=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3006/46_short_paper
|storemode=property
|title=Air pollution assessment in urban environment of Krasnoyarsk city
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3006/46_short_paper.pdf
|volume=Vol-3006
|authors=Ekaterina N. Bel'skaia,Olga V. Taseiko,Alexey V. Kotov
}}
==Air pollution assessment in urban environment of Krasnoyarsk city==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3006/46_short_paper.pdf
Air pollution assessment in urban environment
of Krasnoyarsk city
Ekaterina N. Bel’skaia1 , Olga V. Taseiko1,2 and Alexey V. Kotov1
1
Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
2
Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Abstract
In this paper an assessment of air pollution in Krasnoyarsk for 2017–2019 is carried out based on the
observations primary data of stationary posts for monitoring the state of air quality; the location of the
posts with an indication of the development type is shown.
Keywords
Urban air pollution, observation data, type of building.
1. Introduction
Krasnoyarsk is one of the largest cultural, educational and industrially developed cities in
Russia. The air pollution problem of the urban environment by emissions from various activities
is very acute. Location of large energy facilities, chemical and metallurgical enterprises in
the city; autonomous sources of heat supply; non-compliance of vehicles with environmental
requirements; constant increase in the fleet of cars; low street capacity; the state of the dust and
gas cleaning equipment at the industrial enterprises of the city, which requires modernization [1];
the lack of green space are factors contributing to the deterioration in the ecological state of
the city.
The pollutants selected for the assessment are included in the list of priority chemical
compounds of non-carcinogenic action, when studying the impact of the environment on
human health. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a substance of the 4th hazard class, often used in
assessing air quality due to its chemical inertia; the annual air quality standard (AQSa ) is equal
3 mg/m3 ; diseases of the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, the hematopoietic system.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ) is a substance of the 3rd hazard class, characterized by high toxicity, has
high chemical activity, one of the most common air pollutants today which plays a significant
role in the formation of smog and acid precipitation; the average annual maximum permissible
concentration of AQSa = 0.04 mg/m3 ; groups of diseases are respiratory diseases, changes in
blood composition, possible oxygen starvation of tissues.
SDM-2021: All-Russian conference, August 24–27, 2021, Novosibirsk, Russia
" ketrin_nii@mail.ru (E. N. Bel’skaia); taseiko@gmail.com (O. V. Taseiko)
© 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR
Workshop
Proceedings
http://ceur-ws.org
ISSN 1613-0073 CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
399
Ekaterina N. Bel’skaia et al. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 399–405
2. Research methods and materials
The paper is based on the primary data of the air quality monitoring network provided by
the “Central Siberian Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring”
(Central Siberian AHEM) [2] and the Regional State Budgetary Institution “Center for the
implementation of strategy for the environmental using and protection of the Krasnoyarsk
region” (CEUP) [3] (Figure 1) using the methods of mathematical statistics, an assessment of
the air pollution in Krasnoyarsk in terms of CO and NO2 for the period 2017–2019 was carried
out. The relationship between the levels of pollution and the time dynamics of pollutants with
the characteristics of the development is analyzed.
3. Results and discussion
There are two networks on the Krasnoyarsk territory for monitoring the air quality the federal
one, represented by the posts of the Central Siberian AHEM and the regional one implemented
by CEUP. Despite the fact that the total number of air pollution monitoring stations has increased
the variety of conditions that they characterize has changed slightly. When modeling the process
of dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere of a city, the factors that shape these processes
are important such as the width of highways and the average height of adjacent buildings and
the density of buildings. Table 1 shows the location of the posts indicating the area, address,
height of nearby buildings, width of highways and type of development.
According to the observations results of the Central Siberian AHEM and CEUP for the review
period in 2017–2019 the average annual concentrations, according to [4, 5]: for CO did not
exceed the established average annual AQSa — Figure 2; the excess for NO2 was (1.1 and
1.7 AQSa , respectively) — Figure 3.
Figure 1: Location of observation posts of Central Siberian AHEM and CEUP (Regional and Federal
monitoring network).
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Ekaterina N. Bel’skaia et al. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 399–405
Table 1
Location of observation posts
Moni- Type Height of
Post Location Highway
toring Address of buildings,
no area width, m
system building m
Central Siberian AHEM
1 Oktyabrsky 14d Minusinskaya str. II 2 1
3 Central 54 m Surikov str. I 5 4
5 Soviet 4d Bykovsky str. III 24. 5
7 Sverdlovsk 6d A. Matrosov str. IV 10 5
8 Kirovsky 92g Kutuzov str. I 10.5(16) 5
9 Leninsky 7d Chaikovsky str. VI 10(16) 9
26d 26 Baku
20 Leninsky III 9.6 9
Commissars str.
32d Krasnomos-
21 Railway I 12 16
kovskaya str.
Mate Zalki str.,
2 Northern IV 10.7 9
between 4 and 4a
4 Sunny 2 Sunny Boulevard III 9 4
CEUP
5 Cheryomushki 50 Lvovskaya str. V 8.8 5
Gusarova str.,
7 Vetluzhanka V 9 10(5)
between 1a and 9
11 Pokrovka 86 Aviatsionnaya str. II 8 1
15 Sverdlovsk 46 60 let Oktyabrya str. V 3 4
21/1 Akademika
16 Kirovsky V 8(12) 9
Pavlova str.
Figure 2: CO concentrations for 2017, 2019, Central Siberian AHEM and CEUP (Regional and Federal
monitoring network), the line shows the level of AQSa .
The dispersion of vehicular and enterprise’s emissions in urban areas is defined by the wind
flow interaction with individual buildings, streets and trees. The flow direction and velocity are
a result of the interaction between the outer flow and the type and arrangement of buildings in
their surroundings. To accurately simulate pollution concentrations in built-up areas we need
detailed information about the height and width of the buildings, their configuration, the spacing
between them, street widths, etc. Each type of building has its own aerodynamic properties
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Ekaterina N. Bel’skaia et al. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 399–405
Figure 3: NO2 concentrations for 2017, 2019, Central Siberian AHEM and CEUP (Regional and Federal
monitoring network), the line shows the level of AQSa .
and individual characteristics of the microclimate. The wind flow around the buildings forms
complex closed circulation zones. The nature and size of these zones depend on the geometric
shape and size of buildings and the density of buildings and can form stable vortices that prevent
the dispersion of harmful substances. Therefore the layout of city blocks, the density of buildings
their size and height should be taken into account when modeling dispersion conditions. To
describe the horizontal structure of built-up areas, the symmetry of the buildings location was
studied. Typical layouts of urban development in Krasnoyarsk can have an isotropic type and a
building with the symmetry axes of the second and fourth orders located at an angle of 1800 and
900 respectively. The isotropic type characterizes irregular building structures that do not have
a dedicated direction of horizontal wind flow. In isotropic regions the advective properties do
not depend on the wind direction. Two parameters were used to classify the types of building
structures: the axis of symmetry and the average height of the buildings. Taking into account
these parameters six main types of urban planning configurations of Krasnoyarsk are identified
which are also typical for many cities in Russia and Siberia (Table 2).
Table 2
Type of building arrangements in Krasnoyarsk city
IV — longitudinal-
VI — longitudinal-
II — free-standing
(symmetry axes
(symmetry axes
(symmetry axes
(symmetry axes
of second type)
I — ribbon type
of second type)
V — cross type
of forth type)
of forth type)
type, one- or
ribbon type
cross type
III — mixed
(isotropic)
two-story
(isotropic)
type
Type of
building
Types of
building
arrange-
ment
Occupied
35 20 10 2 3 30
territory, %
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Ekaterina N. Bel’skaia et al. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 399–405
The state of air quality in Krasnoyarsk city is characterized by exceeding the permissible
levels for many pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide which undoubtedly negatively affects
the living conditions and the health of the population. Figure 3 shows the average annual NO2
concentrations for 2017 and 2019. Exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations is obvious
in winter concentrations increase at all observation posts, regardless of the development type.
However minimum values are observed for types III (isotropic) and IV (longitudinal-transverse).
When analyzing the maximum values of NO2 concentrations, type III of building (isotropic) is
also observed.
The analysis of the CO concentration’s extremes showed the minimum values for the
type V (transverse) type, the maximum values for the types I (perimeter) and IV (longitudinal-
transverse).
The horizontal component of the wind speed is constant in isotropic building structures.
The area with the symmetry axis of the second type is characterized by the maximum value of
the horizontal wind speed on one axis (one axis — two opposite directions) and the area with
the symmetry axis of the fourth type is characterized by the maximum value of the horizontal
wind speed on two axes (two perpendicular axes — four directions). Each type can be found
in different parts of the city, characterized by different building densities (defined as the ratio
between the sum of the area for buildings located in the area and the size of this area) and
functional types [6].
The density of buildings with the symmetry axis of the 4th order (type I) with a height of
about 15 m is about 30–40%. Type II is characterized by a building density of about 15–25%, and
these buildings are mostly single-storey (about 3–5 m high). Type III has tall buildings (about
40 m) and a building density of about 30–65%. Type IV has a low building density (10–20%)
with a height of 15 m. In type V the height of the buildings is about 40 m but their density
is about 20–30%. Type VI is mixed and combines the characteristics of types I and V. The
density of this building type is lower than that of type I (15–25%). Type VI has buildings of the
ribbon-longitudinal type and the average height of the buildings is about 30 m.
The greatest accumulation of pollutants in the urban air is observed in the type III of building,
which is due to the lack of blowing capacity for blocks of this design. Here, the height of the
buildings and the density of their location will play an important role. The direction of the
undisturbed wind flow running into the city will play an important role for the blowing capacity
of the IV and V buildings types. Types I and VI of buildings most effectively contribute to the
purification of the air. But with a wind speed above 15 m/s all these differences will not be
significant since such a wind flow will purify the air from all types of pollution both gaseous
substances and solid particles.
Currently, there is no comprehensive, accurate representation of the multiple factors influ-
encing urban wind flows and therefore urban air quality. Wind tunnel experiments do not
completely show real physical processes and mathematical modeling presents a simplified
version of these processes. Therefore, only in-situ observations and measurements can give
researchers the data they need to understand the transformations of urban wind flows [7].
However, the detailed monitoring of an entire city requires complete, accurate measurements
taken over many years, which is expensive. Actual urban monitoring is usually done for quite
limited areas and periods of time. These results improve the understanding of the processes of
urban wind flow transformation which can be used for many purposes, including city planning
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Ekaterina N. Bel’skaia et al. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 399–405
and management. It can be used to verify of numerical simulation models for air pollution
dispersion and to further use this information to better parametrize a wide range of problems
of wind flows in urban areas.
Underestimating the levels of urban air pollution by harmful substances can lead to an
increase in the number of pathological conditions associated with their exposure. The air
quality standards used in our country are not always justified by the effects directly related to
health [8]: 30% of the AQS in populated areas is established by human reflex reactions. The
level of air pollution in the city with the existing emissions volume of harmful substances is
determined in addition to local scattering factors of individual territories also by meteorological
conditions. The main weather parameters in the city conditions include: wind speed and
direction, characteristics of inversions, stagnant situations.
The complexity in solving the problem of managing the ecological state of the city is due to the
existing approach as a secondary one, despite its obvious relevance. Methods for implementing
air quality management systems are declared by law but the organizational management
mechanism and the regulatory documents that support it are not fully developed [1] which
certainly hinders the implementation of measures to reduce emissions of pollutants into the
city’s atmosphere. Of course, further violations detection of the current sanitary and hygienic
standards is necessary and even their revision is necessary [8] which is caused on the one hand
by the lack of connection between the current AQS and the health of the population on the
other hand by the general inefficiency of the environmental quality management system.
Acknowledgments
This research project No 18-47-240006: “Methods and information technologies for risk assess-
ment of the development of socio-natural-technogenic systems in an industrial region” was
funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Government of Krasnoyarsk Territory,
Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund of Science.
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