=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3006/44_short_paper
|storemode=property
|title=Monitoring and assessment of the state of the atmosphere over the Yenisei riverbed using drone
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3006/44_short_paper.pdf
|volume=Vol-3006
|authors=Oleg E. Yakubailik,Alexey V. Tokarev,Alexey A. Kadochnikov,Valery V. Zavoruev,Konstantin V. Krasnoshchekov,Alexander V. Dergunov
}}
==Monitoring and assessment of the state of the atmosphere over the Yenisei riverbed using drone==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3006/44_short_paper.pdf
Monitoring and assessment of the state of the
atmosphere over the Yenisei riverbed using drone
Oleg E. Yakubailik1 , Alexey V. Tokarev1 , Alexey A. Kadochnikov1 ,
Valery V. Zavoruev1 , Konstantin V. Krasnoshchekov2 and Alexander V. Dergunov2
1
Institute of Computational Modelling SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
2
Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Abstract
The article is devoted to studying the characteristics of the atmosphere over the Yenisei riverbed with
the help of a drone. We develop special mounted measuring equipment for the drone for experimental
observations. Designed equipment was used to measure weather parameters and atmospheric pollution
from autumn 2020 to summer 2021. More than 50 drone flights were performed during this time. The
experiments obtained data from measurements of temperature, relative humidity, and PM25 concentration
at different heights above the riverbed. At the same time, no quasi-stationary gradients of meteorological
quantities predicted in several publications were found.
Keywords
Temperature inversion, unfavorable meteorological conditions, PM25 , GFS, air pollution, Krasnoyarsk.
1. Introduction
The temperature regime of rivers in the lower reaches changes after constructing a hydroelectric
power station (HPP). The most significant change in the regime occurs when creating high-
pressure hydroelectric power plants [1].
The nature of thermal changes mainly depends on the depth, volume, area of the water mirror,
the flow rate of the reservoir, and the climate of the surrounding area. The depth of the water
intake holes greatly influences the water temperature in the lower stream [2]. As a result of
creating a hydroelectric power station in the lower reaches, the water temperature decreases in
summer and increases in autumn and winter. Therefore, on some rivers, there is a non-freezing
ice hole all winter. The longest polynya was formed on the Yenisei in the lower reaches of the
Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station. Depending on winter conditions, the length of the
polynya varies from 105 to 315 km [3].
The administrative borders of Krasnoyarsk are located in the lower reaches of the Krasnoyarsk
hydroelectric power station at a distance of 30–60 km from the dam. The width of the Yenisei
riverbed in the city varies from 570 to 1800 m. The approximate area of the Yenisei River water
SDM-2021: All-Russian conference, August 24–27, 2021, Novosibirsk, Russia
" oleg@icm.krasn.ru (O. E. Yakubailik); tav@icm.krasn.ru (A. V. Tokarev); scorant@icm.krasn.ru
(A. A. Kadochnikov); valzav@icm.krasn.ru (V. V. Zavoruev); krasko@icm.krasn.ru (K. V. Krasnoshchekov);
alexdergunov@icm.krasn.ru (A. V. Dergunov)
0000-0002-2668-4776 (O. E. Yakubailik); 0000-0002-9997-9065 (A. V. Tokarev); 0000-0003-0965-3609
(A. A. Kadochnikov)
© 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR
Workshop
Proceedings
http://ceur-ws.org
ISSN 1613-0073
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
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Oleg E. Yakubailik et al. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 384–391
area is about 8% of the city’s total area. Thus, a unique situation has formed in Siberia, when
there is a non-freezing water surface in winter with an area of up to 30 km2 in the center
of a million-strong city. At the same time, the following fact should be emphasized: since
the commissioning of the Krasnoyarsk HPP until 2019, experimental studies of the state of
atmospheric air over the Yenisei riverbed have not been conducted.
In 2017, a scientific article was published on the modeling of atmospheric processes occurring
over the river and the city’s territory [4]. In this work, a scheme of the formation of wind flows
near the Yenisei riverbed and the distribution of air temperature over the water area of the
river was presented. Calculations have shown that the temperature gradient is formed from the
water surface to a height of about 500–600 m, and in the horizontal direction, the temperature
difference can reach 6 ∘ C. In addition, from the analysis of the data presented in the article, there
is a humidity gradient over the Yenisei river. Moreover, the humidity gradient must be recorded
during horizontal (perpendicular to the river flow) monitoring at 50-300 meters altitudes.
In connection with the above, the purpose of this work was to develop methods and equipment
for studying the state of the atmosphere over the Yenisei riverbed in the winter conditions of
Siberia. The working hypothesis was that there are temperature and humidity gradients over
the Yenisei River. These factors, in turn, affect the particulate matter distribution in the surface
layer of the atmosphere.
2. Materials and methods
Measurements of the atmosphere’s main characteristics over the Yenisei River’s water area
were carried out using mounted equipment installed on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
The analysis of the UAV market showed that the expected operating conditions are best met
by the DJI Matrice 210 V2 industrial drone. This is a universal platform that is characterized
by strength and ease of use in various industries. The V2 series improvements cover control
systems, flight characteristics, as well as flight and data safety.
For a visual assessment of the state of the atmosphere (fog, etc.), the DJI Matrice 210 V2
drone is equipped with a camera on a gyro-stabilized platform. The DJI Zenmuse X4S lens
camera allows frame-by-frame/series/interval photo/video shooting with a resolution of up to
5472×3648 (20 MP).
Measurements of temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, the PM25 concen-
tration were carried out using mounted measuring equipment made of various electronic
components (sensors, controllers, etc.), like a “LEGO constructor”. Some of the elements were
printed using a 3d-printer (Figure 1). The authors have experience in such developments; a
similar device for stationary placement was previously implemented [5].
The sensors are duplicated, followed by averaging the measured values. The developed
equipment for measuring the state of the atmosphere is based on the ESP32 microcontroller
and the following sensors.
• Bosch BME280 is a combined humidity, temperature, and atmospheric pressure sensor
module with a digital interface. Measurement accuracy of relative humidity: ±3% RH,
pressure: ±1.0 hPa, temperature: ±1.0°C. Operating temperature range: −40 . . . 85 ∘ C,
pressure: 300. . . 1100 hPa.
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• Sensirion SHT31 is a high-precision digital temperature and humidity sensor. The chip is
well calibrated and linearized. The typical accuracy of this module is ± 2% RH for relative
humidity and ±0.3 ∘ C for temperature. Operating temperature range: −40 . . . 125 ∘ C.
• Plantower PMS7003 is a sensor for measuring the concentration of particulate matter
(PM1.0 , PM25 , PM10 ). The sensor accuracy is within ±10 mg/m3 at concentrations up to
100 mg/m3 and ±10% at concentrations over 100 mg/m3 . Operating temperature range:
−10 . . . 60 ∘ C.
• uBlox Neo 8M-GPS/GLONASS module with an active antenna.
The mounted unit uses sensors: 1×BME280, 2×SHT31, 2×PMS7003, 1×uBlox Neo 8M.
The GPS module provides accurate data binding by time.
The registered indicators are recorded on a microSD card with an interval of 1 second in CSV
format exchange files. For convenience, an import module has been developed that provides
loading data from exchange files from the drone’s mounted measuring equipment into the
system. In the user interface, the operator specifies the device from which the results were
obtained, the route of the flight performed, the name, a description of the conditions and features
of the mission, and also specifies a data file to download. As a result, the data falls into a single
flight database for storage and analytical processing.
The reliability of the measuring instruments used is ensured by calibration of the equipment
according to reference devices.
The calibration is based on the use of the following measuring equipment and data.
• UAV mounted measuring equipment.
• Air monitoring stations of the air monitoring system of the Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center
SB RAS. CityAir certified air monitoring stations are used as the basic equipment in this
system of the KSC SB RAS [6].
• Data of the Regional departmental information and analytical data system on the state of
the environment of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. This system developed by the Ministry of
Ecology and Rational Nature Management of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Figure 1: Unmanned aerial vehicle mounted measuring equipment.
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The measurements of the drone and CityAir stations were processed using descriptive statis-
tics in the Microsoft Excel program. It was found that three temperature sensors and three
relative humidity sensors installed in the drone’s mounted measuring equipment correctly mea-
sure the corresponding meteorological parameters. The readings of two PM25 concentration
sensors installed in the mounted unit should be divided by a correction factor of 8.3.
Thus, the comparability of the data recorded by all three listed sources of information was
ensured.
3. Results and discussion
The manufacturer of drone does not recommend operating the DJI Matrice 210 V2 model at
temperatures below −20 ∘ C. This recommendation was strictly observed when monitoring the
water area of the Yenisei River.
We performed about 50 horizontal flights from September 14, 2020, to July 9, 2021, at 10–
70 meters altitudes. Typical results of measurements of temperature, relative humidity, and PM25
concentration obtained during one of these flights in the vicinity of the village of Peschanka
(Krasnoyarsk) are shown in Figures 2–4.
Figure 2: Flight over the Yenisei on December 16, 2020, speed 3 m/s, temperature registration period
16:18–16:26 local time.
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Figure 3: Flight over the Yenisei on December 16, 2020, speed 3 m/s, the period of registration of relative
humidity is 16:18–16:26 local time.
As a result of statistical analysis of the data obtained during the drone’s flight on December 16,
2020, the following was established.
The average value of the air temperature during the flight, calculated from the measurement
data of three sensors, was minus 14.79±0.01 ∘ C, the minimum value was 15.02 ∘ C, and the
maximum value was 14.49 ∘ C. Considering the accuracy of the sensors, it can be concluded that
there is no temperature gradient in the area of the Yenisei River water area.
The average value of the relative humidity of the air during the flight, calculated from the
measurement data of three sensors, was 64.6±0.2%, the minimum value was 60.0%, and the
maximum value was 67.8%. Considering the accuracy of the sensors, it can be concluded that
there is no gradient of relative humidity in the area of the Yenisei River water area.
The average value of the concentration of suspended particles of PM25 during the flight,
calculated from the measurement data of two sensors and taking into account the correction
factor, was 4.3±0.3 mg/m3 , the minimum value is −1.5 mg/m3 , and the maximum value is
18.0 mg/m3 . Formally, we can talk about an inhomogeneous distribution of PM25 over the
Yenisei riverbed. However, the data analysis shows that a jump in the concentration of PM25
is observed when the drone flies from the left bank to the right bank, and when flying in
the opposite direction, such a jump is not recorded. This is probably due to the influence of
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Figure 4: Flight over the Yenisei on December 16, 2020, speed 3 m/s, the registration period of the
concentration of PM25 is 16:18–16:26 local time. The PM25 concentration is presented without taking
into account the correction factor.
Figure 5: Soaring over the riverbed in winter.
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an aerosol of ascending water vapor, which is formed spontaneously and unevenly over the
water area of the river at a negative air temperature and a weak wind (Figure 5). Such weather
conditions were observed at the Berezovka monitoring station (located 4 km from the flight
area) on December 19, 2020, from 16 to 17 hours. The wind speed was 0.6±0.1 m/s, and the air
temperature was minus 15.9±0.5 ∘ C. Therefore, there is no reason to assert a quasi-stationary
gradient of PM25 concentrations over the water area of the Yenisei River.
As a result of analyzing the data of numerous measurements made with the help of a drone at
atmospheric air temperatures up to −20 ∘ C, it was concluded that there are no quasi-stationary
gradients of temperature, relative humidity, and PM25 concentration over the Yenisei riverbed.
4. Conclusions
Model calculations show that ascending wind flows form over the central part of the Yenisei
riverbed in winter [4, 7]. As a consequence of this process, it is assumed that there are gradients
of temperature and relative humidity over the water area of the river [4].
Experimental studies performed from September 14, 2020, to July 9, 2021, did not confirm the
results of model calculations. The theoretically predicted gradients of meteorological parameters
are likely formed over the water area of the river at temperatures below minus 20 ∘ C.
A full-scale study of the regularity of the distribution of temperature, relative humidity,
and concentration of suspended particles over the polynya at low temperatures (from −20 to
−40 ∘ C) has not yet been performed. The experience of using a drone at low temperatures
comparable to those observed in Krasnoyarsk is described in a preprint of an article published
in February 2021, prepared by a group of Canadian researchers [8]. This article describes in
detail the successful operation of the Matrice 210 RTK drone in low Arctic temperatures. This
allows us to hope that the results of model calculations presented in paper [4] can be verified
soon.
Acknowledgments
The authors express their acknowledges to JSC Krasnoyarsk HPP and En+ Group for the
financial support of the studies on the state of the atmosphere over the Yenisei riverbed using
an unmanned aerial vehicle.
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