=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2994/paper3
|storemode=property
|title=From Digital to Computational Humanities: The VAST Project Vision
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2994/paper3.pdf
|volume=Vol-2994
|authors=Silvana Castano,Alfio Ferrara,Stefano Montanelli,Francesco Periti
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/sebd/CastanoFMP21
}}
==From Digital to Computational Humanities: The VAST Project Vision==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2994/paper3.pdf
From Digital to Computational Humanities: The
VAST Project Vision
Silvana Castano1 , Alfio Ferrara1 , Stefano Montanelli1 and Francesco Periti1
1
Università degli Studi di Milano
Department of Computer Science
Via Celoria, 18 - 20133 Milano, Italy
Abstract
In the shift from Digital to Computational Humanities, the role of artificial intelligence, data science
and digital technologies is fundamental to achieve advances and results. As a concrete example of
Computational Humanities Research, we present the vision of the EU H2020 VAST project (Values Across
Space and Time) recently started, where cutting edge digital technologies and knowledge modeling tools
are in place to study how the meaning of European moral values has been expressed, transformed, and
appropriated throughout time, going back to the stories that helped to shape part of the European
culture.
Keywords
Computational Humanities, Knowledge Modeling, Ontology-based data management
1. Introduction
In the field of the Humanities, Social Sciences, and Cultural Heritage, the demand is increasing
for semantic text-analysis techniques as well as for intelligent discovery, linking, querying, and
visualization of massive volumes of data [1]. On the one side, this leads to large-scale digitiza-
tion projects and tools for producing, curating, and exploiting humanities and social-science
data, by relying on text analysis techniques and new hybrid methodologies derived from the
intersection/intertwining of the involved research communities [2]. On the other side, the
need to keep humans “in-the-loop” leads to crowdsourcing solutions, to help in large-scale,
human-intensive processes such as text tagging, commenting, rating, and reviewing, as well as
in the creation and upload of content in a methodical, task-based fashion. Furthermore, the rapid
development and diffusion of artificial intelligence techniques and data science approaches,
enable research in the field of humanities and social sciences to become more and more compu-
tational. For example, various studies are devoted to exploit AI techniques to analyze literary
texts, historic productions, or public opinions about political events for knowledge extraction
and/or classification/analytics purposes. As a consequence, we are assisting to a shift from
Digital Humanities (DH) to the so-called Computational Humanities (CH) research, where the
SEBD 2021: The 29th Italian Symposium on Advanced Database Systems, September 5-9, 2021, Pizzo Calabro (VV),
Italy
" silvana.castano@unimi.it (S. Castano); alfio.ferrara@unimi.it (A. Ferrara); stefano.montanelli@unimi.it
(S. Montanelli); francesco.periti@unimi.it (F. Periti)
© 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR
Workshop
Proceedings
http://ceur-ws.org
ISSN 1613-0073 CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
role of artificial intelligence, data science and cutting edge digital technologies is fundamental
to achieve research advances and results [3].
In this paper, we present the EU H2020 VAST project (Values Across Space and Time), a con-
crete example of Computational Humanities Research (CHR). Going beyond analysing the
transformation of moral values in the past, the VAST project will study how moral values are
communicated and perceived today, by collecting, digitising, and analysing narratives and
experiences of both communicators of moral values, like for example artists, directors, culture
and creative industry institutions, museum curators, storytellers, educators, and the respective
audiences, like spectators, museum visitors, students, and pupils. Within VAST, an interdisci-
plinary consortium of scholars from both humanities and computer science has been created.
VAST aims to study the transformation of moral values across space and time, with particular
emphasis on the core European Values, such as freedom, democracy, equality, rule of law,
tolerance, dialogue, and dignity, that are widely recognized as the essential pillars to constitute
a society in which inclusion, tolerance, justice, solidarity, and non-discrimination prevail [4].
The project envisions to bring European Values to the forefront by using cutting edge
technologies to create a digital platform and a knowledge base by including narratives from
three main areas: i) theater, focusing on ancient Greek Drama, ii) science, focusing on Scientific
Revolution and natural-philosophy documents of the 17th century, and iii) folklore, focusing on
folktales and fairy-tales. Through advanced techniques and digital tools, the research teams
in the project are going to study how the meaning of specific values has been expressed,
transformed, and appropriated throughout time, going back to the stories that helped to shape
part of the European culture. VAST will examine narratives and user experiences that represent
significant moments of European culture and history such as the classical period, and the
Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, when the conceptual, methodological and institutional
foundations of modern science were first established, to the modern era. In this respect, the
main VAST issues about knowledge modeling and architectural design are discussed in the paper
both from methodological and technical point of view.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides an overview of the VAST goals and
features. In Section 3, the architectural design of the VAST platform is presented. Details about
the VAST ontology meta-model are discussed in Section 4. In Section 5 and 6, related work and
concluding remarks are finally provided.
2. The VAST project overview
The aim of the VAST project is to investigate how the values at the basis of the European
Union have been transformed over the ages. Across time, from antiquity to modernity, a value
represents a message that is communicated through different mediums (e.g., text, visual art,
drama, oral narration) and this message can change when the context and the society where
citizens live change. As a first goal, VAST aims at representing values and associated messages
as they are extracted from sources of the past, such as for example literature texts and theatrical
performances. As a further goal, VAST aims at collecting and digitizing the today messages
associated with values as they are perceived by the general audience in the present days. To this
end, the activities of the project are organized in three pilots that are characterized by i) different
significant moments of the European history and ii) different types of sources that are exploited
for extraction of the value messages. In particular, we focus on studying the transformations
of values from ancient Greek tragedies to modern theatrical plays (i.e., Pilot 1: Ancient Greek
Drama), from seventeenth century works of natural philosophy to science museum exhibits (i.e.,
Pilot 2: Scientific Revolution Texts), and from traditional European fairy tales to different types
of storytelling (i.e., Pilot 3: European Folktales). The pilot features are summarized in Table 1
and they are described in the following.
Table 1
The VAST pilot properties
Pilot Pilot 1 Pilot 2 Pilot 3
General Context Arts Science Folklore
Type of Narrative Greek Tragedies 17th Century Texts European Folktales
Antiquity Early Modern Modern
Time
Present Present Present
Space Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe
Museum Exhibitions, Museum Exhibitions,
Communication Medium Theatre
Educational Activities Educational Activities
Theoretical background- Philosophical, Philological, Philosophical, Pedagogical, History & Philosophical, Pedagogical
Methodology Theatrological Communication of Science Psychological
Artists, Culture/Creative Curators, artists,
Communicators Curators
Industry Institutions storytellers
Exhibitions, Educational Programs, Exhibitions, Educational
User Engagement Theatrical Plays
Special Events Programs, Special Events
Target Audiences Spectators Visitors, Students, Pupils Visitors, Students, Pupils
Studied Values Freedom, democracy, equality, tolerance, dialogue, human dignity, the rule of law
Pilot 1: Ancient Greek Drama. The Pilot 1 of VAST is related to values in ancient Greek
tragedies and how they are perceived by contemporary theatrical plays and general audiences.
It is mainly focused on Greek tragedies and their adaptations across Europe and the World
along time. The goal is to analyze how the values of the antiquity, that are recognized to be
discussed in specific tragedies (e.g., Lysistrata, Comedy, 411 BC), are revisited in the present
through modern artistic reproductions, such as acting, music, and voice. The pilot aims at
inspiring ideas and debates on what people find important in their own life and in their life
with the others, like for example human rights, the right of political asylum, expansionism,
genocide, the conflict between East and West, and the concept of the “other”.
Pilot 2: Scientific Revolution Texts. The Pilot 2 of VAST is related to values in texts of 17th
century about natural philosophy and how they are perceived by experts in science museums
and museum visitors like students and pupils. It is mainly focused on the early-modern era, the
period known as the Scientific Revolution featured by great discoveries and inventions. The texts
considered in the project are mostly about imaginary travel stories or fictional communities of
ideal perfection in which the new intellectual achievements were embedded in an imaginary
narrative context (e.g., The Man in the Moone, Francis Godwin, 1638). The goal is to analyze
the shift in the message communicated by values concerned with the science of the past and
the those concerned with the modern science. The pilot aims at promoting the organization of
educational programs for museum visitors, focused events, such as talks and debates, where
visitors are encouraged to share their experiences and visions about science-related values (e.g.,
freedom of research, science for public good).
Pilot 3: European Folktales. The Pilot 3 of VAST is related to values in folktales throughout
the History of Europe and how they are perceived by storytelling experts in fairytale museums
and museum visitors. Though fictitious, folktales are important simulations of the reality.
Moreover, the variability of tales makes them the ideal case study for cross-cultural comparisons
on social dynamics, including cooperation, competition, or decision making. The pilot is mainly
focused on archetypical stories (e.g., the Grimms’ Fairy Tales, 1812) and it includes texts from
several European countries (i.e., Portugal, Italy, Slovenia, Greece, Cyprus). Folktale narratives
are central to the construction of the self, embodied with memories, emotions, appetites, and
culture-based values. The goal is to analyze the value dichotomies that are typically addressed
in folktales, such as for example good/evil, right/wrong, punishment/reward, moral/immoral,
trust/distrust, and male/female. The pilot aims at promoting events where a given folktale with
a number of associated national adaptations are presented and the museum visitors can provide
their feedback and emotions in the form of comments and/or storytelling with respect to the
received value(s).
3. The VAST architecture
The VAST architecture describes the modules and the tools that are employed to enforce the
project activities and the pilot development (Figure 1). In particular, the VAST architecture is
LINKED DATA
BACKEND PUBLIC PLATFORM
DATA LINKING TOOL
WEB SITE
ONTOLOGY
ONTOLOGY
MANAGEMENT TOOL
ONTOLOGY POPULATION PILOT ACTIVITIES
TOOL
SOCIAL MEDIA
VOCABULARY ANNOTATION TOOL CONTENT CO-CREATION
DATA MANAGEMENT
SOURCES
TOOL
SECURITY & DATA
POLICIES
Figure 1: The VAST architecture
designed to support a computational-oriented approach focused on three main targets described
in the following.
Historical content digitization. The VAST pilots require the acquisition of a number of het-
erogeneous historical sources that are selected to provide either explicit and implicit references
to messages/interpretations associated with values. Document annotation modules and tools are
designed in the VAST architecture to support historians and humanity scholars in the extraction
of value-related knowledge from sources. A crucial aspect for annotation task is the specification
of a reference vocabulary to support the work of human annotators and to avoid undisciplined
proliferation of keywords. The idea is to go beyond conventional annotation approaches and
to investigate the adoption of semi-automated solutions to the progressive enrichment of the
reference vocabulary based on machine learning techniques (see for example [5]).
Multi-dimensional knowledge modelling and visualization. A key aspect in the VAST
project is about the use of space and time as dimensions of analysis for observing the transfor-
mation of values throughout the considered historical sources. As a further issue, it is possible
that a certain value is associated with multiple, different interpretations provided by distinct
individuals in the same historical period. As a result, the VAST ontology meta-model needs to
be defined not only around the specification of concepts featuring the values, but also around
the association of each value with the keywords (i.e., the tags) used by individuals to denote
the meaning of that value. In addition to the knowledge extracted from the historical sources
through annotation, it is important to note that the VAST ontology has to contain the value
interpretations provided by the final users (e.g., museum visitors, educators, students) as a feed-
back to the activities/events proposed within the pilots (see Section 4 for further details). The
ontology-related modules and tools of the VAST architecture are designed to enforce modeling,
population, and linking functionalities over the knowledge acquired through annotation. The
VAST ontology aims at supporting i) dissemination tasks to the general audience through the
VAST website, and ii) content creation activities to the final users involved in the pilots. In both
scenarios the idea is to go beyond conventional visualization tools of the ontology contents and
to provide interactive dashboards characterized by topic-driven organization of values aimed at
highlighting the available value interpretations collected across space and time from sources
and users (see [6] for a possible solution in this direction).
Collaborative content creation. Each VAST pilot aims at promoting focused events and
activities to engage different target audiences on the project ambitions. The idea is to design
interactive experiences where the final users are exposed to the value messages and interpreta-
tions coming from the Past, so that they can realize how these values have been transformed and
differently perceived in the Present. The users involved in the pilot activities are encouraged
to share their feelings according to modalities and mediums that are being defined within the
project. A first modality is called immediate and it is based on the “syncronous” collection of
user feedback during and/or at the end of the event/activity. In this modality, we expect to
rely on interviews and questionnaires to enforce the user contributions. A further modality
is called remote and it is based on the “asyncronous” collection of the user feedback some
days/weeks after the participation to the event/activity. In this modality, social media channels
represent a spontaneous medium that a user can exploit to share her personal feedback. As
a further option, we plan to develop content-creation mechanisms where users are involved
in collaborative writing experiences. The idea is to define a human-in-the-loop approach to
participatory storytelling where users can contribute to the definition of a value interpretation
by providing personal considerations as well as like/dislike reactions to the proposals of the
other users (see for example [7]).
4. The VAST ontology meta-model
The VAST ontology is based on three main notions, namely i) VAST annotation, ii) VAST inter-
pretation and iii) VAST concept, as highlighted in Figure 2. A VAST annotation represents an
VAST Annotation
VAST
Keyword 0..* Conceptual relation
0..* 0..*
VAST VAST
Interpretation Concept 0..*
0..*
Source
(e.g., Document)
Value Entity
Has
TIME Scholar
SPACE
Person … Institution
Figure 2: The VAST ontology meta-model
association between a source document, either a whole document or a small part of it, and
one or more VAST keywords taken from a controlled vocabulary. Annotations are performed
by scholars and expert of the source documents under examination. One of the main goals
of annotation is to tag and select the specific portions of document that may be relevant for
the understanding of values in time and space. In fact, each document in VAST is a historical
source of information that is associated with a temporal dimension, typically the date of the
document, and a spatial dimension, typically the country or the geo-political entity where the
document has been historically written and published. VAST keywords are mainly tags that have
been defined by domain experts with the goal of providing a first level of abstraction over the
document contents but that still do not represent a conceptualization of the document contents.
So, the goal of the VAST keywords is mainly related to the fact of overcoming the linguistic
differences among documents (to this purpose all the VAST keywords are English words or
short English sentences) and of providing a reference terminology that can be associated with
document portions that are similar in terms of content but different in style and lexicon. The
step of conceptualizing the document content with respect to the VAST values of interest is
represented by interpretation.
A VAST concept is the ontology representation of an entity, like a person or an institution,
or a value considered in VAST, like freedom, democracy, and equality. The VAST concepts are
interconnected by conceptual relations. In particular, a binary relationship among a pair of
concepts can be specified to denote a semantic relation holding between them.
A VAST interpretation is a relation between an annotation, that means a textual portion
with time and space metadata and with VAST keywords associated, and a VAST concept. The
association of concepts about entities with annotations is usually straightforward because
such entities are mentioned directly in the source document or because there is a historical
or philological evidence supporting that annotation. In case of values, the association of the
concept representing the value and the document annotation is less straightforward because it
derives from a specific interpretation that a scholar gives of the text at hand. For this reason,
the design choice of the VAST ontology is to reify the notion of interpretation as a class of
spatial ontology entities that represent the relation between a VAST concept, an annotation,
and the scholars who propose or support that interpretation. Thanks to this design, the VAST
ontology can model the existence of multiple interpretations of the same annotation. Moreover,
we implicitly introduce a notion of consensus concerning interpretations because different, and
potentially controversial, interpretations might be supported by more or less scholars. This
flexibility of design is motivated by the need of supporting different views of the VAST values
across time and space. In fact, by selecting a specific time and space frame we can easily select
the interpretations involved and - through those - the keywords that are associated with a value
in that interpretations in order to study how the definition of values in terms of keywords and
documents vary in the temporal and spatial dimensions.
Example. As an example of how the VAST ontology is used in the project, in Figure 3 we
present a portion of the concrete instance that describes the Galileo Sidereus Nuncius, published
in the Republic of Venice on March 13, 1610. The source document is associated with several
metadata, including the date of publication and the spatial reference to the Republic of Venice.
This last reference is also linked to the corresponding entity in Wikidata. From the text, we
take the example of a text snippet (TS1) that has been annotated with the keywords K1 (“for the
people”) and K2 (“democratic”). This association between keywords and text is represented in the
VAST ontology by the annotation A1. Note that keywords may be used for multiple annotations
as for the keyword K1 and the annotation A2. Then a scholar, omitted in the example just for
the sake of readability, provides an interpretation of the fact that keywords K1 and K2 have been
used to annotate TS1. Her interpretation is that the portion of the document annotated by A1 is
related to both the value of democracy, represented by the concept C1, and the topic of science
revolution, represented by the VAST concept C2. By providing her interpretation, the scholar
generates an instance of VAST interpretation I1 that is linked to both A1 and C1 and C2, which
are in turn related by a conceptual relation the one to the other. Although not shown in this
example, I1 will also be associated with the scholar who proposed the interpretation and could
be associated further with all the other scholar who will support this interpretation. Assuming
that a second scholar wants to argue against this interpretation by claiming that TS1 is actually
related to science revolution but not to the value of democracy, the second scholar may create a
different interpretation linking A1 to C2 only. This way, multiple interpretations of the same text
VAST instance general structure
Concept Annotation K
C I A VAST
Interpretation D T, S Concept
VAST
Keyword
Value Topic
for the people K1 K2 democratic related_to
C1
democracy
A2 A1 I1 C2 science revolution
annotation
T1 March 13, 1610
Sidereus
TS1 Nuncius
Annotated text S1 Republic of Venice
snippet
owl:sameAs
A1
wikidata:Q4948
Other metadata: authors, etc.
Figure 3: Example of a VAST ontology instance
may co-exists in the VAST ontology. At the same time, a given value (e.g., C1) can be associated
with different interpretations and also with different texts and keywords. As an example of
retrieval, consider the query Find democracy in the XVII century and the corresponding answer
extracted from the VAST ontology:
{
Value: democracy,
Time: March 13, 1610,
Space: Republic of Venice,
Snippet: "Neque porro quisquam ...",
Source: Sidereus Nuncius,
Keyword: democratic
}
{
Value: democracy,
Time: March 13, 1610,
Space: Republic of Venice,
Snippet: "Neque porro quisquam ...",
Source: Sidereus Nuncius,
Keyword: for the people
}
The example shows how a value can be associated with a set of space locations (i.e., the Republic
of Venice) and keywords (i.e., “democratic”, “for the people”) given a temporal constraint. By
shifting the temporal reference along history trough other queries we can support a study on
how the spatial reference and the keywords associated with values change.
VAST ontology implementation. For implementation of the VAST ontology meta-model,
we rely on the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model, (also referred to as CRM) [8]. CRM is a
formal ontology specifically designed to support the integration, mediation, and interchange of
heterogeneous cultural heritage information. It is developed by the ICOM/CIDOC group and
it has been accepted as ISO standard (ISO21127:2006) since 20061 . In CRM, basic classes and
properties are specified aimed at representing documentation of cultural heritage and scientific
activities. The ontology is complemented by a number of modular extensions of the basic model.
These extensions are designed to support different types of specialized research questions (e.g.,
representation of bibliographic data, geographical and archaeological data, data about social
phenomena) and they are harmonized with the base ontology.
The choice of CRM for implementing the VAST meta-model is based on multiple motivations.
First, CRM is a standard that aims to offer a complete and relatively off-the-shelf solution
that is readily applicable. In VAST, we need to represent both temporal and spatial data, and
CRM provides specific constructs to this end. For instance, a document to annotate has a
creation/publication date and this feature can be represented by exploiting the class E52-Time-
Span and the property P160-has temporal projection. As a further example, the class E53-Place and
the property P161-has spatial projection are defined in CRM to represent geo-referenced data about
documents. Furthermore, CRM supports an event-oriented modeling of knowledge, meaning that
fact representation is articulated in a set of event-based relationships. As an example, a value
interpretation that we aim to model in the VAST ontology can be implemented as an instance of
the class E5-Event to represent a specific association between a document text snippet, a keyword,
and a scholar, thus providing an explicit description of a document annotation. Moreover, CRM
can be integrated with the CRMdig extension about representation of provenance metadata [9].
This extension provides formal constructs for annotation representation like the class D30
Annotation Event and the property L43 annotates (is annotated by).
5. Related work
In this section, we focus on available solutions about knowledge modeling and representation
in the framework of Digital and Computational Humanities research. A main issue regarding
knowledge modeling in the DH/CH is that metadata from different institutions (e.g., museums,
1
The current standard is the one renewed and updated in 2014 (ISO 21127:2014)
archives, libraries) are heterogeneous and need to be integrated to offer a complete view of
information about any period, geographic location, and aspect of human activity in the past.
In [10], the use of metadata schemas like for example Dublin Core, MPEG7, and METS standards,
is discouraged due to the fact that the available metadata are usually insufficient to represent
all the real-world feature that need to be described. In this direction, the use of a common
conceptualization model is recommended for ensuring interoperability of repositories, uniform
access to data, and querying functionalities.
A number of conceptualization models exist that are already employed also in the field of
cultural heritage, humanities, and social sciences [11]. A brief overview is available in [12] and
[11]. An additional survey on this topic is provided in [13]. As an example, DOLCE [14] is a large
Descriptive first-order Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering. According to [12],
the rigorous DOLCE’s logical formulation makes difficult for domain experts to understand and
use it. Moreover, as a difference with CRM, a modular organization of the ontology specifications
is not supported in DOLCE. For instance, this means that the design of space and time data is
represented as properties of concepts and not as concepts existing per sé. A further example
is the PROTON (PROTo ONtology) [15]. This is an upper-level ontology characterized by a
hierarchy of classes and properties without any restriction on the meaning. As a difference
with CRM, PROTON does not provide specific constructs for conceptualization of space and
time data.
In the context of DH/CH, CHARM [16] (Cultural Heritage Abstract Reference Model) repre-
sents an alternative to the CRM. The are three major differences between CHARM and CRM: i)
the CHARM ontology is wider in scope than CRM, and this could be a matter of confusion for
ontology designers with focused domain target and limited experience; ii) CHARM provides
an abstract model that needs to be extended to fit a specific organisation need; iii) CHARM is
expressed in ConML, a well-defined conceptual modelling language, while CRM is a conceptual
model that is compatible with implementation through different formalization languages (e.g.,
RDF).
Finally, we note that the modular extensions of the CIDOC CRM also constitute an additional
option for ontology representation of specific types of data. In particular, we mention i)
CRMtex [17] for supporting knowledge representation of ancient documents, and ii) CRMsci [18]
for archaeological excavations, scientific observations, and measurements.
6. Ongoing and future work
In this paper we have presented the vision of the VAST project in the context of the transition
from digital to computational humanities. One of the main drivers of this transition is the need
of methods and techniques capable of adding value to the historical collections of documents
held by museums, archives and other cultural institutions. The vision of VAST is summarized by
the principles that inspired the VAST architecture which is designed to support multidimensional
modeling and visualization of knowledge extracted from the source documents and from the
contents created by final users. Ongoing activities are about the following issues.
Document annotation. The VAST scholars already defined the first version of the common
vocabulary to employ for document annotation. The VAST keywords are integrated within the
annotation tool and they have been associated with a set of shared annotation guidelines.
Ontology design and implementation. The VAST ontology meta-model presented in
Section 4 is going to be implemented through the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. Details
about modeling of the VAST entities through the CRM constructs are going to be investigated.
Our future work will be focused on defining the methodology and the techniques for ontology
population and exploitation. The idea is to support a semi-automated ontology population
process, where text analysis and data linking techniques are exploited to aggregate keywords and
contents, and to define mapping with the VAST ontology concepts in order to suggest possible
interpretations to the scholars and experts. Moreover, we will also study how to integrate the
knowledge extracted from documents, concerning the Past of values, with activities and user
feedback and experiences, concerning the Present of values.
Acknowledgments
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and
⋆ ⋆ ⋆
⋆ ⋆
⋆ ⋆
⋆ ⋆
⋆ ⋆ ⋆
innovation programme under grant agreement No 101004949. This document reflects only the
author’s view and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made
of the information it contains.
This paper is partially funded by the RECON project within the UNIMI-SEED research pro-
gramme.
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