Characteristics of Ecosystems of Quantum Computing and Prospects for Their Use in Transport Petr Polikarpova, Nikolay Uvarovb and Anatoly Khomonenkoc a LLC "Abakus, Bolshaya Pushkarskaya street, 47 lit a, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russian Federation b St. Petersburg information and computing center - structural unit of the main computer center - branch of the open joint stock company "Russian Railways", Borovaya street, 57 St. Petersburg, 192007, Russian Federation c Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University, 9 Moskovsky pr., Saint Petersburg, 190031, Russia Abstract An overview of modern software ecosystems enabling quantum computing is presented. The differences between ecosystems of quantum computing (EQC) and ecosystems of classical computing are highlighted. Provides a brief description of the most advanced quantum computing ecosystems (Google, IBM, Rigetti, Azure, Amazon, Intel, Strangeworks, IonQ). The current state of EQC, the possibilities of their use for various applications and development prospects are analyzed. Perspective areas of application of quantum computing in transport are considered. Keywords Ecosystems of quantum computing, quantum computing in transport, big data, logistic optimization problem, Google, IBM, Rigetti, Azure, Amazon, Intel, Strangeworks, IonQ, quantum communication, machine learning. of the development of quantum computers are 1. Introduction increasing the number of qubits, reducing the 1 Advanced countries, including Russia, noise level and increasing the lifetime of have adopted programs for the development of quantum states (the so-called "depth of technologies united by the general term calculations"). The increase in the number of "Quantum computing" [1]. The progress made kills, all other things being equal, allows us to in this area in recent years allows us to talk use algorithms that correct, due to redundancy, about the "Quantum Revolution 2.0". Russia is errors caused by noise. The development of one of the seventeen countries that have error-resistant algorithms is one of the priority adopted and implemented a state strategy in tasks in the development of quantum the field of quantum technologies. The main computing technologies. Now there is a time directions of development here are: actually, of noisy quantum computers of medium scale, quantum computing, quantum communication the so-called NISQ (Noisy Quantum of and quantum machine learning. Intermediate scale). As noted in [4], at present, quantum As shown in [5], quantum computing computers already exist, but they cannot yet be cannot be used independently at the present widely used due to the shortcomings of the time. The infrastructure of data preparation, equipment. The problems and main directions calculation management, interpretation of output data and presentation of results is 1 necessary. Intelligent Transport Systems. Transport Security - 2021, May 14, St. Petersburg, Russia EMAIL: p.polikarpov@abaqs.ru (P.V. Polikarpov); 2. About the term "Ecosystem" nick553@mail.ru (N.K. Uvarov); khomon@mail.ru (A.D. Khomonenko); ORCID: 0000-0003-4084-9634 (P.V. and its varieties Polikarpov); ORCID: 0000-0002-4046-2619 (N.K. Uvarov); ORCID: 0000-0003-0411-258X (A.D. Khomonenko) The term "Ecosystem" was introduced by ©� 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). the English geobotanist Arthur Tensley in [6] CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org) to denote the integration of the biotic community and its physical environment as a emulator. These ecosystems provide access to fundamental unit of ecology in the hierarchy quantum computing and serve to: of physical systems that span the range from - manage existing physical quantum the atom to the universe. Ecosystems are the computing devices, main structural units that make up the - evaluate the efficiency of the biosphere. implementation of quantum algorithms on Over time, analogs of ecosystems have future devices, appeared, denoting systems to ensure - study the concepts of quantum computing, functioning in modern society, such as - check quantum algorithms and their "Business Ecosystems". In particular, in [7], implementations, groups of enterprises and the relationships - teach quantum computing. between them, interacting with each other within the same niche in the software and 3. Quantum computing services market, are defined as software ecosystems ecosystems. These relationships between parts General remarks of an ecosystem often rely on a common Quantum computing consists of the technology platform. Examples of software following main steps: ecosystems today are Apple, Google, 1) data preparation, Microsoft, and the open source ecosystem. 2) preparing a quantum computing scheme, Among software ecosystems, software 3) loading a quantum computing scheme development ecosystems stand out. In and raw data into a quantum processor, particular, [8] provides a brief topical 4) performing computation in a quantum overview of the current state and prevalence of processor, software development tools among developers. 5) receiving data from a quantum The software development ecosystem processor, should include the following main 6) interpretation of data. components: On a conventional (classical) processor, - programming languages; steps 1), 2) and 6) are performed, steps 3) and - tools for creating program code; 5) are associated with the transfer of data - tools for building diagrams that display between the quantum and classical processors, the structure of the program code (class and step 4) is performed on the quantum diagrams); processor. When debugging software at stage - software debugging tools; 4), a quantum processor simulator is used. - sets of libraries and components for the Let's consider the most developed, at the implementation of algorithms, exchange and present time, QCE. presentation of data. For example, the Microsoft software Google ecosystem development ecosystem [9] includes: Google is developing various tools built - programming languages C ++, C # and into the company's extensive hardware and others; software infrastructure [10]. The main - a set of development tools for MS Visual components are: the Cirq framework and the Studio, including, in particular, debugging TensorFlow Quantum and Fermion application tools, a class designer, a data structure libraries. designer; Cirq works with quantum computing - numerous SDKs and libraries; schemes. Quantum programs in Cirq are - cloud environment for software represented by "Scheme" and "Schedule", development and deployment; where "Scheme" represents the quantum - Windows operating systems of various circuit, and "Schedule" represents the quantum versions. circuit with information about the sequence of With the emergence and development of actions. Programs can run on local simulators. quantum computing, one can distinguish TensorFlow Quantum is a special library quantum computing ecosystems (QCE), a that allows Cirq circuits to be used as distinctive feature of which is the use of a TensorFlow tensors, in addition, it contains quantum computing module and / or its specialized layers (tf.keras.layers) for recurrent neural networks. This library is an example of Quantum operating system. Access to the a mixed quantum-classical approach. quantum operating system is provided through Open Fermion is a specialized library of network APIs. At this level, basic services are algorithms for modeling chemical processes. implemented, such as: QCE Google provides access to its - user authentication, service authorization, quantum 50-qubit computer and related - control of the computation scheme and its simulators. transfer to the quantum processor, - memory management, IBM ecosystem -control of simultaneously-running QCE developed by IBM is presented in processes. [11]. The software shell that provides access to This API is accessed using the Rigetti SDK the IBM quantum computer is called Qiskit. software. The basic programming language for using Quil instruction language [13] for Qiskit is Python. The ecosystem includes a programming quantum computing. This quantum assembler that provides access to language describes quantum circuits at the operations with the lowest-level qubits – lowest level, interaction with a classical OpenQASM. processor and memory management. The Quil- The QCE includes the IBM Quantum T extension provides access to the lowest level Composer tools for constructing quantum of qubit control. computing circuits and the IBM Quantum Lab ForestSDK programming tools include the development environment. The user is pyQuil Python library and the Quilc provided with the following main modules: optimizing compiler, which can be configured - module for composing quantum programs to create programs on non-Rigetti quantum at the level of circuits and pulses with processors. optimization and taking into account the A 31-qubit quantum computer is used to physical characteristics of a particular physical execute programs. Various noise simulation quantum computer (Terra); simulators are used for debugging. - simulator of quantum computing and simulator of noise errors (Aer); Azure Quantum ecosystem - subsystem of noise reduction in quantum Microsoft is developing a set of tools and circuits (Ignis); technologies [14, 15] integrated with the - library of quantum algorithms (Aqua). ecosystem of classic software. QCE uses the QCE provides access to a line of Q# programming language and the Quantum proprietary quantum computers. At the time of SDK library of tools. User access is provided this writing, the most powerful were a 27-qubit through the Azure Quantum cloud platform. processor with a long characteristic lifetime of This QCE does not have its own quantum quantum states and a 67-qubit computer with a computer. Access to Honewell and Quantum shorter characteristic lifetime of quantum Circuits quantum computers is provided. states. For debugging programs and researching Amazon ecosystem algorithms in this QCE, access to various QCE, developed by Amazon, bears the simulators is provided, with a capacity of up to commercial name Amazon Braket [16]. EKV 1000 qubits. uses widely used open source development tools for classic software: Jupiter notebooks Rigetti ecosystem with libraries installed in them. The Amazon The Rigetti QCE is described in [12]. A Braket SDK is a development platform that feature of this QCE is the desire of developers you can use to create quantum algorithms and to provide a minimum delay for transferring run them on any compatible hardware data between quantum and classical processors accessed through Amazon Braket. This at the stages of loading data into a quantum platform contains popular quantum algorithms processor, transferring a computation circuit to and components for working with neural a quantum processor, and receiving network training. For debugging, several computation results from a quantum processor. simulators with added noise and a tensor QCE Rigetti contains all the necessary neural network simulator are used. The modules to perform quantum computing. programs are launched on quantum computers Let us consider a possible approach to Rigetti, Wave-D, IonQ. solving the problem of optimizing transport logistics using a quantum computer. The Intel problem of optimization of Mozhe- Intel reports that work is underway to Kantorovich logistics in the trivial formulation create an QCE [17], but so far nothing has of a linear programming problem can be been presented. represented as follows [21]: ∑ x n Strangeworks ecosystem = ai , j i, j This ecosystem collects various quantum services for access through a single entry point where i=1,…, m. ∑ x m [18]. Provides its own development i i, j = aj, environment for Python programs and access where j=1,…, n. to quantum computers Honeywell, Rigetti and others. ∑∑ C x → min, i j i, j i, j IonQ QCE IonQ provides access to its own where: m, n – the number of points of quantum computer [19] through its own consumption and production of a software based on the Python language, as homogeneous product; well as through the services Amazon Braket ai – production volume at the i-th and Azure Quantum. production point; bj – the volume of production at the j-th 4. Prospects for the consumption point; development and application of Сij – costs of transporting a unit of goods between nodes i and j. QCE in transport This problem, as has been repeatedly The material [20], presented by specialists shown, is NP-hard, which means that there is from one of the industry leaders (IBM), no time-polynomial algorithm for solving this describes the development plan for QCE. This problem. plan reflects the general prospects for the As shown in [22], the combinatorial industry: by the end of 2022, the achievement optimization problem, to which the transport of 400 qubits and the real use of QCE in logistics optimization problem is reduced, can scientific research, machine learning, solving be reduced to the problem of fulfilling the optimization problems and in the financial boundary conditions defined using n bits and industry. m constraints: С ( z ) = ∑ Ca ( z ) , It is assumed that with the development of QCE, software shells will develop that hide a =1 from the user the details of the implementation of quantum algorithms. The development of where z – an n-bit string and Ca (z) = 1 if z QCE will thus make it possible to solve satisfies constraint a and 0 otherwise. applied problems for the solution of which the Considering the representation of n bits by computational power of classical n qubits, in [23] is presented the Quantum supercomputers is not enough. Approximate Optimization Algorithm With the development of quantum (QAOA). It is shown in [24] that the QAOA computers and QCE, quantum computing allows solving the problem in polynomial algorithms will also develop in applications for time. The QAOA functionality are optimization problems and for analyzing big implemented in the main QCE, such as Azure data. The importance of big data analysis in Quantum, Cirq, Qiskit. transport is shown in [21]. 6. Big data on transport 5. Logistic optimization First things first, we need to confirm that problem big data methods are really that important in modern transport area. Initially the sign of big data was a set of 3 Vs: volume, velocity and which is important on transport as on any other variety [25]. area. Even the basic analysis of today’s state of - Human flow visualization. Visualization transport is enough to say that it works with is sometimes added to big data signs, which big data: stresses its importance. Indeed, this is very Volume. How it was stated before, powerful tool, that can solve a lot of tasks of transport now is under a huge digitalization, transport management, also being simple and despite the fact that there is a lot to achieve understandable to average person and not only yet. Thanks to that, lots of new sources of data IT-experts. were discovered. More sources mean more - Traffic control. This item speaks for data. Today every transportation machine is itself. More sources and data results in more equipped with tons of sensors, which data accurate prediction and more correct traffic needs analysis. And this is only a few control. examples of data sources: data can be taken - Machine state diagnostics. This item is from logistical systems, road sensors, CCTV especially relevant on the railroad, because etc. technical checkup and repairs are one of the Variety. Sources themselves became more most important parts of transportation on train, heterogeneous. Some stream bit data, some – and they are not achievable without big data. text data. There are sources with video and It is worth to mention Smart Transport audio data. It all depends on porpoise of initiative in a Smart City idea. The are many source and possibilities of application its data. definitions of Smart City, but for the sake of Velocity. Modern data transmitted through simplicity let’s focus on that is a city, where streams. To provide relevant processing and all of main components of infrastructure are analysis of data, systems must have enough most intellectual, connected and efficient power. This concerns transport too, where because of IT usage [28]. computation done in time can prevent delays The initiative itself implies or even accidents. intellectualization of transport in the city, Some classifications add different signs of including community transport and roads. big data, like veracity viability. One worth These are main aspects of Smart Transport mentioning is value [26]. It denotes the [29]: expediency of processing data for economical - Smart Roads (changing road markings, purposes. In modern transport area accident detection, smart lights, sensors applicability of this sign is obvious, the correct equipment). analysis of data can optimize technical and - Smart traffic lights (data analysis to logistical side of business, that can lead to regulate traffic relatively to traffic density). decrease in expenses. - Smart cars (processing data from various Big data processing opens a door to many sources to provide autopilot and driver safety). new services and upgradeability of old ones. - Smart road signs (analysis of data about These are only few of them [27]: road state, sign changing). - Monitoring of infrastructure. With In the introduction to this article, the bigger data amount, infrastructural analysis problem of power of modern IT-systems is becomes more accurate, resulting in more concerned. One of the solutions to this is effective management of infrastructure itself. quantum computers. Next, we give a short - Increasing in mobility of services. specification of quantum computing and its Today users need to have everything in their capabilities of processing big data. hand – on their smartphone. Transport services are no exception. Processing of big data grant 7. Quantum computing and Big a possibility of providing services in a user- Data oriented way, also giving company additional The main difference between quantum and data, which can be useful in future. classical computing is a presence of two - Understanding client’s needs. One of physical phenomena, observed only in the most popular sources of big data – social microworld: quantum superposition and networks. Analyzing information from there entanglement. can give a lot of useful business-details. First and foremost, this concerns client’s demands, Quantum computers operate not in bits, like We need to imagine some function and sets classical PCs, but in qubits. The difference of income data for it. The task is to get every between them is in the amount of their outcome value for every income. In classical possible states. Classical bit interprets the computing we need to run function for every presence or absence of electrical current and income value. In quantum computing, we can can be either 0 or 1. Qubit interprets one of the set all income values into superposition and properties of a particle (for example electron’s run function only for this state. By this method spin or photon’s polarization) and can not only we can compute function only once, instead of be ∣0⟩ or ∣1⟩, but in a state of superposition of n. these values (d0∣0⟩+ d1∣1⟩), where d02 and d12 – possibilities of qubit transition to that state. Quantum superposition phenomena is hard to describe, because in classical physics there are no suitable experimental examples. To put it simply, superposition is a state, where qubit is 0 and 1 at the same time. Unfortunately, this phenomenon cannot be seen or felt by a human. Every attempt to measure it results in qubit collapsing in one of the states with Figure 1: Idealistic explanation of quantum certain possibility. However, qubit in that state computing’s superiority still can be worked with. Its important to know, that qubit states are Of course, this model is very abstract and written in brackets because they are actually everything is not so simple on practice. There vectors. For example, vector ∣0⟩ can be written are many pitfalls, preventing this ideal course 1 0 of things. To show this, we can look at already like � � and ∣1⟩ can be viewed as � �. implemented on a real quantum computers 0 1 Second distinctive feature of quantum model – Grover’s algorithm of quantum search world – entanglement phenomena. Two or [31, 32]. more qubits can transit into one superposition for all of them. Measurement of one of these Grover’s algorithm qubits will instantly collapse superposition not only for it, but for every other entangled qubit. Detailed algorithm description is a separate All of them will transit into one prescribed topic. This is a glimpse on principal of its state. For example, if one will measure first work. There is scheme of algorithm on Figure qubit in state (d0∣00⟩+ d1∣11⟩) and get 0, then it 2. certain, that second qubit is 0 too. Entanglement phenomena is used in computations, but do not give any speedups. It mostly usable for the quantum security. From the other side, superposition can give that necessary push in computer power for big data processing. For example, we can consider two bits and two qubits. Two bits can potentially turn into Figure 2: Grover’s algorithm scheme one of four states (00, 01, 10, 11). But in this moment in time two bits can represent only The circuit consists of quantum gates – one of these states. Two qubits can also transit orthogonal matrices, which apply to qubit into one of these states plus their states with tensor product. Also, circuit has superposition. This means two qubits can oracle F – function, representing black box. It represent in this moment in time all of these is also a orthogonal matrix. sates at once [30]. This circuit is designed for two qubits. This brings us to an ideal model of There is a function f(x0,x1) and 4 possible quantum computing’s superiority over qubits states (∣00⟩, ∣01⟩, ∣10⟩, ∣11⟩). Function classical computing, represented on Figure 1. returns 0 or 1, while returning 1 only for one of possible states. We need to find this state. On circuit entrance two qubits being put in state |00⟩ and one additional qubit in |1⟩ state. Let’s observe two upper qubits. This pair goes through Hadamard gate and transits into superposition with equal possibilities for each state. After oracle, one of the states changes its operator to ‘-’. This is right state. To get the answer, we need to increase its possibility and decrease possibility of other states. For this, Figure 3: Theoretical quantum speedups over superposition goes through A gate – a gate that classical methods flips possibilities over average value. At the end, needed state has possibility of 1, and any As you can see some methods receive other has 0. exponential speedup. However, there is still a lot work to do to get an actual value. Quantum speedups 8. Conclusions An important difference between QCE and Unfortunately, Grover’s algorithm won’t be ecosystems of classical computing is the large able to work so perfectly with 3 or more role played by the scheme of quantum qubits. In this situation, after possibilities flip, elements in quantum computing. the possibilities of wrong answers won’t go Various emulators of quantum computers into 0. This problem resolves by repeating the with support for emulation of different types circuit for out outcome data. Every time the of noise are used for debugging. wrong possibilities will decrease. QCE contains the same basic modules as Grover himself computed a value of classical computing ecosystems. needed repeats of algorithm for the most Specific features of ECU: believable answer. It is О(√𝑛) times [32]. In - Quantum computing scheme development the other hand, classical algorithm needs О(n) environment. runs. Quantum algorithm gives a quadratic - A set of components for accessing a speedup over the classical one. In theory, quantum computer. classical search, running for 100 hours can be - Emulator of quantum computer. run for 10 hours on quantum computer. - Quantum computer. Despite the dramatic decrease in time of The QCE types by mode of development: computing, for the average person tis speedup 1. On advanced classical computing may seem not so impressive. However, it ecosystems basing such as Microsoft and shows, that quantum technologies already can Google. be used in real tasks as more efficient way. 2. Completely newly developed systems It needs to be remembered, that quantum such as IBM and Rigetti. computing is in its dawn and many things are 3. Some QCE collect a variety of services: simply not yet discovered. Quantum software libraries, emulators and quantum computing’s potential is well shown by Shor’s computers, for example, Strangeworks. algorithm [33]. This operation will take In terms of application, Google QCE is minutes on quantum computer, while it takes distinguished, containing a developed toolkit decades on classical. of the machine learning system TensorFlow It is worth to mention a quantum machine Quantum. learning area. ML is vastly used in big data Google, Azure Quantum, IBM and Rigetti analysis and its speedup would dramatically QCE can be used for training purposes, affect this domain. On picture 3 there are few providing a convenient user interface and ML methods, which potentially can be advanced documentation with examples. accelerated by quantum computing [34]. 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