=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-3036/paper01
|storemode=property
|title=Towards A Concept of Needs-Based Augmented Reality
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3036/paper01.pdf
|volume=Vol-3036
|authors=Manal A. Yahya,Ajantha Dahanayake
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/rcdl/YahyaD21
}}
==Towards A Concept of Needs-Based Augmented Reality==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3036/paper01.pdf
Towards a Concept of Needs-Based Augmented
Reality
Manal A. Yahya1 and Ajantha Dahanayake1
1
Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
manal.yahya@student.lut.fi
ajantha.dahanayake@lut.fi
Abstract. Augmented reality aims to enhance the real world with computer-gen-
erated information. AR technology is both attractive and promising. Current AR
experiences depend on external elements to launch, such as markers, images, and
location. For an AR experience to be more personalized, this research proposes a
scheme to trigger AR experiences based on human needs. This approach should
enable capturing human needs, analyzing them to select the most suited experi-
ences that fulfill or aids in fulfilling needs. The contribution of this paper includes
(1) a study of current AR technologies and triggers, (2) an analysis of human
needs into measurable elements (3) a description of a needs-based AR application
process.
Keywords: Conceptual modeling, augmented reality, human needs, experience
trigger, ontology, satisfiers
1 Introduction
A classical survey on augmented reality (AR) describes it “AR supplements reality
rather than completely replacing it” [1].
Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that enhances a real environment with com-
puter-generated information using different sensory modalities, including visual, audi-
tory, haptic, and olfactory. AR aims to simplify users’ lives by bringing virtual infor-
mation to their attention [2]. An Augmented Reality (AR) system embodies the follow-
ing properties [3]:
Enhances real environments by adding virtual objects.
Works in real-time and provides interactivity.
Provides the correct placement of virtual objects within the environment.
AR has many application areas such as education and learning [4], entertainment
and gaming [5], food and beverage industry [6], health care [7], manufacturing [8],
museums [9], space exploration [10], and tourism [11].
The study of augmented Reality incorporates many areas such as tracking, interac-
tion, display, mobile AR, authoring, visualization, calibration, and rendering [12]. AR
literature focuses on the development of the technology components; however, little
attention is devoted to examining personalized experiences. This research aims to en-
rich augmented reality paradigms by developing a novel AR experience trigger: A
Need’s trigger. Despite the importance of needs and their satisfaction in human life,
Copyright © 2021 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
10
there is still a shortage of incorporating human needs in information systems and tools
[13]. Augmented Reality is a growing field that may benefit from the utilization of
human needs. Similar to the present location, markers, and image recognition triggers,
a basic human need may be utilized to activate a more personalized experience.
This research makes several contributions (1) study augmented reality classifications
and triggers, (2) analyze human needs and transfer them into sensible data elements (3)
present the human needs trigger framework for augmented reality.
The following sections discuss the state-of-the-art in the different types of AR. Pro-
vide a discussion of the proposed framework. Finally, demonstrates and discusses the
use of this model for creating Needs-based AR experiences.
2 Background
Augmentation is described in previous literature according to human senses [14];
there is visual, auditory, and tactile augmentation. Each of these is utilized for a partic-
ular goal and requires different hardware. This section presents a literature study on
AR.
2.1 Technologies in Augmented Reality
It is essential to understand the general process in an AR system, to realize where each
of the technologies fits and how they function together. This section provides defini-
tions for the various topics and technologies supporting the AR process (Fig.1). The
general process starts by acquiring an image from the real world and sending it to com-
puting and storage devices. This image and user interaction gestures are sent to the
tracking technology, which decides what virtual information to display based on the
user’s position, viewing direction, and state of motion. The virtual information is re-
trieved from the virtual objects database and sent to the fusion technology that ensures
proper object registration in the real world. The virtual information is then displayed
using the display technology [15]. Table 1 provides definitions for the core AR tech-
nologies that remain popular research topics: tracking, interaction and user interfaces,
calibration and registration, display techniques, and AR applications [16].
11
Fig. 1. General Process in an Augmented Reality system [15]
Table 1. Augmented Reality Technologies and Techniques [16]
Core AR Technology Definition
Tracking techniques “Methods of tracking a target object/environment via cameras
and sensors, and estimating viewpoint poses.”
Interaction techniques and “Techniques and interfaces for interacting with virtual con-
user interfaces tent.”
Calibration and registration “Geometric or photometric calibration methods, and method
to align multiple coordinate frames.”
Display techniques “Display hardware to present virtual content in AR, including
head-worn, handheld, and projected displays.”
AR applications “AR systems in application domains such as medicine, man-
ufacturing, or military, among others.”
2.2 Classification of Augmented Reality
There are different types of AR systems and apps depending on the concepts and tech-
nology. The classification of these types is not unified; other research papers classify
the types differently. Edwards-Stewart, Hoyt, and Reger [17] describe six types of AR
under two main categories: triggered and view-based augmentation. The triggered AR
technologies include marker-based AR, location-based AR, dynamic augmentation,
and complex augmentation. The view-based augmentation includes Indirect and non-
specific digital augmentations. Table 2 describes the classification mentioned above.
12
Table 2. Classification of Augmented Reality Types [17]
Category Types Brief Example
Triggered Marker-Based Triggered by a Marker: Museum displays
Paper (image)
Physical Object
Location-Based Triggered by GPS Lo- Monocle Restaurant in-
cation formation
Dynamic Augmentation Responsive to object Digitally trying clothes
changes and accessories with
shopping apps
Complex Augmentation A combination of the Dynamic view with dig-
above ital info. From the inter-
net
View-Based Indirect Augmentation Intelligent augmenta- Taking a picture and
tion of a static view changing the wall color
Non-Specific digital Augmentation of a dy- Augmentation in mobile
Augmentation namic view games
Other classifications divide AR into marker-based, marker-less, outlining AR, and su-
perimposition AR. The marker-based type of AR depends on a marker that, when
scanned by a camera, triggers an AR experience. The marker may be an image, a fidu-
cial marker (Fig.2), or a physical object.
Fig. 2. Fiducial Marker
Marker Less AR does not require markers; it uses other triggers such as location-based
AR. The projection-based AR is also markerless and works by projecting digital infor-
mation on objects in the user’s environment. Outlining AR uses the special abilities of
cameras in recognizing objects in conditions that may be difficult to recognize for the
eyes and provide guidance in the form of outlines on objects. Superimposition AR rec-
ognizes objects and superimposes virtual information on them. It includes face filters
as done by Instagram and Snapchat.
13
2.3 Review of Existing Platforms
This section provides a summary of prominent AR platforms. These platforms offer
complete AR-experience creation capabilities. The focus is on how the different expe-
riences are triggered. Table 3 summarizes the types of experiences and triggers of the
prominent AR platforms, AWE (Augmented Web Experiences), Zap Works, BlippAR,
Spark AR, Wikitude, and Unity AR.
Table 3. AR Platforms with types and triggers
Platform Publish Appli- SDK Types of Experi- Experience Trigger,
cation or Web- ences AR-type
Based
AWE Media Studio Web No Image, spatial, face Weblink,
https://awe.media/ tracking, GPS loca- Non-specific digital
tion, 360° augmentation
Zap Works Either Yes Image, face tracking, Maker based (special
https://zap.works/ 360° marker)
BlippAR Builder Either Yes Image Marker-based (Image
https://www.blip- scan)
par.com/build-ar
Spark AR Studio On Facebook or No Face tracking, image- Marker-based, dy-
https://sparkar.face- Instagram based namic augmentation
book.com/ar-studio/
Wikitude AR Application Yes Image, object, scene Marker Based, loca-
https://www.wikitude.com/ recognition, instant tion-based, dynamic
tracking. Geo AR augmentation
Unity MARS Application No Location-aware, con- Marker-based, com-
https://unity.com/prod- text-aware, plex augmentation
ucts/unity-mars
As clear from the summary above, marker-based AR is the most used type with image
and object recognition. While most platforms enable generic experience creation, some
offer face tracking, location-based, and context-aware capabilities allowing for custom-
ized experiences.
2.4 Triggers
From the previous sections, we observe the variety of AR triggers. Triggers in AR are
“stimuli or characteristics that initiate or trigger the augmentation” [17]. Currently, the
top starters of an AR experience are markers, images, physical objects, scene recogni-
tion, movement, location, and sometimes the choice to load an experience. In some
instances, an experience may be initiated by multiple separate triggers [18].
In the future, it is expected that more advanced forms of triggers will be utilized in
augmented reality, such as sound, temperature, smell, voice recognition, and gesture
[18].
14
3 Theoretical Framework
This research proposes the hypothesis, “With advancing sensor technology, basic hu-
man needs are viable triggers for augmented reality experiences.” The goal is to create
a novel paradigm and provide developers with more options to personalize AR experi-
ences. This section describes the conceptual basis leading to and supporting the hypoth-
esis.
3.1 Personalization in Augmented Reality
In many cases, AR is used to enhance the user experience in museums and tourism [19]
[20], education [21] [22], entertainment, and medicine by adding digital information
to the real environment. These approaches usually focus on the experience and the ob-
ject requiring enhancement. Another way to conceive experiences is to concentrate on
the user/users using them. This is the concept of personalization, defined as “a process
that changes the functionality, interface, information access, and content, or distinctive-
ness of a system to increase its relevance to an individual or a category of individuals”
[23]. The core elements of personalization definitions are:
“a purpose or goal of personalization.”
“what is personalized.” Four aspects of information systems may be personalized:
the information (content), the presentation of information (user interface), the deliv-
ery method (channel), the action
“the target of personalization.” The target can be a group of individuals or a specific
individual.
Personalization enables users to acquire information specific to their “needs, goals,
knowledge, interests or other characteristics” [24]. Studying the types of AR experi-
ences in literature, three primary levels of personalization are evident. The first level is
generic experiences in which no personalization is implemented. The AR experience
displays the same information to all viewers at any time, such as in museum displays.
The second personalization level includes experiences receptive to external factors such
as location and context [25] [26]. The third level displays information about a specific
user. An example of this is SentiAR1 an AR experience about a patient in a surgery
room or an AccuVein2 device enabling the view of a patient vein in blood sampling.
This research aims to formulate a roadmap that embeds human needs in AR experi-
ences to enhance the personalization. In this sense, personalization elements are defined
as:
Purpose: to trigger AR experiences based on user needs
Personalized object: the trigger of the AR experience
1 https://sentiar.com/
2 https://www.accuvein.com/
15
Target: the user viewing the AR experience
The following sections explain how these elements are applied in the proposed sys-
tem.
3.2 Human needs in Pervasive Environments
The satisfaction of human needs is a core value in pervasive environments. The study
of needs in computing has been around for some time now. This topic is addressed from
many viewpoints:
Needs representation: Some scholars attempted to represent human needs using on-
tologies [13] [27], others used directed graphs [28].
Human needs are identified in several methods: interviews, questionnaires, signal
processing on brain scans, and prediction methods that depend on sentiment analy-
sis.
From the literature study, it is clear that technology may provide need satisfaction
by different means, including providing services, social media use [29] [30], internet
and mobile use, online relationships, video games, and gamification.
3.3 Proposed Concept
As there are different types of AR experiences with different triggers, this research
proposes to add a new type, which is Needs-based AR. For a Needs-Based AR system,
a human need triggers and starts the AR experience. Manfred Max-Neef’s model will
provide a guide for the categorization of needs. A detailed analysis will enable
knowledge about the required sensors for the different needs and the logic necessary to
transform sensor data into definite needs (Fig. 3). The focus is on how needs trigger
AR rather than how AR satisfies a need. The satisfaction of needs in developing AR
could be the responsibility of experience developers and marketers.
Augmented Reality
Need Identification
Logic
Sensor Data
Fig. 3. Layers of functionality in the proposed application
16
3.4 Need Analysis
Capturing human needs in a measurable form is a complex endeavour. Therefore, it
requires extensive study and analysis. In this research, Max-Neef’s human-scale devel-
opment theory and the proposed human needs matrix [31] (Table 4) are used as a
guideline to explore the various needs and dissect them into measurable elements. Fur-
thermore, the Need Context Technology (NCT) framework (Table 5) [32] is used to
map relations and tools in the analysis. The aim is to study the technology that supports
need detection, starting with the most basic measurable needs (usually related to health
readings, hunger, stress) and evolving into the most complex needs.
Table 4. Human Needs Matrix [33]
Needs accord- Needs according to existential categories
ing to axiologi-
cal categories
Being Having Doing Interacting
Subsistence 1/ Physical health, 2/ Food, shelter, 3/ Feed, procreate, 4/ Living environ-
mental health, work rest, work ment, social setting
Protection 5/Care, adaptabil- 6/ insurance sys- 7/ prevent, plan, 8/Living space, so-
ity, autonomy tems, savings, work, take care of, cure, cial environment,
help
Affection 9/ Self-esteem, 10/ Friendship, fam- 11/ Caress, express 12/ Privacy, inti-
solidarity, respect ily, partnerships, a emotions macy, home
sense of humor
Understanding 13/ Critical con- 14/ Literature, 15/ Investigate, 16/ Settings of
science, curiosity, teachers, method, study, experiment, formative interac-
receptiveness educational policies educate, analyze, tion, schools, uni-
meditate versities
Participation 17/ Adaptability, 18/ Rights, respon- 19/ Become affili- 20/ Settings of par-
receptiveness, sol- sibilities, duties, ated, cooperate, ticipative interac-
idarity privilege, work, a propose tion, parties, associ-
sense of humor ations
Leisure 21/ Curiosity, re- 22/ Games, specta- 23/ Day-dream, 24/ Privacy, inti-
ceptiveness, imag- cles, clubs, parties, brood, dream macy, spaces of
ination peace of mind, a closeness
sense of humor
Creation 25/ Passion, deter- 26/ Abilities, skills, 27/ Work, invent, 28/ Productive and
mination, intuition method, work build, design, com- feedback settings,
pose, interpret workshops
Identity 29/ Sense of be- 30/ Symbols, lan- 31/ Commit one- 32/ Social rhythms,
longing, con- guage, religions, self, integrate one- everyday settings,
sistency habits, customs, self, confront
Freedom 33/ Autonomy, 34/ Equal rights 35/ Dissent, 36/ Temporal/ Spa-
self-esteem, deter- choose, be differ- tial plasticity
mination ent from
17
Table 5. Need- Context- Technology Framework [32]
Fundamental Human Being Having Doing Interacting
Needs Existential (Qualities) (Things) (Actions) (Settings)
Categories
Context-Aware Cate- User, Who (Iden- Things What (Activity) Where (Location),
gorization tity) Weather, Social,
Networking
When (Time)
Sensors and Technol- Emotion Sensors IoT Sys- Activity Location
ogy Body Sensors tems and Sen- Recognition Awareness, Nearby
sors through Motion User Device (for
Sensors Proximity with
other users)
Fig. 4. Conceptual Model of Augmented Reality for Human Needs [37]
The emphasis in this work is on human needs as triggers for an AR experience.
Hence the goal is to provide the logic to respond to situations such as this example:
If a user needs subsistence on a Being axis, trigger experience A.
This statement leads to the following questions:
What elements define a need?
How to measure a need?
A trigger in psychology is a factor that activates a need. There are three types of
needs triggers [34] (Fig.4):
Homeostasis Imbalance: is the internal state that reflects a malfunction in the body
processes resulting in a rise of a need. (internal)
Incentive: is an external positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates
a person. (external)
Stimulation: is an activity that causes excitement or pleasure.
18
Connecting these triggers (Fig.5) with the basic needs and the related technology
(Table 5) forms the foundation for detecting a human need and establishing a need as a
trigger for an AR experience.
Need Category
Trigger of
Technology
Need
Fig. 5. Components for Human Needs Detection
3.5 Need to Sensor Analysis
This section connects the various needs with currently available sensors. To establish
the connection, first, the identification of the major categories of needs triggers: internal
and external (Fig. 6). The internal type relates to a user’s body readings, including ho-
meostasis, emotions, and stimulation. While the external relates to the surroundings and
the environment, incentives, context, and stimulation, these categories also apply to the
sensor types. Specific body and wearable sensors can be used for internal triggers, such
as Wearable Health Systems (WHS) or Wearable Biomedical Systems (WBS) [35].
These are termed non-invasive measuring devices that provide continuous monitoring.
The external triggers relate to context and environmental sensors, including location,
temperature, lighting conditions, and sound.
19
Fig. 6. External and Internal Needs
Triggers
4 Needs-Based Trigger for Augmented Reality Scenario
This section details a specific example scenario to explain the needs-based augmented
reality experience, followed by an application process.
4.1 Scenario Analysis
A scenario is a “hypothetical story used to help a person think through a complex prob-
lem or system” [36]. The intention is to use the scenario as an example to explain the
use of the model.
For this scenario, the decision is to use the subsistence need on the being axis. Basic
subsistence needs include the need for food, water, and accommodation. So, the AR
experience developer decides that: when a user is hungry, trigger experience A, an ad-
vertisement for the nearby restaurant.
Analyzing this scenario, it is possible to have one of these cases:
There is a homeostatic need for food.
There is a regular habit of eating at a specific time.
There is an external incentive that excites the user to have food.
The homeostatic need requires special sensors to detect the production of the ghrelin
hormone that indicates energy scarcity and hunger and triggers the experience. The
habit may be predicted from previous user activity; therefore, at a particular time every
day, the user needs to eat, and the system predicts that and presents the AR experience.
Detecting context information leads to identifying possible incentives that might cause
20
hunger, offering an AR experience in this situation, and asking for feedback can en-
hance the process of detection and trigger initiation.
4.2 Application Process
Based on the previous scenario, the following application process is developed (Fig. 7).
The process starts with selecting the sensor data, analyzing the data, followed by pre-
dictions that lead to triggering the AR experience. Afterward, collecting user feedback
enhances the analysis and prediction stages.
Fig. 7. Application Process
Fig. 8. Testing Prototype Architecture
In order to test this application process, the following prototype architecture is sug-
gested (Fig. 8). The architecture is composed of the frontend user interface and the
backend experience developer interface. The developer decides the need for which
he/she develops the AR experience. Then collects relevant content in the form of audio,
image, 3d objects, or animation. Then, the designer designs and produces the experi-
ence. These experiences are then saved in the platform database. The user frontend
initiates by creating a user profile and collecting all basic user information. The appli-
cation then collects continuous sensor data and analysis possible needs. The analysis
can result in a need-based recognition or prediction. Based on the identified need, an
AR experience is recommended and displayed to the user.
21
5 Discussion
The present research explores the technologies and classifications of augmented re-
ality. The research connects the concept of AR with that of human needs. In this case,
the human need is considered as the trigger of the AR experience which provides more
personalized experiences.
While a need is a primary controller of the experience trigger, it might stir an ar-
gument: if a user has deficiencies in basic human needs, what makes the user capable
of possessing the technology to operate the experience? This question might be an-
swered in two folds.
Technology is now reaching many people in various living conditions
People undergo changing levels of needs daily.
AR experiences are custom-made for specific reasons; however, these reasons are
usually generic and not user-related, even in the case of personalized AR, the experi-
ences are product, location, or service related more than user related. This research
questions that from a plethora of AR experiences that shall be available in the future,
how do we make AR more user-specific and find the best experience for a user at a
certain time? This study answers this question by incorporating basic human needs into
the equation. Therefore, the novelty is in connecting the concepts of augmented reality,
needs detection, and satisfier recommendation.
The goal of this research is to create the means to trigger the experience based on
needs. However, the actual design and the AR experience’s purpose are left to the cre-
ators and designers of the experience.
6 Conclusions
To realize needs-based Augmented Reality, it is essential to capture the different human
needs using computing methods. In this paper, the focus is on the automatic detection
of basic needs, and the use of those needs to trigger AR experiences. This research
proposes that with advancing sensor technology, basic human needs are viable triggers
for augmented reality experiences. The goal is to create a novel paradigm and provide
developers with more options to personalize AR experiences. A theoretical framework
that reviews and connects the conceptual basis of the research problem is presented.
First, a summary of technologies and classifications of AR is provided. A review of
existing platforms is also provided.
Second, a discussion on a theoretical framework leading to the foundation of the
proposed concept. This is followed by a need analysis and sensor analysis.
Third, a scenario is presented to demonstrate the proposed concept, followed by the
application process based on the scenario.
The key and novel contribution of this research is the proposal to incorporate basic
human needs as triggers of augmented reality applications which is significant and nec-
22
essary in various domains. For pervasive computing, the combination expands the va-
riety of research and enables the personalization of experiences. This research is also
practical in marketing, entertainment, and ambient assisted living.
The proposed framework established based on previous research focuses on needs
analysis. Future work will concentrate on building a user profile that supports the pro-
posals in this study and testing the framework using a system implementation with a
vision of achieving needs-based AR.
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