=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2924/paper9
|storemode=property
|title=On the survivability of infrastructure facilities in the Arctic during fires (short paper)
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2924/paper9.pdf
|volume=Vol-2924
|authors=Andrey Ishchenko,Andrey Tarantsev,Alexander Tarantsev
}}
==On the survivability of infrastructure facilities in the Arctic during fires (short paper)==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2924/paper9.pdf
On the Survivability of Infrastructure Facilities in the Arctic During
Fires
Andrey Ishchenkoa, AndreyTarantseva, AlexanderTarantsevb,c
a
Academy of Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia; Borisa Galushkina str., 4, Moscow, 129366, Russian
Federation,
b
Solomenko Institute of Transport Problems of the Russian Academy of Science 13, line 12, Vasilyevsky
Island, St. Petersburg, 199178, Russian Federation,
c
Saint Petersburg University of State Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia, Moskovskiy prospect 149,
Saint-Petersburg, 196105, Russian Federation
Abstract
The issues of ensuring stability during fires of infrastructure facilities in northern latitudes are
considered. The risk of failure of various modules (residential, warehouse, household, energy supply,
etc.) in case of fires and the impact of this on the target functions and personnel of objects is shown.
The concept of survivability of Arctic objects in the event of fires is introduced and the main
indicators of survivability are formulated. The necessity of maximum operational containment and
extinguishing of fires at the above-mentioned objects in order to ensure the necessary level of their
survivability is justified.
Keywords
Arctic objects, infrastructure, fire, survivability
1. Introduction Arctic modules of various functional purposes
have two common features: a) high energy saturation
1 (the ratio of circulating power to volume, an order of
The current stage of development of our country
magnitude greater than similar rooms in a temperate
involves the intensive development of the Arctic
climate); b) reduced fire resistance [3, 4].
Zone (AZ) and the regions of the Far North (FN).
The consequence of this is the need to create a
sustainable transport infrastructure – the
reconstruction and construction of sea and river ports,
airports, land transport highways, etc. [1-3]. It is
planned to create a network of various objects in the
AZ and on the FN - weather stations, communication
systems, research stations, power facilities, etc.
The extremely difficult conditions of the Arctic
and the North (low temperatures, winds, snow zones,
permafrost) suggest the modularity of the structure of
objects (Figure. 1), which allows it to be developed
and expanded with modules of various functional a
purposes – residential, warehouse, administrative,
industrial, energy supply, etc.
2. Fire risk, extinguishing and
survivability of Arctic objects
b
Intelligent Transport Systems. Transport Security - 2021, May 14, Figure 1: Modular objects in AZ: a - operating with
St. Petersburg, Russia cylindrical universal blocks, b - designed with
EMAIL: adinko@mail.ru (A.D. Ishchenco); octagon modules
dask_cradle@mail.ru(A.A. Tarantsev);t__54@mail.ru (A.A.
Tarantsev).
ORCID: 0000-0002-4424-2840 (A.D.Ishchenco); 0000-0003- This largely explains the statistics of fires and
3605-373X (A.A. Tarantsev); 0000-0003-1561-2483 (A.A. emergencies at the beginning of the 21st century,
Tarantsev). characterized by a high risk of damage to the
©� 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative
Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). modules and the equipment and material values
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org) contained in them [5-7].
Data on the accident rate of objects in AZ are - the inability to provide operational assistance
shown in Table 1. As statistics show, fires and from outside due to limited transport accessibility
explosions pose the greatest threat to Arctic objects. (long distances between objects, snow drifts, non-
A feature of the fire in the Arctic module is the flying weather, etc.) and remoteness from large
rapid growth of hazardous factors (HFF) [4] due to settlements and Arctic rescue centers (ARC) of
the limited volume and its high energy saturation. EMERCOM of Russia;
Extinguishing the fire with the use of well-known - a limited number of personnel (each member of
tactics [8] by the links of the gas and smoke the staff is required to possess several additional
protection service (GSPS) is complicated: specialties, including firefighter and paramedic).
- low outdoor air temperatures and the exceptional As a result, a fire can lead to significant damage
complexity of using water [9]; (Figure 2) [10] up to the loss of the functional
purpose of the object and a threat to its personnel.
Table 1
Data on accidents at facilities in AZ
Accidents and emergencies Ratio
Collapses and fires in residential and administrative buildings 21-39%
Explosions and fires of technological equipment 18-39%
Transport accidents 25-32%
Accidents on utility networks and life support systems 7-15%
Accidents with the release of toxic and chemically dangerous substances 8-12%
Pipeline accidents 4-8%
Figure 2: Structure of fire damage at a modular Arctic facility
This poses the task of developing a fundamentally the fire. Arrived firefighters enter the module from
new method of fire containment and extinguishing in the fan side and extinguish it with primary fire
the module, which does not require the use of water extinguishing means (PFEM) under the protection of
and the use of expensive Arctic fire equipment. Also a low-temperature jet – as calculations and
important requirements are high efficiency (the experiments have shown, the HFF will be removed
module can be irretrievably damaged after a few from the gap between the fire source and the fan [13,
minutes of free development of the fire) and safety 14], firefighters will be able to work even without
for the participants of extinguishing. respiratory and visual protection. To speed up the
With the participation of the author of the article, extinguishing by other participants of the
such a method was proposed, justified and patented extinguishing, snow can be dosed on the fan from the
[11, 12]. Its essence is that the module is equipped outside. In fact, this is a new tactic for extinguishing
with a built-in fan at the end, which is closed by a fires in the modules of Arctic objects.
hatch in the initial position, and another normally As an explanation, Tables 2-4 show the
closed hatch is located in the opposite end of the comparative effects of extinguishing fires by known
module. If a fire occurs, the hatches are opened, and and proposed methods on the example of some types
the fan turns on, blowing the volume of the module of modules – residential, economic and energy-
with external low-temperature air. This leads to a supplying. Taking into account the above, it seems
sharp decrease in the average volume temperature, appropriate to introduce a new concept of
flame failure, removal of HFF from burning module, "survivability of a modular Arctic object in case of
slowing down the combustion and thereby containing fire". By analogy with the well – known formulation
of Admiral S. O. Makarov: "the survivability of a modular Arctic object in a fire is the ability of an
ship is the ability of a ship to fight when some of its object to perform its functions when some of its
parts are damaged by the enemy", the following modules are damaged by fire".
formulation can be proposed: "the survivability of a
Table 2
Comparative effect of the new tactics of extinguishing the residential module
Conditions Extinguishing Damage Influence on the object
fires (%)
The staff is Application PFEM, arrival of the duty shift Minor, minor repairs
in a waking department are required Minor
state application of the PFEM, switching on the (up to 5%)
purge system
There are Arrival of the duty shift department, Significant, module Average, it is necessary to
no staff, extinguishing by GSPS, ERO links failure relocate people (15-20%)
the APS Switching on the purge system, eliminating Minor, minor repairs Minor
has worked combustion by the forces of the duty shift are required (up to 5%)
department
People in a Possible poisoning by combustion products, Medical assistance is Significant, some specialists
state of extinguishing by GSPS links, conducting required, the module is are lost, urgent medical care
sleep ERO out of order is required (50-80%)
Switching on the purge system, evacuation, Minor, minor repairs Minor
elimination of combustion by the forces of are required, there are (up to 5%)
the duty shift department no victims
ERO – emergency rescue operations
Table 3
Comparative effect of applying a new extinguishing tactic in case of a fire in a food hall
Conditions Extinguishing Damage Influence on the object
fires (%)
Short circuit The use of PFEM personnel, Medium, requires module Average, temporary
in the extinguishing by GSPS links repair, repair (replacement) of transition to dry rations
electrical equipment (20-30%)
equipment of Switching on the purge system, Minor, minor repairs are Minor, power schedule
the brew eliminating combustion by the forces required, the main equipment shift
house of the duty shift department is preserved (up to 15%)
Grocery Arrival of the duty shift department, Some of the products are Significant, power
warehouse extinguishing with GSPS links, damaged, the warehouse is out outages, food delivery is
without conducting ERO of order required (50-70%)
permanent Switching on the purge system, ERO, Minor, products are saved, Minor
jobs elimination of combustion by the minor repairs are required (up to 15%)
forces of the duty shift department
Table 4
Comparative effect of the new tactics of extinguishing the energy module
Conditions Extinguishing Damage Influence on the object
fires (%)
Short circuit Disconnection of electrical equipment, Significant, requires repair or Partial loss of functions
in the use of PFEM by personnel, replacement of equipment, due to de-energization of
electrical extinguishing and conducting ERO by partial failure of the module the object, deterioration
panel, cable GSPS links of heating (40-60%)
industry Disconnecting electrical equipment, Minor, minor repairs are Minor, temporary power
switching on the purge system, required, the module is saved outage
eliminating combustion by the forces (up to 10%)
of the duty shift department
Fuel leakage The threat of a flash or explosion, Significant, requires repair or Temporary de-
and ignition disconnection of the fuel supply, the replacement of equipment, energization of the object
use of PFEM by personnel, partial failure of the module (30-50%)
extinguishing and conducting ERO by
GSPS links
Switching off the fuel supply, Minor, minor repairs are Minor, temporary power
switching on the purge system, required, the module is saved outage
eliminating combustion by the forces (up to 10%)
of the duty shift department
Scheduled Disconnection of electrical equipment, Significant, requires repair or Temporary de-
or application of PFEM, extinguishing replacement of equipment, energization of the object
unscheduled and conducting ERO by GSPS links partial failure of the module (30-50%)
repairs, Switching off the fuel supply, Minor, minor repairs are Minor, temporary power
welding switching on the purge system, required, the module is saved outage
work eliminating combustion by the forces (up to 10%)
of the duty shift department
At the same time, the impact of a fire on the Arctic. The state and three stages of
survivability of an Arctic object can be (see Tables 2- development until 2050 / Edited by chl. - corr.
4): RAS A. A. Makosko. - St. Petersburg: IPT
- insignificant (the object has not lost its main RAS, 2019. - 468 p. (in Russian).
target functions, the staff has practically not [2] Yu.Chizhkov. Ways of improving transport
suffered), support for the Arctic zone of the Russian
- marginal (some functions of the facility have Federation. - St. Petersburg: LLC "Sesame-
been partially lost and can be restored on their own, a print", 2017 – 122 p.(in Russian).
small number of personnel have suffered); [3] A. Tarantsev, M. Losev, A. Tarantsev. Arctic.
- catastrophic (the object has lost its functional Fires. Transport: Monograph. St. Petersburg:
purpose, which can be restored only after external IPT RAS, SPbU Fire Service EMERCOM of
assistance, there is a threat to the life and health of Russia, 2021 – 165 p. (in Russian).
personnel, there are victims). [4] Federal Law of 22.07.2008 "Technical
The survivability of the Arctic object will largely regulations on fire safety requirements" No 123-
depend on two factors: FZ (with amendments). (in Russian).
a) in the mode of what functional purpose the fire [5] V. Krymsky, A. Pankov. Risk-controlling
occurred and whether the staff is awake there; system focused on the competitive development
b) how much damage was caused to the module. of an industrial enterprise // Scientific and
Quantitatively, the survivability of a modular Arctic Technical Bulletin of the St. Petersburg State
object in a fire can be estimated by three indicators: Polytechnic University. Economic sciences,
the probability of рf performing its functions, the time 2013, No 6-1 (185). (in Russian).
tм for restoring functions, and the number of affected [6] Methodology for determining the calculated
Np. values of fire risk at production facilities.
Approved by the order of the Ministry of
3. Conclusion and future work Emergency Situations of 10.07.2009, No 404.
(in Russian).
Thus, the paper describes the design features and [7] Methodology for determining the calculated
operating conditions of infrastructure facilities n the values of fire risk in buildings, structures and
AZ and in the FN; a fundamentally new tactical structures of various classes of functional fire
method of fire containment and extinguishing by hazard. Approved by the order of the Ministry
purging the module volume with external low- of Emergency Situations of 30.05.2009 No. 382,
temperature air, followed by the penetration of registered in the Ministry of Justice of the
firefighters into the module and safe operation there, Russian Federation on 05.08.2009, reg. No
as well as with a metered supply of snow to 14486. (in Russian).
accelerate extinguishing; shows the critical impact of [8] The Combat Charter of fire protection units,
a fire in an energy module on the functionality of the which determines the procedure for organizing
object and the safety of its personnel; a new concept fire extinguishing and conducting emergency
of "survivability of an Arctic object" is introduced rescue operations. Approved by the order of the
and justified. Ministry of Emergency Situations of 16.10.2017
In the future, it is planned to cover these issues in No 444, registered in the Ministry of Justice of
more detail and formulate recommendations to the Russian Federation on 20.02.2018, reg. No
designers of modular Arctic facilities and officials 50100. (in Russian)
responsible for fire and general safety of such [9] M. Aleshkov, M. Bezborodko, O. Dvoenko.
facilities. History of the development of technical means
References of fighting fires at low temperatures // Fire and
explosion safety, 2016, No. 11, Vol. 25, pp. 77-
[1] A. Makosko, V. Tsyganov, I. Malygin. 83. (in Russian).
Infrastructure of Siberia, the Far East and the
[10] A. Ishchenko, V. Krymsky, A. Tarantsev. On [13] A. Tarantsev, A. Ishchenko, A. Tarantsev, A.
the construction of the damage function // Gorokhov. On the method of fire suppression at
Problems of risk management in the the objects of the Northern Sea Route, including
technosphere, 2020,No 4 (56), pp. 54-59. (in at power facilities // Marine intellectual
Russian). Technologies, 2018,No 4 (42), Vol. 4, pp. 202-
[11] Patent RU 2714272 "Method of extinguishing a 207. (in Russian).
fire in a room at low temperatures and a device [14] A. Tarantsev, A. Ishchenko, A. Tarantsev. On
for its implementation", authors A. Tarantsev the justification of an innovative method of
and A. Tarantsev, 2018. (in Russian). extinguishing a fire at infrastructure facilities at
[12] Patent RU 27247410 "Method for increasing the low temperatures // Marine intellectual
efficiency of fire extinguishing in the module", technologies, 2021, No. 1 (51), Vol. 1, pp. 84-
authors A. Tarantsev, A. Ishchenko, A. 89. DOI: 10.37220 / MIT. 2021. 51. 1. 012. (in
Tarantsev, 2020. (in Russian). Russian).