the peninsula by road on the Crimean
bridge increased by 40% to 1,479.1 thousand people compared to the same period last
year and amounted to 70.2% in the context of the entire tourist flow. The share of tour-
ists who arrived on the peninsula by air was 25%, by rail - 4.5% and less than 1% -
across the state border of the Russian Federation in the sections: Armyansk, Dzhankoy,
Perekop.
As of the end of August, 826 accommodation facilities operated in Crimea. During
the whole resort summer season, the employees of the Ministry of Resorts and Tourism
of the Republic of Kazakhstan conducted consulting raids to monitor compliance with
the recommendations of state bodies by hotels and sanatoriums throughout Crimea.
The occupancy rate of hotels on the southern coast of Crimea was 95%. On average
in Crimea, the number of rooms filled up to 80%. Good prospects for the fall. Already
today, the level of bookings for September-October is 70-80%, which is comparable to
the high season.
In October, the second phase of the Affordable Domestic Travel Program will start.
The exact start dates for the promotion will be announced later. According to the up-
dated terms of the program, offers from 2 nights will be available for sale, and not from
4 nights as before. At the same time, the minimum cost of 25 thousand rubles, which
was valid at the first stage, was abolished. The refund amount will be 20%, but not
more than 20 thousand rubles. At the same time, the number of refunds for one card
within the program is not limited, and tour packages and hotel offers will be available
until January 10, 2021.
The sale of promotional offers will be carried out on the website. In total, the Gov-
ernment of the Russian Federation allocated 15 billion rubles for the program to stim-
ulate domestic travel, prepared by Rosturizm. At the first stage of the Program to stim-
ulate affordable domestic tourist trips, Crimea became one of the most popular desti-
nations. In the Republic of Crimea, during the week of sales, 1,125 vouchers were pur-
chased in 79 Crimean hotels. The most popular were the Yalta-Intourist hotel and the
Saki sanatorium. In total, 94 tour operators and 79 Crimean hotels took part in the pro-
gram [16-18].
The program to stimulate domestic tourism is an absolute innovation in promoting
regions and certainly an effective tool to stimulate sales in the tourism industry at the
country level. And she certainly has good prospects. Separate software products will
appear, individual offers both from accommodation facilities and tour operators and
from regions that are interested in tourist flow in those periods that are considered to
be low seasons. To minimize losses under conditions of quarantine restrictions, tour
operators are switching from outbound tourism to actively growing domestic tourism,
which will receive new incentives for development with increasing demand.
To analyze the processes of competition in the tourism sector at the regional level,
the well-known mathematical model of Lotka - Volterra, which was originally used to
describe the competition of biological species, was used.
Let ๐1 โ be the number of tourists in the first region and, ะฐ ๐2 in the second region.
The Lotka-Volterra system of equations describing the dynamics of the number of
tourists is given in the space {๐1 ๐2 } and has the form:
312
๐๐1
= (๐ โ ๐๐2 )๐1
๐๐ก
{๐๐ (1)
2
= (๐ โ ๐๐1 )๐2
๐๐ก
where a and c are coefficients of exponential growth or decline when (๐1 ๐2) belongs
to the vicinity of point (0,0), b and d are the coefficients of decrease, a and c, respec-
tively, associated with the competition of tourist regions. Stationary states of the system
(1) (๐ฬ1 ๐ฬ2 ) are solutions to the system of algebraic equations:
(๐ โ ๐๐ฬ2)๐ฬ1 = 0
{ (2)
(๐ โ ๐๐ฬ1 )๐ฬ2 = 0
๐ ๐
The solutions to system (2) are (๐ฬ1 ๐ฬ2 )1 = (๐ , ๐ ) ๐๐๐ (๐ฬ1 ๐ฬ2 )2 = (0,0). Of interest
is only (๐ฬ1 ๐ฬ2 )1 we linearize the system of equations (1) in its neighborhood: Since in
its neighborhood:
๐๐
(๐ โ ๐๐ฬ2 )๐ฬ1๏ป (๐2 โ ๐ฬ2 )
๐
{ ๐๐ (3)
(๐ โ ๐๐ฬ1)๐ฬ2 ๏ป (๐1 โ ๐ฬ1 )
๐
then the linearized system (1) will take the form:
๐ ๐๐
(๐1 โ ๐ฬ1) = โ (๐2 โ ๐ฬ2 )
{๐๐ก
๐
๐
๐๐ (4)
(๐2 โ ๐ฬ2 ) = โ (๐1 โ ๐ฬ1 )
๐๐ก ๐
Differentiating the right and left sides of the system (4) concerning time t, we obtain
a system of equations:
๐2
2
(๐1 โ ๐ฬ1) = ๐๐(๐1 โ ๐ฬ1 )
{๐๐ก
๐2
(5)
2
(๐2 โ ๐ฬ2 ) = ๐๐(๐2 โ ๐ฬ2 )
๐๐ก
If ac> 0, then solution (5) has the form:
๐ (๐ก) = ๐ฬ1 + (๐1(0) โ ๐ฬ1 )๐ โ๐๐๐ก
{ 1 (6)
๐2(๐ก) = ๐ฬ2 + (๐2 (0) โ ๐ฬ2 )๐ โ๐๐๐ก
That is, in this case (in this model), as a result of competition, the number of tourists
313
1
in both regions will grow exponentially and over the period ๐ = increase e times.
โ๐๐
2
If ac <0, then you can enter the angular frequency w: ac = - ๐ค and system (5) will
take the form:
๐2
2
(๐1 โ ๐ฬ1) = โ๐ค 2 (๐1 โ ๐ฬ1 )
{๐๐ก
๐ 2 (7)
2
(๐2 โ ๐ฬ2 ) = โ๐ค 2 (๐2 โ ๐ฬ2 )
๐๐ก
Solutions (7) are as follows:
๐ (๐ก) = ๐ฬ1 + ๐ด ๐๐๐ ๐ค๐ก
{ 1 (8)
๐2 (๐ก) = ๐ฬ2 + ๐ต ๐ ๐๐๐ค๐ก
Solutions (7) are as follows:(๐1 โ ๐ฬ1 , ๐2 โ ๐ฬ2 ) describes an ellipse of the form::
(๐1 โ๐ฬ2 )2 (๐2 โ๐ฬ2 )2
+ =1 (9)
๐ด2 ๐ต2
ั ๐
in the vicinity of the point ๐ , ๐ .
Let ๐1 โ be the probability that ac <0, and P_2 that ac> 0 then the presence of fluc-
tuating random factors affecting the competitiveness of regions will lead to the fact that
๐1 and ๐2 will be solutions of a system of differential equations.
๐๐1 (๐ก)=๐ค๐2 (๐ก)โ๐ค๐1 (๐ก)
(10)
๐๐2 (๐ก)=๐ค๐1 (๐ก)โ๐ค๐2 (๐ก)
here w is the number of fluctuations from ac <0 to ac> 0.
Since ๐1 + ๐1 =1, the first equation of system (10) can be transformed:
๐๐1 1
= ๐ค (1 โ ๐1 ) โ ๐ค๐1 = โ2๐ค(๐1 โ 2) (11)
๐๐ก
Hence:
๐ 1 1
(๐1 โ ) = โ2๐ค (๐1 โ ) (12)
๐๐ก 2 2
Solution (12) has the form:
1 1
๐1 (๐ก) = 2 + (๐1 (0) โ 2)๐ โ2๐ค๐ก (13)
1 1
lim ๐1 (๐ก) = 2 , therefore, lim ๐2 (๐ก) = 2.
๐กโโ ๐กโโ
Thus, a system of equations has been built for two competing regions in the tourism
314
ั ๐
sector. In the vicinity of the point , the system fluctuates passing from behavior (6)
๐ ๐
to behavior (8) and vice versa. Each of these types of behavior is realized with a prob-
1
ability of 2.
3 Conclusions
The program to stimulate domestic tourism is an absolute innovation in promoting re-
gions and certainly an effective tool to stimulate sales in the tourism industry at the
country level. And she certainly has good prospects. Separate software products will
appear, individual offers both from accommodation facilities and tour operators and
from regions that are interested in tourist flow in those periods that are considered to
be low seasons.
To minimize losses under conditions of quarantine restrictions, tour operators are
switching from outbound tourism to actively growing domestic tourism, which will re-
ceive new incentives for development with increasing demand.
References
1. Mckibbin, Warwick & Fernando, Roshen: (2020). The economic impact of COVID-
19.
2. Faisal, Muhammad & Prima Nirmala, Muthia: (2020). COVID-19 and Economic Pol-
icy Options: What Should the Government do?. Jurnal Inovasi Ekonomi. 5.
DOI:10.22219/jiko.v5i3.11834.
3. Khanthavit, A.: (2020). Foreign Investors' Abnormal Trading Behavior in the Time of
COVID-19. 10.13140/RG.2.2.34797.20969.
4. Financial Times (2020). Global recession already here, say top economists. Available
at: https://www.ft.com/content/be732afe-6526-11ea-a6cd-df28cc3c6a68
5. Larry, E. L.: (2020). Prepare for the coronavirus global recession. The Guardian. Me-
dia report. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/15/prepare-
for-the-coronavirusglobal-recession
6. Danielle, Yu. K., Aviso, K.: (2020). Modeling the Economic Impact and Ripple Ef-
fects of Disease Outbreaks. Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability.
10.1007/s41660-020-00113-y.
7. Wanjala, K.: (2020). Economic Impact Assessment of the Novel Coronavirus on
Tourism and Trade in Kenya: Lessons from Preceding Epidemics. 10.38157/finance-
economics-review.v2i1.57.
8. Solow, R.M.: (1956) A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth // Quarterly
Journal of Economics. Vol.70 (February). Reprinted in Stiglitz J.E., Usawa H. (ed.)
Readings in the Modern Theory of Economic Growth.Cambridge: MIT Press. 1969.
P. 64-94.
9. Solow, R.M.: Technical Progress, Capital Formation, and Economic Growth // The
American Economic Review.Vol. 52. โ 2. Papers and Proceedings of the Seventy-
Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (1962). P. 76-86.
10. Okun, A. M.: Potential GNP: Its measurement and its significance. Proceedings of
the Business and Economic // Statistics Section American Statistical Association.
1962. P. 98-103.
315
11. Romer, D.: Advanced Macroeconomics. 4-th edition. The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies,
Inc. 540 p.
12. Nimark, K.: Econometric Methods ii: Time Series, Lecture Notes on the Kalman Fil-
ter. 2012.
13. Oomes, N., Dynnikova, O.: The Utilization-Adjusted Output Gap: Is the Russian
Economy Overheating? IMF Working Paper. 2006. WP/06/68. P. 1-46.
14. Kuboniwa, M.: The Russian Growth Path and TFP Changes in Light of Estimation of
the Production Function Using Quarterly Data // Post-Communist Economies. 2011.
23(3). P. 311-325.
15. Entov, R., Lugovoy O. Growth Trends in Russia After 1998 / Ed. by M. Alexeev, S.
Weber. The Oxford Handbook of the Russian Economy. 2013. P. 132-161.
16. Ozili, P., Arun, T.: (2020). Spillover of COVID-19: impact on the Global Economy.
SSRN Electronic Journal. 10.2139/ssrn.3562570.Materials Science and Engineering.
570. 012045. 10.1088/1757-899X/570/1/012045.
17. Kazak, A.N., Chetyrbok, P.V., Oleinikov, N.N.Artificial intelligence in the tourism
sphere 2020 IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 421 (2020)
042020
18. Kazak, A.N., Gorobets, D.V., Samokhvalov, D.V Application of Simulink and Si-
mEvents Tools in Modeling Marketing Activities in Tourism 2020 Lecture Notes in
Electrical Engineering.