=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2936/paper-148
|storemode=property
|title=Overview of the Style Change Detection Task at PAN 2021
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2936/paper-148.pdf
|volume=Vol-2936
|authors=Eva Zangerle,Maximilian Mayerl,Martin Potthast,Benno Stein
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/clef/ZangerleMP021
}}
==Overview of the Style Change Detection Task at PAN 2021==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2936/paper-148.pdf
Overview of the Style Change Detection Task at PAN
2021
Eva Zangerle1 , Maximilian Mayerl1 , Martin Potthast2 and Benno Stein3
1
Universität Innsbruck
2
Leipzig University
3
Bauhaus-Universität Weimar
pan@webis.de http://pan.webis.de
Abstract
Style change detection means to identify text positions within a multi-author document at which the
author changes. Detecting these positions is considered a key enabling technology for all tasks involving
multi-author documents as well as a preliminary step for reliable authorship identification. In this
year’s PAN style change detection task, we asked the participants to answer the following questions:
(1) Given a document, was it written by a single or by multiple authors? (2) For each pair of consecutive
paragraphs in a given document, is there a style change between these paragraphs? (3) Find all positions
of writing style change, i.e., assign all paragraphs of a text uniquely to some author, given the list of
authors assumed for the multi-author document. The outlined task is performed and evaluated on a
dataset that has been compiled from an English Q&A platform. The style change detection task, the
underlying dataset, a survey of the participants’ approaches, as well as the results are presented in this
paper.
1. Introduction
Style change detection is a multi-author writing style analysis to determine for a given document
both the number of authors and the positions of authorship changes. Previous editions of PAN
featured already multi-author writing style analysis tasks: in 2016, participants were asked to
identify and cluster text segments by author [1]. In 2017, the task was two-fold, namely, to
detect whether a given document was written by multiple authors, and, if this was the case,
to identify the positions at which authorship changes [2]. At PAN 2018, the task was relaxed
to a binary classification task that aimed at distinguishing between single- and multi-author
documents [3]. The PAN edition in 2019 broadened the task and additionally asked participants
to predict the number of authors for all detected multi-author documents [4]. In 2020 the
participants were asked to detect whether a document was written by a single or by multiple
authors, and to determine the positions of style changes at the paragraph level. This year we
asked participants (1) to find out whether the text is written by a single author or by multiple
authors, (2) to detect the position of the changes on the paragraph-level, and (3) to assign all
paragraphs of the text uniquely to some author out of the number of authors they assume for
the multi-author document.
CLEF 2021 – Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, September 21–24, 2021, Bucharest, Romania
© 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR
Workshop
Proceedings
http://ceur-ws.org
ISSN 1613-0073 CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 discusses previous approaches
to style change detection. Section 3 introduces the PAN 2021 style change detection task,
the underlying dataset, and the evaluation procedure. Section 4 summarizes the received
submissions, and Section 5 analyzes and compares the achieved results.
2. Related Work
Style change detection is related to problems from the fields of stylometry, intrinsic plagiarism
detection, and authorship attribution. Solutions typically create stylistic fingerprints of authors,
which may rely on lexical features such as character n-grams [5, 6], or word frequencies [7],
syntactic features such as part-of-speech tags [8], or structural features such as the use of
indentation [9]. By computing such fingerprints on the sentence- or paragraph-level, style
changes at the respective boundaries can be detected by computing pairwise similarities [10, 11],
clustering [1, 12], or by applying outlier detection [13]. Recently, also deep learning models
have been employed for these tasks [14, 15, 16, 17].
One of the first works on identifying inconsistencies of writing style was presented by Glover
and Hirst [18]. Notably, Stamatatos [19] utilized 𝑛-grams to create stylistic fingerprints for
quantifying variations in writing style. The task of intrinsic plagiarism detection was first tackled
by Meyer zu Eißen and Stein [20, 21, 22]. Koppel et al. [23, 24] and Akiva and Koppel [25, 26]
proposed to use lexical features as input for clustering methods to decompose documents into
authorial threads. Tschuggnall et al. [27] proposed an unsupervised decomposition approach
based on grammar tree representations. Gianella [28] utilizes Bayesian modeling to split a
document into segments, followed by a clustering approach to cluster segments by author.
Dauber et al. [29] presented an approach to tackle authorship attribution on multi-author
documents based on multi-label classification on linguistic features. Aldebei et al. [30] and
Sarwar et al. [31] used hidden Markov models and basic stylometric features to build a so-called
co-authorship graph. Rexha et al. [32] predicted the number of authors of a text using stylistic
features.
3. Style Change Detection Task
This section details the style change detection task, the dataset constructed for the task, and the
employed performance measures.
3.1. Task Definition
Goal of the style change detection task is to identify text positions within a given multi-author
document at which the author switches, and to assign each paragraph to an author. In a first
step we suggest to check the document in question for writing style changes; the result is then
used as predictor for single- or multi-authorship. If a document is considered a multi-author
document, the exact positions at which the writing style (and probably the authorship changes)
are to be determined, and, finally, paragraphs may be assigned to their alleged author.
Example Document A Example Document B Example Document C
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate
Author 1 sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et Author 1 velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat Author 1 velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat
dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio
eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit
clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi. Lorem ipsum augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi. Lorem ipsum
ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam
consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore
tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam magna aliquam erat volutpat. magna aliquam erat volutpat.
erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo
duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no
sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.
Author 2 Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci
tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea Author 2 Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci
tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in
sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel
dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et
eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent
clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla
ipsum dolor sit amet. facilisi. facilisi.
Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate Nam liber tempor cum soluta nobis eleifend option Nam liber tempor cum soluta nobis eleifend option
Author 1 velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu
Author 2 congue nihil imperdiet doming id quod mazim placerat Author 2 congue nihil imperdiet doming id quod mazim placerat
feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto facer possim assum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, facer possim assum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh
delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi. Lorem euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat
ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed volutpat. volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud
diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip
dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. ex ea commodo consequat.
Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate
Author 3 velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat
nulla facilisis.
Task 1 no (0) yes (1) yes (1)
Task 2 [0] [1,0] [1,0,1]
Task 3 [1,1] [1,2,2] [1,2,2,3]
Figure 1: Documents that illustrate different style change situations and the expected solution for
Task 1 (single vs. multiple), Task 2 (change positions), and Task 3 (author attribution).
Given a document, we ask participants to answer the following three questions:
• Single vs. Multiple. Given a text, determine whether the text is written by a single author
or by multiple authors (Task 1).
• Change Positions. Given a text, determine all positions within that text where the writing
style changes (Task 2). For this task, such changes can only occur between paragraphs.
• Author Attribution. Given a text, assign all its paragraphs to some author out of the set of
authors participants assume for the given text (Task 3).
Figure 1 shows documents and the results of the three tasks for these documents. Document A
is written by a single author and does not contain any style changes. Document B contains
a single style change between the Paragraphs 1 and 2, and Document C contains two style
changes. As indicated in Figure 1, Task 1 is a binary classification task determining whether the
document was written by multiple authors. For Task 2 we ask participants to provide a binary
value indicating whether there is a change in authorship between each pair of consecutive
paragraphs for each document. For Task 3 we ask participants to assign each paragraph uniquely
to an author from a list of authors in question.
All documents are written in English and consist of paragraphs each of which written by a
single author out of a set of four authors. A document can contain a number of style changes
between paragraphs but no style changes within a paragraph.
We asked participants to deploy their software on the TIRA platform [33]. This allows
participants to test their software on the available training and validation dataset, as well as
to self-evaluate their software on the unseen dataset. TIRA enables blind evaluation, thus
foreclosing optimization against the test data.
Table 1
Parameters for constructing the style change detection dataset.
Parameter Configurations
Number of collaborating authors 1-4
Document length 1,000-10,000
Minimum paragraph length 100
Minimum number of paragraphs 2
Change positions between paragraphs
Document language English
3.2. Dataset Construction
The dataset for the Style Change Detection task was created from posts taken from the popular
StackExchange network of Q&A sites. This ensures that results are comparable with past
editions of the tasks, which rely on the same data source [4, 34]. In the following, we outline
the dataset creation process.
The dataset for this year’s task consists of 16,000 documents. The text were drawn from a dump
of questions and answers from various sites in the StackExchange network. To ensure topical
coherence of the dataset, the considered sites revolve around topics focusing on technology.
1 We cleaned all questions and answers from these sites by removing questions and answers
that were edited after they were originally submitted, and by removing images, URLs, code
snippets, block quotes as well as bullet lists. Afterward, the questions and answers were split
into paragraphs, dropping all paragraphs with fewer than 100 characters. Since one of the
goals for this year’s edition of the task was to reduce the impact of topic changes within a
document, which could inadvertently make the task easier, we constructed documents from
these paragraphs by only taking paragraphs belonging to the same question/answer thread
within a single document: we randomly chose a question/answer thread and also randomly
chose a number 𝑛 ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4}, denoting how many authors the resulting document should
have. Following that, we took a random subset of size 𝑛 of all the authors that contributed
to the chosen question/answer thread that we wanted to draw paragraphs from. We took all
paragraphs written by this subset of authors, shuffled them, and concatenated them together to
form a document. If a generated document consisted of one paragraph only, or if it was fewer
than 1,000 or more than 10,000 characters long, it was discarded.
We ensured that the number of authors was equally distributed across the documents—i.e.,
there are as many single-author documents as documents with two authors, three authors,
and four authors. We split the resulting set of documents into a training set, a test set, and a
validation set. The training set consists of 70% of all documents (11,200), and the test set and the
validation set consist of 15% of all documents each (2,400). The parameters used for creating the
dataset are given in Table 1, and an overview of the three dataset splits can be seen in Table 2.
1
Code Review, Computer Graphics, CS Educators, CS Theory, Data Science, DBA, DevOps, GameDev, Network
Engineering, Raspberry Pi, Superuser, and Server Fault.
Table 2
Dataset overview. Text length is measured as average number of tokens per document.
Dataset #Docs Documents / #Authors Length / #Authors
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
2,800 2,800 2,800 2,800
Train 11,200 1,519 1,592 1,795 2,059
25% 25% 25% 25%
600 600 600 600
Valid. 2,400 1,549 1,599 1,785 2,039
25% 25% 25% 25%
600 600 600 600
Test 2,400 1,512 1,564 1,793 2,081
25% 25% 25% 25%
3.3. Performance Measures
To evaluate the submitted approaches and to compare the obtained results, submissions are
evaluated by the 𝐹𝛼 -Measure for each document, where 𝛼 = 1 equally weighs the harmonic
mean between precision and recall. Across all documents, we compute the macro-averaged
𝐹𝛼 -Measure. The three tasks are evaluated independently based on the obtained accuracy
measures.
4. Survey of Submissions
For the 2021 edition of the style change detection task we received five submissions, which are
described in the following.
4.1. Style Change Detection on Real-World Data using LSTM-powered
Attribution Algorithm
Deibel and Löfflad [35] propose the use of multi-layer perceptrons and bidirectional LSTMs for
the style change detection task. The approach relies on textual features widely used in authorship
attribution (mean sentence length in words, mean word length, or corrected type-token ratio) and
pretrained fastText word embeddings. For Task 1, the approach uses a multi-layer perceptron,
with three hidden, fully connected feed forward layers with per-document embeddings as input.
For Task 2, the authors employ a two-layered bidirectional LSTM. Based on the style change
predictions for Task 1 and Task 2, the approach iterates for Task 3 over all pairs of paragraphs
to attribute each paragraph to an author. If no style change is detected between paragraphs, the
current paragraph is attributed to the author of the previous paragraph. For an alleged style
change between paragraphs the current paragraph is compared to all previously attributed
paragraphs in order to either assign it to an already known author or to attribute it to a new
author.
4.2. Style Change Detection using Siamese Neural Networks
The approach proposed by Nath [36] utilizes Siamese neural networks to compute paragraph
similarities for the detection of style changes. Paragraphs are transformed into numerical vectors
by lowercasing, removing all punctuation, tokenizing each paragraph and then, representing
each vocabulary word as an integer id. For the pairwise similarity comparison of paragraphs
the vector representation of the two paragraphs and the label (style change or not) are used
as input. The Siamese network features a GloVe embedding layer, a bidirectional LSTM layer,
distance measure layer, and a dense layer with sigmoid activation to compute the actual final
label.
4.3. Writing Style Change Detection on Multi-Author Documents
The approach by Singh et al. [37] is based on an approach for authorship verification submitted
to PAN 2020 by Weerasinghe et al. [38]. The core of the approach hence is an authorship
verification model which the authors use to determine whether two given paragraphs are
written by the same author. In this regard they extract features for both paragraphs, including
tf-idf features, n-grams of part of speech tags, and vocabulary richness measures among others.
Then, the difference between the feature vectors for both paragraphs and take the magnitude
of the resulting difference vector is computed. This magnitude is fed into a logistic regression
classifier to determine whether both paragraphs have the same author. They then use this
model to answer the three tasks posed in this year’s style change detection task as follows.
For Task 1, they use their verification model to predict whether all consecutive paragraphs
in the document were written by the same author. If the average of the classifier scores for
all consecutive paragraphs in a document is greater than 0.5, the document is classified as
multi-author document. For Task 2, the author again use their verification model on each
consecutive pair of paragraphs, and predict a style change between all paragraphs for which
the model determines that they were not written by the same author. Finally, for Task 3, they
ran their verification model on all pairs of paragraphs in a document, and used hierarchical
clustering on a distance matrix created from classifier scores to group paragraphs written by
the same author together.
4.4. Multi-label Style Change Detection by Solving a Binary Classification
Problem
The approach developed by Strøm [39] is based on BERT embedding features and stylistic
features previously proposed by Zlatkova et al. [40]. The embeddings are generated on a
sentence-level and subsequently, sentence embeddings are aggregated to the paragraph-level
by adding the sentence embeddings of each paragraph. Text features are extracted on the
paragraph-level. To identify style changes between two paragraphs to solve tasks 1 and 2,
binary classification via a stacking ensemble is performed. This ensemble uses a meta-learner
trained on the predictions computed by base level classifiers for stylistic and embedding features.
For the multi-label classification for Task 3, the author proposes a recursive strategy that is
based on the predictions for Task 1 and Task 2. The algorithm iterates over all paragraphs,
and computes the probability that each pair of paragraphs was written by the same author. If
this probability exceeds the threshold of 0.5, the paragraphs are attributed to the same author;
otherwise to different authors.
4.5. Using Single BERT For Three Tasks Of Style Change Detection
Zhang et al. [41] rely on a pretrained BERT model (specifically, BERT-Base as provided by
Google). They model Task 3 as a binary classification task. Therefore, for each paragraph and
each of its preceding paragraphs, they compute whether there is a style change to augment the
amount of training data. These labels are used for fine-tuning the BERT model. The resulting
weights are then saved and used for the actual predictions for the tasks 1–3. Labels for Task 2
and Task 3 are predicted, and the results for Task 1 are inferred from the results of Task 2.
5. Evaluation Results
Table 3 shows the evaluation results of all submitted approaches as well as a baseline in form
of F1 scores. The baseline approach uses a uniformly random prediction for Task 3, and infers
the results for Tasks 1 and 2 from the predictions for Task 3. The predictions for Task 3 take
into account that authors must be labeled with increasing author identifiers. As can be seen, all
approaches significantly outperform the baseline on all tasks, except for the approach by Deibel
et al. [35] for Task 3, which scores lower than the baseline. The best performance for Task 1—
determining whether a document has one or multiple authors—was achieved by Strøm [39],
whereas the best performance for the actual style change detection tasks, Task 2 and Task 3,
was achieved by Zhang et al. [41]. In all cases, the best performing approach substantially
outperforms all other submitted approaches.
Table 3
Overall results for the style change detection task, ranked by average performance across all three tasks.
Participant Task1 F1 Task2 F1 Task3 F1
Zhang et al. 0.753 0.751 0.501
Strøm 0.795 0.707 0.424
Singh et al. 0.634 0.657 0.432
Deibel et al. 0.621 0.669 0.263
Nath 0.704 0.647 —
Baseline 0.457 0.470 0.329
In addition to the overall evaluation given in Table 3, we further analyzed the performance of
all submitted approaches separately for single-author and multi-author documents. The results
for this analysis are given in Figure 2. There are a number of observations we can make from
those results. For Task 1, the approach submitted by Singh et al. has the best performance out
of all approaches for single-author documents, but the worst performance for multi-author
documents. Looking at the results for Task 2, we can see that all approaches show almost
the same performance for single-author documents. This means that the difference in overall
performance between those approaches stems only from multi-author documents. A similar
observation, though not quite as pronounced, can be made for Task 3.
Overall Scores For Single-Author Documents Overall Scores For Multi-Author Documents
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
Score
Score
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
task1 task2 task3 task1 task2 task3
Metric Metric
nath strom deibel nath strom deibel
singh zhang singh zhang
(a) Single-author documents (b) Multi-author documents
Figure 2: Scores (F1 ) for all tasks separately for single-author and multi-author documents.
Task 2 Score Over Number of Authors Task 23 Score Over Number of Authors
1.0 1.0
participant
nath
0.8 0.8 singh
strom
zhang
0.6 0.6 deibel
Score
Score
0.4 participant 0.4
nath
singh
0.2 strom 0.2
zhang
deibel
0.0 0.0
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Number of Authors Number of Authors
(a) Task 2 (b) Task 3
Figure 3: Scores (F1 ) for all Task 2 and Task 3, depending on the true number of authors in a document.
Finally, we looked at how the performance of the submitted approaches changes depending
on the true number of authors per document. We performed this analysis for Task 2 and Task 3.
The results can be seen in Figure 3. Looking at the results, we can see that the performance
for Task 2 peaks at two authors for all approaches. In other words, all submitted approaches
are best at determining style changes between paragraphs when the document was written by
two authors. A different picture presents itself for Task 3. For two of the submitted approaches
(Zhang et al. and Singh et al.), the performance keeps increasing with a growing number of
authors. They perform best if the document was written by four authors. This suggests it may
be interesting to increase the maximum number of authors per document for a future edition of
the task.
6. Conclusion
For the style change detection task at PAN 2021, we asked participants to determine (1) whether
a document was in fact written by several authors, (2) style changes between consecutive
paragraphs (3) the most likely author for a paragraph. Altogether five participants submitted
their approaches. For Task 1, the best performing approach relies on BERT embeddings and
stylistic features, utilizing a stacking ensemble. For Task 2 and Task 3, the highest 𝐹𝛼 -Measure
was obtained by fine-tuning pretrained BERT embeddings based on augmented data gained
from permuting the paragraphs of each document.
References
[1] E. Stamatatos, M. Tschuggnall, B. Verhoeven, W. Daelemans, G. Specht, B. Stein, M. Potthast,
Clustering by Authorship Within and Across Documents, in: Working Notes Papers of
the CLEF 2016 Evaluation Labs, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, CLEF and CEUR-WS.org,
2016. URL: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1609/.
[2] M. Tschuggnall, E. Stamatatos, B. Verhoeven, W. Daelemans, G. Specht, B. Stein, M. Potthast,
Overview of the Author Identification Task at PAN 2017: Style Breach Detection and
Author Clustering, in: L. Cappellato, N. Ferro, L. Goeuriot, T. Mandl (Eds.), Working Notes
Papers of the CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs, volume 1866 of CEUR Workshop Proceedings,
CEUR-WS.org, 2017. URL: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1866/.
[3] M. Kestemont, M. Tschuggnall, E. Stamatatos, W. Daelemans, G. Specht, B. Stein, M. Pot-
thast, Overview of the Author Identification Task at PAN-2018: Cross-domain Authorship
Attribution and Style Change Detection, in: L. Cappellato, N. Ferro, J.-Y. Nie, L. Soulier
(Eds.), Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2018 Evaluation Labs, volume 2125 of CEUR
Workshop Proceedings, CEUR-WS.org, 2018. URL: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2125/.
[4] E. Zangerle, M. Tschuggnall, G. Specht, M. Potthast, B. Stein, Overview of the Style
Change Detection Task at PAN 2019, in: L. Cappellato, N. Ferro, D. Losada, H. Müller
(Eds.), CLEF 2019 Labs and Workshops, Notebook Papers, CEUR-WS.org, 2019. URL:
http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2380/.
[5] E. Stamatatos, Intrinsic Plagiarism Detection Using Character n-gram Profiles, in: Note-
book Papers of the 5th Evaluation Lab on Uncovering Plagiarism, Authorship and Social
Software Misuse (PAN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2011.
[6] M. Koppel, J. Schler, S. Argamon, Computational methods in authorship attribution,
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 60 (2009) 9–26.
[7] D. I. Holmes, The Evolution of Stylometry in Humanities Scholarship, Literary and
Linguistic Computing 13 (1998) 111–117.
[8] M. Tschuggnall, G. Specht, Countering Plagiarism by Exposing Irregularities in Authors’
Grammar, in: Proceedings of the European Intelligence and Security Informatics Confer-
ence (EISIC), IEEE, Uppsala, Sweden, 2013, pp. 15–22.
[9] R. Zheng, J. Li, H. Chen, Z. Huang, A Framework for Authorship Identification of Online
Messages: Writing-Style Features and Classification Techniques, Journal of the American
Society for Information Science and Technology 57 (2006) 378–393.
[10] J. Khan, Style Breach Detection: An Unsupervised Detection Model—Notebook for PAN at
CLEF 2017, in: L. Cappellato, N. Ferro, L. Goeuriot, T. Mandl (Eds.), CLEF 2017 Evaluation
Labs and Workshop – Working Notes Papers, CEUR-WS.org, 2017. URL: http://ceur-ws.
org/Vol-1866/.
[11] D. Karaś, M. Śpiewak, P. Sobecki, OPI-JSA at CLEF 2017: Author Clustering and Style
Breach Detection—Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017, in: L. Cappellato, N. Ferro, L. Goeuriot,
T. Mandl (Eds.), CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs and Workshop – Working Notes Papers, CEUR-
WS.org, 2017. URL: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1866/.
[12] S. Nath, UniNE at PAN-CLEF 2019: Style Change Detection by Threshold Based and
Window Merge Clustering Methods, in: L. Cappellato, N. Ferro, D. Losada, H. Müller
(Eds.), CLEF 2019 Labs and Workshops, Notebook Papers, CEUR-WS.org, 2019.
[13] K. Safin, R. Kuznetsova, Style Breach Detection with Neural Sentence Embeddings—
Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2017, in: L. Cappellato, N. Ferro, L. Goeuriot, T. Mandl (Eds.),
CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs and Workshop – Working Notes Papers, CEUR-WS.org, 2017.
URL: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1866/.
[14] N. Graham, G. Hirst, B. Marthi, Segmenting Documents by Stylistic Character, Natural
Language Engineering 11 (2005) 397–415. URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1351324905003694.
doi:10.1017/S1351324905003694.
[15] A. Iyer, S. Vosoughi, Style Change Detection Using BERT, in: L. Cappellato, N. Ferro,
A. Névéol, C. Eickhoff (Eds.), CLEF 2020 Labs and Workshops, Notebook Papers, CEUR-
WS.org, 2020.
[16] M. Hosseinia, A. Mukherjee, A Parallel Hierarchical Attention Network for Style Change
Detection—Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2018, in: L. Cappellato, N. Ferro, J.-Y. Nie, L. Soulier
(Eds.), CLEF 2018 Evaluation Labs and Workshop – Working Notes Papers, CEUR-WS.org,
2018.
[17] C. Zuo, Y. Zhao, R. Banerjee, Style Change Detection with Feedforward Neural Networks
Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2019 , in: L. Cappellato, N. Ferro, D. Losada, H. Müller (Eds.),
CLEF 2019 Labs and Workshops, Notebook Papers, CEUR-WS.org, 2019.
[18] A. Glover, G. Hirst, Detecting Stylistic Inconsistencies in Collaborative Writing, Springer
London, London, 1996, pp. 147–168. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-1482-6_12.
[19] E. Stamatatos, Intrinsic Plagiarism Detection Using Character $n$-gram Profiles, in:
B. Stein, P. Rosso, E. Stamatatos, M. Koppel, E. Agirre (Eds.), SEPLN 2009 Workshop on
Uncovering Plagiarism, Authorship, and Social Software Misuse (PAN 09), Universidad
Politécnica de Valencia and CEUR-WS.org, 2009, pp. 38–46. URL: http://ceur-ws.org/
Vol-502.
[20] S. Meyer zu Eißen, B. Stein, Intrinsic Plagiarism Detection, in: M. Lalmas, A. MacFarlane,
S. Rüger, A. Tombros, T. Tsikrika, A. Yavlinsky (Eds.), Advances in Information Retrieval.
28th European Conference on IR Research (ECIR 2006), volume 3936 of Lecture Notes in
Computer Science, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2006, pp. 565–569. doi:10.1007/
11735106_66.
[21] B. Stein, S. Meyer zu Eißen, Intrinsic Plagiarism Analysis with Meta Learning, in:
B. Stein, M. Koppel, E. Stamatatos (Eds.), 1st Workshop on Plagiarism Analysis, Authorship
Identification, and Near-Duplicate Detection (PAN 2007) at SIGIR, 2007, pp. 45–50. URL:
http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-276.
[22] B. Stein, N. Lipka, P. Prettenhofer, Intrinsic Plagiarism Analysis, Language Resources and
Evaluation (LRE) 45 (2011) 63–82. doi:10.1007/s10579-010-9115-y.
[23] M. Koppel, N. Akiva, I. Dershowitz, N. Dershowitz, Unsupervised decomposition of a
document into authorial components, in: Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the
Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Association
for Computational Linguistics, Portland, Oregon, USA, 2011, pp. 1356–1364. URL: https:
//www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1136.
[24] M. Koppel, N. Akiva, I. Dershowitz, N. Dershowitz, Unsupervised decomposition of a
document into authorial components, in: D. Lin, Y. Matsumoto, R. Mihalcea (Eds.), The
49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language
Technologies, Proceedings of the Conference, 19-24 June, 2011, Portland, Oregon, USA,
The Association for Computer Linguistics, 2011, pp. 1356–1364. URL: http://www.aclweb.
org/anthology/P11-1136.
[25] N. Akiva, M. Koppel, Identifying Distinct Components of a Multi-author Document, in:
N. Memon, D. Zeng (Eds.), 2012 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference,
EISIC 2012, IEEE Computer Society, 2012, pp. 205–209. URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/EISIC.
2012.16. doi:10.1109/EISIC.2012.16.
[26] N. Akiva, M. Koppel, A Generic Unsupervised Method for Decomposing Multi-Author
Documents, JASIST 64 (2013) 2256–2264. URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22924. doi:10.
1002/asi.22924.
[27] M. Tschuggnall, G. Specht, Automatic decomposition of multi-author documents using
grammar analysis, in: F. Klan, G. Specht, H. Gamper (Eds.), Proceedings of the 26th
GI-Workshop Grundlagen von Datenbanken, volume 1313 of CEUR Workshop Proceedings,
CEUR-WS.org, 2014, pp. 17–22. URL: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1313/paper_4.pdf.
[28] C. Giannella, An Improved Algorithm for Unsupervised Decomposition of a Multi-Author
Document, JASIST 67 (2016) 400–411. URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23375. doi:10.
1002/asi.23375.
[29] E. Dauber, R. Overdorf, R. Greenstadt, Stylometric Authorship Attribution of Collaborative
Documents, in: S. Dolev, S. Lodha (Eds.), Cyber Security Cryptography and Machine
Learning - First International Conference, CSCML 2017, Proceedings, volume 10332 of
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, 2017, pp. 115–135. URL: https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-319-60080-2_9. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60080-2_9.
[30] K. Aldebei, X. He, W. Jia, W. Yeh, SUDMAD: Sequential and Unsupervised Decomposition
of a Multi-Author Document Based on a Hidden Markov Model, JASIST 69 (2018) 201–214.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23956. doi:10.1002/asi.23956.
[31] R. Sarwar, C. Yu, S. Nutanong, N. Urailertprasert, N. Vannaboot, T. Rakthanmanon,
A scalable framework for stylometric analysis of multi-author documents, in: J. Pei,
Y. Manolopoulos, S. W. Sadiq, J. Li (Eds.), Database Systems for Advanced Appli-
cations - 23rd International Conference, DASFAA 2018, Proceedings, Part I, volume
10827 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, 2018, pp. 813–829. doi:10.1007/
978-3-319-91452-7_52.
[32] A. Rexha, S. Klampfl, M. Kröll, R. Kern, Towards a more fine grained analysis of scientific
authorship: Predicting the number of authors using stylometric features, in: P. Mayr,
I. Frommholz, G. Cabanac (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Bibliometric-
enhanced Information Retrieval co-located with the 38th European Conference on Infor-
mation Retrieval (ECIR 2016), volume 1567 of CEUR Workshop Proceedings, CEUR-WS.org,
2016, pp. 26–31. URL: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1567/paper3.pdf.
[33] M. Potthast, T. Gollub, M. Wiegmann, B. Stein, TIRA Integrated Research Architecture,
in: N. Ferro, C. Peters (Eds.), Information Retrieval Evaluation in a Changing World, The
Information Retrieval Series, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2019. doi:10.1007/
978-3-030-22948-1_5.
[34] E. Zangerle, M. Mayerl, G. Specht, M. Potthast, B. Stein, Overview of the Style Change
Detection Task at PAN 2020, in: L. Cappellato, C. Eickhoff, N. Ferro, A. Névéol (Eds.), CLEF
2020 Labs and Workshops, Notebook Papers, CEUR-WS.org, 2020. URL: http://ceur-ws.
org/Vol-2696/.
[35] R. Deibel, D. Löfflad, Style Change Detection on Real-World Data using LSTM-powered
Attribution Algorithm, in: G. Faggioli, N. Ferro, A. Joly, M. Maistro, F. Piroi (Eds.), CLEF
2021 Labs and Workshops, Notebook Papers, CEUR-WS.org, 2021.
[36] S. Nath, Style Change Detection using Siamese Neural Networks, in: G. Faggioli, N. Ferro,
A. Joly, M. Maistro, F. Piroi (Eds.), CLEF 2021 Labs and Workshops, Notebook Papers,
CEUR-WS.org, 2021.
[37] R. Singh, J. Weerasinghe, R. Greenstadt, Writing Style Change Detection on Multi-Author
Documents, in: G. Faggioli, N. Ferro, A. Joly, M. Maistro, F. Piroi (Eds.), CLEF 2021 Labs
and Workshops, Notebook Papers, CEUR-WS.org, 2021.
[38] J. Weerasinghe, R. Greenstadt, Feature Vector Difference based Neural Network and
Logistic Regression Models for Authorship Verification—Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2020,
in: L. Cappellato, C. Eickhoff, N. Ferro, A. Névéol (Eds.), CLEF 2020 Labs and Workshops,
Notebook Papers, CEUR-WS.org, 2020. URL: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2696/.
[39] E. Strøm, Multi-label Style Change Detection by Solving a Binary Classification Problem,
in: G. Faggioli, N. Ferro, A. Joly, M. Maistro, F. Piroi (Eds.), CLEF 2021 Labs and Workshops,
Notebook Papers, CEUR-WS.org, 2021.
[40] D. Zlatkova, D. Kopev, K. Mitov, A. Atanasov, M. Hardalov, I. Koychev, P. Nakov, An
Ensemble-Rich Multi-Aspect Approach for Robust Style Change Detection, in: L. Cap-
pellato, N. Ferro, J.-Y. Nie, L. Soulier (Eds.), CLEF 2018 Evaluation Labs and Workshop –
Working Notes Papers, CEUR-WS.org, 2018. URL: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2125/.
[41] Z. Zhang, X. Miao, Z. Peng, J. Zeng, H. Cao, J. Zhang, Z. Xiao, X. Peng, Z. Chen, Using
Single BERT For Three Tasks Of Style Change Detection, in: G. Faggioli, N. Ferro, A. Joly,
M. Maistro, F. Piroi (Eds.), CLEF 2021 Labs and Workshops, Notebook Papers, CEUR-WS.org,
2021.