This paper presents data on the phenolic composition of wine materials Aliberne, Storgozia, Record, and Khersonessky, obtained from promising red technical grape varieties growing in the conditions of the steppe zone of the southern regions of Russia. The mass concentrations of the main groups of phenolic compounds exhibiting biologically active properties were determined: anthocyanins, flavones, flavan-3-oils, oxycoric and oxybenzoic acids, and transresveratrol. The obtained data make it possible to recommend the expansion of industrial plantings of red technical grape varieties in the southern latitudes of Russia, varieties: Aliberne, Storgozia, Record, and Khersonessky for the production of qualitatively new wine products with improved properties.
Agriculture has always been one of the most important sectors of the economy of the south of Russia. Viticulture, which provides about 17% of the gross regional product, is one of the most significant branches of agriculture in the southern regions of our country. The Republic of Crimea in 2014 ranked 3rd in Russia in terms of gross grape harvest (13.4% of the gross grape harvest in Russia). Grapes and their processed products are valuable sources of biologically active substances that have preventive and curative properties. *
In recent years, it has been established that pink and red wines contain easily
digestible bioflavonoids: flavones, flavan-3-ola, anthocyanins, and other phenolic substances
that have a P-vitamin effect [
Numerous studies confirm the medicinal properties of red wines, so the Black
Doctor wine, produced from grapes that make up a valuable gene pool of Crimean native
varieties, has a radioprotective, vascular-strengthening, and P-vitamin effect [
The qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic compounds was
determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an Agilent
Technologies chromatographic system (model 1100) with a diode matrix and a refractometric
detector. For the separation of substances of polyphenolic nature, a chromatographic
column Zorbax SB-C18 with a size of 2.1 × 150 mm, filled with silica gel with a grafted
octadecylsily phase with a particle size of 3.5 microns of the sorbent, was used.
Chromatography was performed in the gradient mode. Chromatograms were recorded at the
following wavelengths: 280 nm for gallic acid, (+) - D-catechin, (- )- epicatechin; 313
nm for oxycoric acids; 371 nm for quercetin, and 525 nm for anthocyanins. The
components were identified by their retention time. The mass concentrations of
anthocyanins were determined in terms of malvidin-3-O-glucoside chloride. All the
determinations were carried out in three repetitions. The results of the studies were treated as
standard [
The objects of research were experimental samples of red table dry wine materials from grapes of red technical varieties Aliberne, Record, Storgozia, and Chersonessky, grown in the conditions of the steppe zone of viticulture in the southern regions of Russia. The studied samples of wine materials were obtained by micro-wine making using the traditional Medok method of producing red table dry wines and the technological method- "in red". 3
The studied samples of red table dry wine materials according to the main chemical and technological indicators correspond to GOST 32030-2013. The analysis of wine materials obtained by the technological method "in red" (Table 1) showed that the identified component composition of phenolic compounds of red table dry wine materials Storgozia and Chersonessky is represented by the following groups of phenolic compounds: anthocyanins, procyanidins, flavones, flavan-3-ola, oxybenzoic and oxycoric acids
Lilac acid Gallic acid
Trans-coutaric acid Trans-kaftaric acid
(+)-D-catechin (- )- epicatechin
Quercetin Quercetin-3-o-glucoside
Delphinidin-3-o-glucoside Cyanidin-3-o-glucoside Petunidine-3-o-glucoside Peonidine-3-o-glucoside Malvidin-3-o-glucoside Delphinidin-3-o - (6' - acetyl-glucoside) Cyanidin-3-o - (6' - acetyl-glucoside) Petunidine-3-o - (6' - acetyl-glucoside) Peonidin-3-o - (6' - acetyl-glucoside) Malvidin-3-o - (6' - acetyl-glucoside) Delphinidin-3-o - (6' - p-coumaroyl-glucoside)
Cyanidin-3-o - (6' - p-coumaroyl-glucoside)
Petunidin-3-o - (6' - p-coumaroyl-glucoside)
Malvidin-3 - (6' - p-coumaroyl-glucoside)
Total of identified anthocyanins
Oligomeric procyanidins Polymer procyanidins 9,8 30,4 5,5 22,1 49,0 32,5 0,6 30,0 3,1 41,8 28,0 259,6 10,3 2,4 1,9 2,5 13,1 5,4 1,1 4,4 32,9 436,5 285 2326 14,2 41,5 12,0 32,7 75,2 154,7 0,4 23,1 6,7 22,0 13,2 233,8 5,3 1,9 4,2 2 13,9 3,0 1,2 3,6 24,7 335,5 235 2542
Chersonesos Storgosia
The composition of the main groups of phenolic compounds identified in red table wine materials prepared according to the traditional Medok method, which includes complete fermentation of the pulp, followed by the technological stage of extracting all the extract compounds with endogenous alcohol released during fermentation, within 2-3 weeks from the moment of complete completion of fermentation, is presented in Table 2.
Chromatographic analysis of Aliberne and Record wine materials (Table 2) showed
that wine materials prepared by the traditional Medok method differ in their component
phenolic composition from wine materials prepared by the "red" method, mainly in that
in addition to the main groups of phenolic substances (anthocyanins, procyanidins,
flavones, flavan-3-ols, oxybenzoic and oxycoric acids), they include a representative of
the stilbene group-trans - resveratrol, the content of which in the experimental samples
varies in the range from 2.1 to 3.6 mg/dm3. Trans-resveratrol is a substance with high
biological and antioxidant activity, it is this compound that is attributed to most of the
positive effects caused by the intake of red wines. These actions include strengthening
of the cardiovascular system, activation of cellular apoptosis mechanisms, the
anti-cancer effect [
Anthocyanins. The main substances responsible for the color of grapes are
anthocyanins, which are part of the phenolic complex [
Flavan-3-ols, which are structural elements of procyanidins, together with
procyanidins exhibit higher antioxidant activity than vitamins C and E and are also able to
inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, which in due time leads to the suppression
of inflammatory processes in the human body [
Flavones.
The flavone group is represented in red wines by quercetin and its
derivative-quercetin-3-O-glucoside. Flavones have high antioxidant properties, inhibit cell aging,
increase the elasticity and permeability of capillary blood vessels, and improve coronary
circulation. According to the literature data, the content of quercetin and
quercetin-3O-glucoside in wines does not exceed 5 mg/dm3 [
Phenolic acids. In red wine materials prepared both according to the traditional Medok method and "red", non-flavonoid forms of polyphenols are represented by phenolic acids, which are divided into oxycoric (trans-caftaric, trans-coutaric) and oxybenzoic (lilac, gallic) acids. These phenolic acids reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood and affect the inhibition of HIV infection in the human body. Phenolic acids, which have high antioxidant activity, are localized mainly in the seeds and partially in the skin of grapes. Leifert W. R. found that the total phenolic substances of grapes to be extracted during fermentation are distributed in the following sequence: 60-70% - in the seeds, 28-35% - in the skin, and 10% - in the pulp of grapes. The content of phenolic compounds in seeds varies from 5 to 8% and about 63 % of them go into the wine. Identified values of mass concentrations of phenolic acids (oxycoric, oxybenzoic) in. 4
Analysis of the mass concentration of phenolic substances in experimental samples of red table dry wine materials by HPLC showed that the technological method "in red" and traditionally Medok, can significantly ensure the transition of flavonoid and nonflavonoid groups of phenolic substances from the solid parts of grapes, which for wine materials produced "in red", range from 3197.4 mg/dm3 (wine material Chersonesos) to 3466.3 mg/dm3 (wine material Storgozia); for wine materials of the Medok production, method-the range from 9243.1 mg/dm3 (Aliberne wine material) to 9724.3 mg/dm3 (Record wine material).
Chromatographic detection showed that the use of the Medok method of preparing red table wines provides extraction of trans-resveratrol from grapes to wine material in an amount of 2.1 to 3.6 mg/dm3, which was not observed in wine materials prepared by the "red" method.